Understanding Inheritance

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1 656 iscience Grade 7, Davis Count Edition Lesson 2 Reading Guide Ke Concepts ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS What determines the expression of traits? How can inheritance be modeled? How do some patterns of inheritance differ from Mendel s model? Understanding Inheritance Vocabular gene phenotpe genotpe homozgous heterozgous Punnett square incomplete dominance codominance polgenic inheritance g Multilingual eglossar Video BrainPOP Make the Connection Phsical traits, such as those shown in these ees, can var widel from person to person. Take a closer look at the ees on this page. What traits can ou identif among them? How do the differ?

2 Chapter 19/Genetics 657 Launch Lab 15 minutes What is the span of our hand? Mendel discovered some traits have a simple pattern of inheritance dominant or recessive. However, some traits, such as ee color, have more variation. Is human hand span a Mendelian trait? 1 Read and complete a lab safet form. 2 Use a metric ruler to measure the distance (in cm) between the tips of our thumb and little finger with our hand stretched out. 3 As a class, record everone s name and hand span in a data table. Think About This 1. What range of hand span measurements did ou observe? 2. Ke Concept Do ou think hand span is a simple Mendelian trait like pea plant flower color? What controls traits? Mendel concluded that two factors one from each parent control each trait. Mendel hpothesized that one factor came from the egg cell and one factor came from the sperm cell. What are these factors? How are the passed from parents to offspring? Chromosomes When other scientists studied the parts of a cell and combined Mendel s work with their work, these factors were more clearl understood. Scientists discovered that inside each cell is a nucleus that contains threadlike structures called chromosomes. Over time, scientists learned that chromosomes contain genetic information that controls traits. We now know that Mendel s factors are part of chromosomes and that each cell in offspring contains chromosomes from both parents. As shown in Figure 5, these chromosomes exist as pairs one chromosome from each parent. Figure 5 Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Each pair has one chromosome from the father and one chromosome from the mother.

3 658 iscience Grade 7, Davis Count Edition Genes and Alleles Scientists have discovered that each chromosome can have information about hundreds or even thousands of traits. A gene (JEEN) is a section on a chromosome that has genetic information for one trait. For example, a gene of a pea plant might have information about flower color. Recall that an offspring inherits two genes (factors) for each trait one from each parent. The genes can be the same or different, such as purple or white for pea flower color. The different forms of a gene are called s (uh LEELs). Pea plants can have two purple s, two white s, or one of each. In Figure 6, the chromosome pair has information about three traits flower position, pod shape, and stem length. Reading Check How man s controlled flower color in Mendel s experiments? Genotpe and Phenotpe WORD ORIGIN phenotpe from Greek phainein, means to show Figure 6 The s for flower position are the same on both chromosomes. However, the chromosome pair has different s for pod shape and stem length. Look again at the photo at the beginning of this lesson. What human trait can ou observe? ou might observe that ee color can be shades of blue or brown. Geneticists call how a trait appears, or is expressed, the trait s phenotpe (FEE nuh tipe). What other phenotpes can ou observe in the photo? Mendel concluded that two s control the expression or phenotpe of each trait. The two s that control the phenotpe of a trait are called the trait s genotpe (JEE nuh tipe). Although ou cannot see an organism s genotpe, ou can make inferences about a genotpe based on its phenotpe. For example, ou have alread learned that a pea plant with white flowers has two recessive s for that trait. These two s are its genotpe. The white flower is its phenotpe. Chromosome Pair Axial flower Bump pod Short stem Concepts in Motion Animation Axial flower Smooth pod Long stem

