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1 Alternation of Generations plant reproduction chapter 40 Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Sporangium Spore dispersal Spore (n) Young Mature (n) Archegonium Antheridium Sperm Sporangium Mature sporophyte (2n) New sporophyte Zygote (2n) FERTILIZATION Sorus Gametophyte Fiddlehead Alternation of Generations Sporophyte - diploid (2n) --> meiosis --> haploid spores Gametophyte - haploid (n) --> mitosis --> haploid gametes fertilization restores diploid angiosperms sporophyte larger and nutritionally independent produces spores by meiosis. gives rise to gametes by mitosis. pollen grain is the male

2 flowers Mitosis: division of the nucleus resulting in an exact copy of the original Meiosis: reduction in the number of chromosomes. Gametogenesis: Formation of sperm and eggs. Fertilization: fusion of sperm and egg. FERTILIZATION Sexual Reproduction? - the flower produce s, attract s, and develop seeds. most plants reproduce sexually all reproduce asexually. floral anatomy arranged in whorls or circles of structures: Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. receptacle calyx corolla Petal Receptacle corolla calyx Sepal flowers pollen stamens filament and an anther Each pollen grain contains two cells; germinative vegetative Stamen Anther Filament pollen production each diploid cell produces 4 microspores. 4 microspores divide mitotically to form 4 pollen grains generative cell - sperm nuclei vegetative cell - pollen tube surrounding pollen grain outer layer - sporopollenin inner layer - pectin surround Microsporangium (pollen sac) Generative cell (n) Microsporocyte (2n) 4 microspores (n) Each of 4 microspores (n) MITOSIS Male Nucleus of tube cell (n) 20 µm 75 µm Ragweed pollen grain

3 flowers embryo sac carpels (pistils) - style and stigma ovary contains 1+ ovules. ovule produces/contains embryo sac. embryo sac - 2 polar nuclei and 1 egg. Receptacle Stigma Carpel Style Ovary Producing the female. ovule inner tissue = nucellus 1-2 protective layers = integuments 1 diploid cell in nucellus produces 4 haploid cells polar nuclei - 2 nuclei remain in the center of the large cell mature structure female or mega or embryo sac. MITOSIS Integuments (2n) 100 µm Megasporangium (2n) Megasporocyte (2n) Integuments (2n) Micropyle Surviving megaspore (n) 3 antipodal cells (n) 2 polar nuclei (n) 1 egg (n) 2 synergids (n) Embryo sac Female floral structure Variations Arrangement of floral parts: spiral or whorled. Floral whorls: Complete carpels and stamens: Perfect Imperfect carpellate or staminate Sex of the plants: Hermaphroditic monoecious dioecious "Oikos" = house fertilization fertilization Some can self-fertilize Other cannot self-fertilize -- selfincompatible Fertilization pollen tube generative cell divides to form 2 sperm nuclei endosperm ovule --> seed ovary --> fruit Stigma Pollen tube 2 sperm Style Ovary Micropyle Polar nuclei Synergid 2 sperm nucleus (3n) (2 polar nuclei plus sperm) Zygote (2n) (egg plus sperm) Pollen grain Polar nuclei

4 seed development 3N nucleus mitosis large multinucleate cell. cells develop cell wall endosperm becomes solid. mature embryo cotyledons radicle hypocotyl epicotyl plumules Seed coat Fruits e.g. apples, oranges,, peaches, Cotyledons (a) Common garden bean, a eudicot with thick cotyledons Seed coat Cotyledons watermelon, cucumber, tomato, peppers aggregate fruits made up of multiple ovaries multiple fruits made up of more than one flower (b) Castor bean, a eudicot with thin cotyledons Scutellum (cotyledon) Pericarp fused with seed coat Coleoptile Coleorhiza (c) Maize, a monocot Seed dispersal - reduced competition between offspring for resources decreased relatedness to potential mates reduced competition between parent and offspring agents of seed dispersal - could eat the fruit (fish, mammals, birds, etc...) seeds may be transported long distances after being ingested. seeds may hitch a ride on an organism pollination pollination coevolution - animal pollinators

5 many flowers are wind pollinated Asexual reproduction vegetative reproduction no fusion of gametes. Stems, leaves and roots. Apomixis - like parthenogenesis fragmentation - stems, leaves Roots can produce aerial shoots

plant reproduction Alternation of Generations chapter 38

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