Flowers, Fruit and Seeds Notes Flower Structure and Reproduction Taken from

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1 Flowers, Fruit and Seeds Notes Flower Structure and Reproduction Taken from Flowers are the plant's reproductive structures. Angiosperms are types of plants that bear fruits and flowers. Flowers are usually both male and female, and are brightly colored to attract insects to help them carry pollen used for sexual reproduction. Not all flowers are colorful, though. These flowers usually use the wind for pollination. Parts of the Flower The receptacle is the part of the branch on which a flower forms. Color the receptacle (B) brown. Sepals are leaf like structures that surround and protect the flower before it blooms. Color the sepals (C) green. Petals are the colorful part of the flower that attracts insects and even other small animals, such as mice, birds, and bats. Color the petals (D) a bright color of your choice. All flowering plants have flowers, but some are not brightly colored. The petals of these flowers are reduced or absent and the plant relies on the wind or water for pollination. The flower has both male and female reproductive parts. The female reproductive structures are called carpels. In most flowers, the carpels are fused together to form a pistil. Color the pistil (P) pink. The pistil has three parts, which can be seen, in the box labeled "pistil". The stigma at the top is often sticky and is where the pollen attaches. Color the stigma (J) purple. The style is the long tube that attaches the stigma to the ovary. Sperm from the pollen will travel down this tube to the ovules. The ovules, or eggs, are stored in the ovary until they are fertilized. Plants can only fertilize eggs of the same species. Special chemicals prevent sperm from fertilizing the eggs of flowers that are not the same kind. Color the style (K) red, and the ovary (L) pink. Color the ovules (O) black. The male reproductive structures are called the stamens. Color the stamens (H) blue. Each stamen consists of an anther (A), which produces pollen, and a filament (F), which supports the anther. In the box labeled "stamen" color the anther dark blue, and the filament light blue. Pollen produced by the anther is carried by insects or other animals to the pistil of another flower where it may fertilize the eggs. The other flowers in the picture follow the same plan, although they come in many different colors and styles. Color each of the flowers according to the colors above (blue for stamen, pink for pistil, bright colors for the petals. etc.). Note that in some of the flowers, not all the structures are visible.

2 Plant Reproduction Sexual reproduction in plants occurs when the pollen from an anther is transferred to the stigma. Plants can fertilize themselves: called self-fertilization. Self-fertilization occurs when the pollen from an anther fertilizes the eggs on the same flower. Cross-fertilization occurs when the pollen is transferred to the stigma of an entirely different plant. When the ovules are fertilized, they will develop into seeds. The petals of the flower fall off leaving only the ovary behind, which will develop into a fruit. There are many different kinds of fruits, including apples and oranges and peaches. A fruit is any structure that encloses and protects a seed, so fruits are also "helicopters" and acorns, and bean pods. When you eat a fruit, you are actually eating the ovary of the flower. 1. What is an angiosperm? 2. The flower attaches to what part of the plant? 3. Why are flowers brightly colored? 4. Name two mammals that might pollinate a plant. 5. If the petals of a flower are reduced or absent, how is the plant pollinated? 6. The female reproductive structures are called the: 7. Name the three parts of the pistil:

3 8. Where are the ovules stored? 9. Name the two parts of the stamen: 10. Describe sexual reproduction in plants. 11. The ovary develops into what structure? 12. Define fruit. 13. Some flowers are not brightly colored at all, but have a very pungent odor that smells like rotting meat. How do you think these flowers are pollinated? 14. In many flowers, the pistils and stamens reach maturity at different times. Considering what you know about pollination, why would this be an advantage to the plant?

4

5 Variety and Structure Flower A flower that is the, petals,, or pistil Flowers that lack and have Flowers that lack and have A plant that produces both and flowers ( plant to reproduce) A plant that only produces or flowers ( plants to reproduce) Plants being able to the length of days Sequence of events up enough Be to the proper amount of and to produce the hormones must be transported to buds at the tip of the Hormones act on the tip causing it to its growth as a and develop into a that will become a Summary in my own words:

6 Name Biology Worksheet Pollination and Fertilization Read pg What is a fruit? 2. What two functions does fruit have in regards to seeds? 3. What is the difference between pollination and fertilization? 4. Between what two flower structures does pollination occur? 5. How are self-pollination and cross-pollination different? 6. How are the three types of pollen shown on pg. 53 different from each other? Why do you think different types of pollen look different? Would this have any practical purpose? 7. What is a hybrid? 8. Why would a horticulturist desire to make a hybrid?

7 9. In flowers, where are sperm cells and egg cells found? 10. What are gametes in general? 11. Explain the process of fertilization. 12. Explain several ways plants are specially designed to increase pollination. 13. What plants do only specific insects pollinate (according to the book)? 14. What role do hormones play in the formation of fruits?

8 15. Explain what occurs to a fruit as it ripens. How does a ripe fruit fall from a tree? Pp Describe how each of these fruits form. Give an example of each type. a. Simple fruit b. Aggregate fruit c. Multiple fruit 2. Describe the following climate-based fruit groups. a. Temperate fruit b. Tropical fruit c. Subtropical fruit 3. Which group from #2 would be found in Milwaukee? 4. What is the primary function of fruits to a plant? 5. What is agent dispersal? Give some examples.

9 6. What is mechanical dispersal? Give some examples. Fill in the chart Simple Fruits Type Description Examples Berries Drupes Pomes Legumes Samaras Nuts Achenes Grains

10 o o o o Seeds Fully and ovules that are capable of producing a new Protective of the seed The part the seed Tiny that will develop into the plant s and The part that will into the system Cotyledons ( ) Contain stored for the embryo An amount of food Germination When the begins to When the seed is for a period of time when conditions are favorable Viability The ability to Cellular The use of and to break down the chemical bond of and provide for the cell. This needs to happen in the seed because it is and can not Factors influencing Germination Enough (water) Enough (for Respiration) A good The right conditions Enough Summary in my own words: Seeds Questions 1. Describe the structure of a seed and an embryo. 2. How are the seeds of monocots different from the seeds of dicots? 3. What is the purpose of a seed s endosperm to the seed? 4. Explain how Dr. George Washington Carver exemplified a Scriptural attitude toward science. Define: cotyledon, dormancy, endosperm, germination, plumule, radicle, seed coat, viability.

11 Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds Vocabulary

12 Across 2. A plant that produces both staminate and pistillate flowers 4. A plant that only produces staminate or pistillate flowers 6. A flower that has a sepal, petal, stamen, and pistil 7. A fruit that comes from one flower and one pistil 11. Developed ovary that encloses and protects a seed. 12. The living part within the seed 15. Protective covering of the seed 18. The transfer of pollen from an anther to the stigma 19. Leaf like structures that surround and protect the flower before it blooms 20. When gametes fuse 22. (Seed Leaves) Contain stored food for the embryo 23. the top of the pistil; often sticky 24. Stored in the ovary until they are fertilized. 25. The carpals fused together; the female reproductive structure of the flower 26. Fruits that form from one flower with many pistils 27. When the seed begins to grow Down 1. Types of plants that bear fruits and flowers 3. Tiny shoot that will develop into the plant s stem and leaves 5. The long tube that attaches the stigma to the ovary 8. The colorful part of the flower 9. Supports the anther 10. The part that will develop into the root system 13. Fruits that form from many flowers and the fruit fuses together 14. Fully developed and matured ovules that are capable of producing a new plant 16. An additional amount of food 17. Holds the ovules, or eggs 21. A flower that is missing a sepal, petal, stamen, or pistil 23. The male reproductive structures of the flower 26. Produces pollen

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