4 Chapter 19/Genetics 659 Smbols for Genotpes Scientists use smbols to represent the s in a genotpe. In genetics, uppercase letters represent dominant s and lowercase letters represent recessive s. Table 2 shows the possible genotpes for both round and wrinkled seed phenotpes. Notice that the dominant, if present, is written first. Table 2 Phenotpe and Genotpe Phenotpes (observed traits) Round Wrinkled Genotpes (s of a gene) Homozgous dominant (RR) Heterozgous (Rr) Homozgous recessive (rr) A round seed can have two genotpes RR and Rr. Both genotpes have a round phenotpe. Wh does Rr result in round seeds? This is because the round (R) is dominant to the wrinkled (r). A wrinkled seed has the recessive genotpe, rr. The wrinkled-seed phenotpe is possible onl when the same two recessive s (rr) are present in the genotpe. Homozgous and Heterozgous When the two s of a gene are the same, its genotpe is homozgous (hoh muh ZI gus). Both RR and rr are homozgous genotpes, as shown in Table 2. If the two s of a gene are different, its genotpe is heterozgous (he tuh roh ZI gus). Rr is a heterozgous genotpe. Can ou infer genotpe? If ou know that dragon traits are either dominant or recessive, can ou use phenotpes of traits to infer genotpes? 1 Select one trait card from each of three dragon trait bags. Record the data in our Science Journal. 2 Draw a picture of our dragon based on our data. Label each trait homozgous or heterozgous. 3 Cop the table below in our Science Journal. For each of the three traits, place one check mark in the appropriate box. Dragon Traits Phenotpe Homozgous Heterozgous Green bod Red bod Four legs Two legs Long wings Short wings 4 MiniLab 20 minutes Combine our data with our classmates data. Analze and Conclude 1. Describe an patterns ou find in the data table. 2. Determine which trait is dominant and which is recessive. Support our reasoning. 3. Determine the genotpe(s) for each phenotpe. Support our reasoning. 4. Ke Concept Decide whether ou could have correctl determined our dragon s genotpe without data from other dragons. Support our reasoning. Ke Concept Check How do s determine the expression of traits?

5 660 iscience Grade 7, Davis Count Edition Punnett Square Review Personal Tutor Figure 7 A P unnett square can be used to predict the possible genotpes of the offspring. Offspring from a cross between two heterozgous parents can have one of three genotpes. 2 Place the male s along the top. 3 Cop female s across each row. Cop male s down each column. Alwas list the dominant trait first. 1 Place the female s along the side. Visual Check What phenotpes are possible for pea offspring of this cross? Modeling Inheritance Have ou ever flipped a coin and guessed heads or tails? Because a coin has two sides, there are onl two possible outcomes heads or tails. ou have a 50 percent chance of getting heads and a 50 percent chance of getting tails. The chance of getting an outcome can be represented b a ratio. The ratio of heads to tails is 50 : 50 or 1 : 1. Reading Check What does a ratio of 2 : 1 mean? Plant breeders and animal breeders use a method for predicting how often traits will appear in offspring that does not require performing the crosses thousands of times. Two models a Punnett square and a pedigree can be used to predict and identif traits among geneticall related individuals. Punnett Squares If the genotpes of the parents are known, then the different genotpes and phenotpes of the offspring can be predicted. A Punnett square is a model used to predict possible genotpes and phenotpes of offspring. Follow the steps in Figure 7 to learn how to make a Punnett square. Analzing a Punnett Square Figure 7 shows an example of a cross between two pea plants that are heterozgous for pea seed color and. ellow is the dominant. Green is the recessive. The offspring can have one of three genotpes,, or. The ratio of genotpes is written as 1 : 2 : 1. Because and represent the same phenotpe ellow the offspring can have one of onl two phenotpes ellow or green. The ratio of phenotpes is written 3 : 1. Therefore, about 75 percent of the offspring of the cross between two heterozgous pea plants will produce ellow seeds. About 25 percent of the plants will produce green seeds.

