Zoo Animal Behavior Research & Conservation. David Shepherdson Ph.D.
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1 Zoo Animal Behavior Research & Conservation David Shepherdson Ph.D.
2 IMLS Elephant Welfare Project
3 Three main areas of welfare assessment 1. Health and basic functioning 2. Feelings (emotions/affective states) 3. Natural living - natural behavior
4 PROJECT PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS Kathy Carlstead, Honolulu Zoo Janine Brown, Smithsonian s National Zoo Nadja Wielebnowski, Brookfield Zoo David Shepherdson, Oregon Zoo Mike Keele, Oregon Zoo Anne Baker, Toledo Zoo Joy Mench, University of California, Davis Jill Mellen, Disney s Animal Kingdom Candice Dorsey, Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA)
5 Additional project personnel 1 PROJECT MANAGER (POSTDOC) 3 CONSULTANTS (PAID) 4 GRADUATE STUDENTS 20 SCIENTIFIC COLLABORATORS 72 ZOOS 290 ELEPHANTS (145 ASIAN, 145 AFRICAN) 450+ ZOOKEEPERS
6 GOAL To improve the well-being of elephants in zoos by identifying the environmental factors that have negative and positive impacts on the quality of their lives.
7 Four Parts of the Study I. Census data from zoos (290) II. Welfare assessment of elephants III. Epidemiological models linking I and II IV. Behavior hypothesis-testing
8 II. WELFARE INDICATORS WHAT WE ARE ASSESSING FOR ALL 290 ELEPHANTS: Body condition, physical exam Fecal form assessment Reproductive hormone profiles Interleukins (TGF-1 TNFa) and Cytokines Insulin, leptin, ghrelin, glucose CBC, neutrophil:heterophil ratio Vitamin, mineral, protein, enzyme, analyses Salivary IgA, cortisol Keeper-directed behavior Keeper assessments of elephant personality and quality of life Keeper assessments of social and non-social behavior frequencies
9 III. Epidemiological Model 72 zoos 290 elephants ENVIRONMENTAL INPUTS Facilities Diet Herd size Management practices Vet care Rearing and medical history Keeper attitudes and behavior Climate of zoo Enrichment and training WELFARE OUTCOMES Physical well-being Engagement with Environment Psychological state
10 IV. At fewer zoos we will assess: Movement/Walking distance (GPS) 24 hr. activity budget (video) incl. play, sleep, stereotypy, social and non-social behaviors, social distances
11 Elephant movement hypotheses As an Output variable Larger Exhibit size = more movement Larger social group = more movement Outside nocturnal access = more movement Husbandry practices impact movement As an Input variable More movement = greater physical wellbeing More movement = better psychological state
12 Oregon Zoo Species Recovery Programs California Condor Pygmy Rabbit Oregon Silver Spot Butterfly Taylors Checkerspot Butterfly Western Pond Turtle Oregon Spotted Frog
13 California Condor Breeding and 22 birds taken from wild 12 condors arrive at Condor Creek Conservation Facility in chicks hatched 1 st Oregon Zoo Condor released October 2005! Reproductive behavior monitored remotely Research
14 Lead Poisoning
15
16 Pygmy Rabbit Smallest rabbit species in N. America Sister taxon to cottontails (Sylvalagus spp.) Digs natal burrows Eats sage brush Climbs
17 Genetic Analysis Unique, distinct; likely a subspecies Documented loss of genetic diversity Historic Range - Great Basin from SW Montana and SW Utah on the East to Central Nevada & NE California on the West
18 Habitat Sage brush step Deep soil Washington Distribution
19 Number of Pygmy Rabbit Sites Extinct in the wild by 2003 Estimate of Active Burrows at Sagebrush Flat
20 Extinct in the wild by 2003 Conversion Fire Disease Predation Inbreeding?
21 Captive Breeding Goals Ensure maintenance of unique WA genetics Produce sufficient numbers to re-establish populations
22 Research Behavior Diet Disease Endocrinology Mate Choice
23 Mate Choice Female Male Male Male Male Female Male
24 Table 1. Components of reproductive fitness by pairing type. Numbers and mean values ( s.e) for various traits related to litter production by Columbia Basin pygmy rabbits Pairing Type Variable Neighbors Non-neighbors Preferred Non-preferred Total mate pairings Litters produced Litters emerged Litters survived to one year Total kits produced Total kits emerged Total kits survived to one year Average kits per litter 4.0 (1.1) 2.9 (1.4) 3.7 (0.9) 2.7 (1.1) Average kits per litter emerged 2.18 (2.1) 0.38 (0.52) 1.8 (0.6) 1.0 (1.0) Male age (days) (163.3) (198.9) (44.7) (46.9) Female age (days) (203.6) (264.3) (65.0) (65.5) Male body mass (g) (29.7) (87.2) (7.7) (8.1) Female body mass (g) (41.6) (67.3) (10.6) (19.5)
25 Martin, M. and D. Shepherdson (2012). "The role of familiarity and preference on reproductive success in ex-situ conservation breeding programs." Conservation Biology 26(4).
26 Time Line Translocation of wild rabbits 2011 Release of all remaining captive animals 2006 First Release Hybridized with Idaho rabbits Extinct in the wild Emergency USA listing INEEL Release 2000 CBP rabbits bred at OZ/WSU/NWT Idaho Rabbits Bred at OZ
27 First Release in Rabbits
28 Time Line Translocation of wild rabbits 2011 Release of all remaining captive animals 2006 First Release Hybridized with Idaho rabbits Extinct in the wild Emergency USA listing INEEL Release 2000 CBP rabbits bred at OZ/WSU/NWT Idaho Rabbits Bred at OZ
29
30
31 Oregon Spotted Frog WDFW partners since 1999 Egg mass surveys in March Captive rearing began 2008 App frogs released to date First egg masses observed 2011 Behavior experiments underway
32 Status WDFW Endangered Recovery Plan in prep. Federal Candidate since 1991 Currently under federal review M. Durham, Oregon Zoo
33 Distribution Oregon Spotted frog (R. Pretiosa) recently differentiated from Columbia Spotted frog (R. luteiventris) Lost from 78%-90% of former range and all of California Black River NWR Conboy Lake NWR Oregon spotted frog distribution in the Pacific Northwest. Locality data are from McAllister et al. (1993), Hayes (1994, 1997), Haycock (2000). Map is from Cushman and Pearl (2007).
34 Egg Mass Census Surveys
35 Conboy Lake Egg Mass counts
36 Egg Mass Survey - Field Work Contact (this week): David.shepherdson@oregonzoo.org Subject heading: Conboy Every weekend in March starting Feb 23rd
37 Egg Collection Eggs collected at Conboy and Black River 20 per egg mass /institution
38 Ex-Situ Rearing Woodland Park Zoo Oregon Zoo
39 Ex-Situ Rearing Cedar Creek Correction Center NorthWest Trek
40 Fall Release at Dailman Lake Oregon Zoo Woodland Park Zoo Cedar Creek Correctional Center NW Trek b Released Held over winter Released Held over winter Released Held over winter Released Held over winter ~ ,612 released to date Click for video
41
42 Dailman Lake Oviposition 2011
43 Understanding Bull Frog Predation Are there population level differences in behavior between frogs from habitat with and without bullfrogs? M. Durham, Oregon Zoo
44
45 Latency to Respond - Source Conboy frogs react faster than Black River Kyle Tidwell PSU/OZ Marc Hayes WDFW
46 Other ongoing behavioral research projects Elephant pre-parturition behavior Orangutan post occupancy Cognition (elephants, Orangutans) Behavior monitoring Endocrinology Lab
47 THANK YOU
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