6 Chapter 19/Genetics 661 Using Ratios to Predict Given a 3 : 1 ratio, ou can expect that an offspring from heterozgous parents has a 3 : 1 chance of having ellow seeds. But ou cannot expect that a group of four seeds will have three ellow seeds and one green seed. This is because one offspring does not affect the phenotpe of another offspring. In a similar wa, the outcome of one coin toss does not affect the outcome of other coin tosses. However, if ou counted large numbers of offspring from a particular cross, the overall ratio would be close to the ratio predicted b a Punnett square. Mendel did not use Punnett squares. However, b studing nearl 30,000 pea plants, his ratios nearl matched those that would have been predicted b a Punnett square for each cross. Pedigrees Another model that can show inherited traits is a pedigree. A pedigree shows phenotpes of geneticall related famil members. It can also help determine genotpes. In the pedigree in Figure 8, three offspring have a trait attached earlobes that the parents do not have. If these offspring received one for this trait from each parent, but neither parent displas the trait, the offspring must have received two recessive s. Ke Concept Check How can inheritance be modeled? Pedigree Figure 8 In this pedigree, the parents and two offspring have unattached ear lobes the dominant phenotpe. Three offspring have attached ear lobes the recessive phenotpe. Parents Offspring Attached lobe Recessive phenotpe Female with attached lobes Male with attached lobes Dominant phenotpe Female with unattached lobes Male with unattached lobes Unattached lobe Visual Check If the genotpe of the offspring with attached lobes is uu, what is the genotpe of the parents? How can ou tell?

7 662 iscience Grade 7, Davis Count Edition Use two sheets of paper to make a laered book. Label it as shown. Use it to organize our notes on inheritance patterns. Inheritance Patterns Incomplete dominance Multiple s Polgenic inheritance Complex Patterns of Inheritance B chance, Mendel studied traits onl influenced b one gene with two s. However, we know now that some inherited traits have complex patterns of inheritance. Tpes of Dominance Recall that for pea plants, the presence of one dominant produces a dominant phenotpe. However, not all pairs have a dominant-recessive interaction. Incomplete Dominance Sometimes traits appear to be combinations of s. Alleles show incomplete dominance when the offspring s phenotpe is a combination of the parents phenotpes. For example, a pink camellia, as shown in Figure 9, results from incomplete dominance. A cross between a camellia plant with white flowers and a camellia plant with red flowers produces onl camellia plants with pink flowers. Codominance The coat color of some cows is an example of another tpe of interaction between two s. When both s can be observed in a phenotpe, this tpe of interaction is called codominance. If a cow inherits the for white coat color from one parent and the for red coat color from the other parent, the cow will have both red and white hairs. Tpes of Dominance Figure 9 In incomplete dominance, neither parent s phenotpe is visible in the offspring s phenotpe. In codominance, both parents phenotpes are visible separatel in the offspring s phenotpe. Parent Parent Offspring Incomplete dominance White camellia Red camellia Pink camellia Codominance White coat color Red coat color Roan coat color

8 Chapter 19/Genetics 663 Table 3 Human ABO Blood Tpes Phenotpe Tpe A Tpe B Tpe O Tpe AB Possible Genotpes I A I A or I A i I B I B or I B i Multiple Alleles Unlike the genes in Mendel s pea plants, some genes have more than two s, or multiple s. Human ABO blood tpe is an example of a trait that is determined b multiple s. There are three different s for the ABO blood tpe I A, I B, and i. The wa the s combine results in one of four blood tpes A, B, AB, or O. The I A and I B s are codominant to each other, but the both are dominant to the i. Even though there are multiple s, a person can inherit onl two of these s one from each parent, as shown in Table 3. ii I A I B Polgenic Inheritance Mendel concluded that each trait was determined b onl one gene. However, we now know that a trait can be affected b more than one gene. Polgenic inheritance occurs when multiple genes determine the phenotpe of a trait. Because several genes determine a trait, man s affect the phenotpe even though each gene has onl two s. Therefore, polgenic inheritance has man possible phenotpes. ACADEMIC VOCABULAR conclude (verb) to reach a logicall necessar end b reasoning Look again at the photo at the beginning of this lesson. Ee color in humans is an example of polgenic inheritance. There are also man phenotpes for height in humans, as shown in Figure 10. Other human characteristics determined b polgenic inheritance are weight and skin color. Ke Concept Check How does polgenic inheritance differ from Mendel s model? Figure 10 The eighth graders in this class have different heights. Animation Concepts in Motion

9 664 iscience Grade 7, Davis Count Edition Figure 11 Environmental factors, such as temperature and sunlight, can affect phenotpe. Genes and the Environment ou read earlier in this lesson that an organism s genotpe determines its phenotpe. Scientists have learned that genes are not the onl factors that can affect phenotpes. An organism s environment can also affect its phenotpe. For example, the flower color of one tpe of hdrangea is determined b the soil in which the hdrangea plant grows. Figure 11 shows that acidic soil produces blue flowers and basic, or alkaline, soil produces pink flowers. Other examples of environmental effects on phenotpe are also shown in Figure 11. For humans, healthful choices can also affect phenotpe. Man genes affect a person s chances of having heart disease. However, what a person eats and the amount of exercise he or she gets can influence whether heart disease will develop. Reading Check What environmental factors affect phenotpe? These hdrangea plants are geneticall identical. The plant grown in acidic soil produced blue flowers. The plant grown in alkaline soil produced pink flowers. Siamese cats have s that produce a dark pigment onl in cooler areas of the bod. That s wh a Siamese cat s ear tips, nose, paws, and tail are darker than other areas of its bod. The wing patterns of the map butterfl, Araschnia levana, depend on what time of ear the adult develops. Adults that developed in the spring have more orange in their wings than those that developed in the summer.

10 Chapter 19/Genetics Lesson 2 Review Visual Summar Online Quiz Assessment? Inquir Virtual Lab Use Vocabular 1 Use the terms phenotpe and genotpe in a complete sentence. The genes for traits are located on chromosomes. 2 Contrast homozgous and heterozgous. 3 Define incomplete dominance in our own words. Understand Ke Concepts Geneticists use Punnett squares to predict the possible genotpes and phenotpes of offspring. 4 How man s control a Mendelian trait, such as pea seed color? A. one B. two C. three D. four 5 Explain where the s for a given trait are inherited from. 6 Describe how the genotpes RR and Rr result in the same phenotpe. In polgenic inheritance, traits are determined b more than one gene and have man possible phenotpes. 7 Summarize how polgenic inheritance differs from Mendelian inheritance. Interpret Graphics 8 Analze this pedigree. If represents a male with the homozgous recessive genotpe (aa), what is the mother s genotpe? Use our lesson Foldable to review the lesson. Save our Foldable for the project at the end of the chapter. Critical Thinking What do ou think ou first read the statements below at the beginning of the chapter. 3. All inherited traits follow Mendel s patterns of inheritance. 4. Scientists have tools to predict the form of a trait an offspring might inherit. Did ou change our mind about whether ou agree or disagree with the statements? Rewrite an false statements to make them true. 9 Predict the possible blood genotpes of a child, using the table below, if one parent is tpe O and the other parent is tpe A. Phenotpe Genotpe Blood Tpe O Blood Tpe A ii IAIA or IAi 665

11 666 iscience Grade 7, Davis Count Edition Skill Practice Model 25 minutes How can ou use Punnett squares to model inheritance? Geneticists use models to explain how traits are inherited from one generation to the next. A simple model of Mendelian inheritance is a Punnett square. A Punnett square is a model of reproduction between two parents and the possible genotpes and phenotpes of the resulting offspring. It also models the probabilit that each genotpe will occur. Learn It In science, a model is a representation of how something in the natural world works. A model is used to explain or predict a natural process. Maps, diagrams, three-dimensional representations, and mathematical formulas can all be used to help model nature. Tr It Cop the Punnett square on this page in our Science Journal. Use it to complete a cross between a fruit fl with straight wings (cc) and a fruit fl with curl wings (CC). According to our Punnett square, which genotpes are possible in the offspring? Using the information in our Punnett square, calculate the ratio of the dominant phenotpe to the recessive phenotpe in the offspring. Appl It 4 5 Based on the information in our Punnett square, how man offspring will have curl wings? Straight wings? If ou switch the locations of the parent genotpes around the Punnett square, does it affect the potential genotpes of their offspring? Explain. 6 Ke Concept Design and complete a Punnett square to model a cross between two fruit flies that are heterozgous for the curl wings (Cc). What are the phenotpic ratios of the offspring? Magnification: 20 Curl wings (CC) Straight wings (cc) C C c Cc c

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