Addressing male- directed sexual. violence. Ethical challenges, prac8cal approaches. Wynne Russell
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1 Addressing male- directed sexual Wynne Russell violence Ethical challenges, prac8cal approaches
2 Defining sexual violence in a male- friendly way Physical and mental violence that is carried out through sexual means or that targets the vic8m s sexuality and sexual and reproduc8ve health.
3 This can include Forcing a man or boy to take part in sexual acts, including humilia8ng ones; Inflic8ng pain and/or damage to the genitals with the open or covert threat of interfering with future sexual pleasure, or death; Inflic8ng damage to the genitals designed to prevent future reproduc8on.
4 Gender- based violence Important to recognise that sexual violence against men and boys generally IS gender- based. Properly speaking, the concept of gender- based violence includes all forms of violence where vic8ms are targeted on the basis of gender roles tradi8onally assigned to their sex. Human Rights Watch, for example, defines gender- based violence as violence directed at an individual, male or female, based on his or her specific gender role in society
5 Applies to both adults and children Adult males are almost always targeted for sexual violence precisely in order to destroy their masculine, i.e. gendered, iden8ty at the personal and social levels. Sexual violence against boy children is not always just about physical vulnerability. A 10- year old boy is not castrated as has been reported in Darfur because he is a child, but because he is a future man.
6 Two ques8ons we no longer need to ask Do men and boys suffer sexual violence during conflicts? Yes Are the long- term consequences for men and boys of sexual violence severe enough to warrant our concern? Yes
7 Sexual violence against men and boys widespread In the last decade alone, sexual violence against male civilians and combatants, both adults and children, has been reported in nearly 30 conflicts across the world. If one includes sexual exploita8on of boys displaced by violent conflicts, the list encompasses the majority of armed conflicts today.
8 Recent large- scale surveys Liberia, 2008 (1666 adults): 32.6% of the study s male former combatants had experienced sexual violence, mostly at the hands of soldiers or rebels. DRC, 2010 (998 adults): 23.6% of the study s men had experienced sexual violence during their lives, 64.5% of whom had experienced it in the context of the country s civil wars. Same team about to begin 5- country study.
9 Reported by men and also by women Sudan/Uganda, : among Sudanese refugees in Uganda, 30.4% of males and 39.6% of females reported experiencing or witnessing sexual abuse of a man; among those remaining in Sudan, 46.9% of males and 35.1% of females reported experiencing or witnessing the same thing.
10 Why such high results? The Liberia and DRC studies defined sexual violence in a way that would capture the range of male as well as female experiences- - rape and agempted rape, molesta8on, sexual torture and mu8la8on, castra8on, sexual humilia8on, forced incest and forced rape, and sexual enslavement. These studies asked everyone, not just women, about sexual violence against anyone, not just women.
11 We might have guessed Historical record is filled with examples of sexual violence against males. For decades, surveys of male torture survivors, from both conflict zones and repressive states, have consistently shown high levels of sexual violence in deten8on, frequently well over 50%.
12 The ques8on is not Can men and boys suffer sexual violence but: Are men and boys suffering sexual violence in the context of this par8cular conflict? What sorts of violence are most common here? Rape, forced rape/incest, sexual torture, castra8on, sexual humilia8on? Where is this violence occurring? Villages, deten8on, ini8a8on of soldiers? Who is commijng it? Government forces, paramilitaries? Men, women?
13 An ethical conundrum The blind spot towards male- directed sexual violence is ethically problema8c. In the harshest light, seems to represent a return to a pre- triage, iden8ty- based concep8on of priori8sa8on. The situa8on is a spur for ethical self- reflec8on.
14 Why has there been so ligle ac8on? Reasons are as numerous as there are individuals and organisa8ons. Hoping to address this ques8on with Liz Dartnall and Rhys Price- Robertson. But I like Hugo s levels of ethical reasoning and responsibility: the strategic, the opera8onal, and the personal/in8mate.
15 Opera8onal/strategic Vast majority of organisa8ons appear to cite opera8onal- level reasoning: too few funds, overstretched, don t know how to proceed. Strategic: only a few organisa8ons with a very specific focus on women s issues.
16 Personal/in8mate Opera8onal reasons might be compelling if it were just one or two organisa8ons but when the silence is total, one has to ask if this is all. A spur for cri8cal self- reflec8on at the personal/in8mate level.
17 Ways in which sexual violence against men is downplayed Trivialisa8on jokes about male s appe8te for sex etc. Desensi8sa8on rou8ne use of sexually violent language and imagery Compe88ve comparison with violence against women. All have the effect of reducing male survivors to cartoons. All are in effect avoidance mechanisms. What are we not acknowledging/dealing with?
18 Prac8cal ethical challenges How does an organisa8on reach out to male survivors without making things worse for them exposing them, raising expecta8ons of services that can t be delivered? What are the ethics of helping men who may have suffered sexual violence, but may also have been or con8nue to be perpetrators themselves? How does one extend care to male survivors without jeopardising care for women and girls?
19 Helping women and girls Here we can look to the advice of several speakers at this Congress: we must be clear what our objec8ves are. And if our objec8ve is to help women and girls, acknowledging sexual violence against men and boys does not need to pose an ethical conflict.
20 Helping male survivors: Helps women and girls indirectly. Male survivors with PTSD are more likely to be violent; to be unable to help the family economically; to withdraw from families; to develop alcohol and drug problems. Has the poten8al to help women and girls directly. When men's experiences of sexual violence are named and validated, this can provide a jumping- off point for including them as partners in efforts to reduce other forms of violence in conflict situa8ons. Organiza8ons engaging men in preven8ng violence against women have found that encouraging men to discuss their own experiences of violence helps them understand the impact of women's experiences of violence, and to renounce such violence.
21 Steps of effec8ve response Staff sensi8sa8on Iden8fica8on Care and support Programming op8ons
22 Staff sensi8sa8on Humanitarian workers including doctors and counselors ooen are not aware of the scope and consequences of sexual violence against men and boys, or of the extreme reluctance of men and boys to report sexual violence. As a consequence, many ooen do not pick up signs of such violence. Staff should be sensi8zed to the issue and trained to look for signs of sexual violence in men and boys as well as in responding sensi8vely to disclosure.
23 Iden8fica8on Screening in the context of other programs Flyer describes principles for large- n/ quan8ta8ve, small- n/qualita8ve studies. Recording: very important to appropriately record as sexual violence forms of violence that ooen have previously been recorded as torture or assault.
24 Disclosure Highly reluctant; ooen will not seek help un8l they are ill or forced by their families; and ooen will not ini8ate disclosure without sensi8ve but direct ques8oning. When coming forward, they may use highly indirect language (e.g they used me as a woman, it hurts in my lower back ). Most males are most likely to find it easier to talk to a woman ini8ally, although this may vary according to cultural context. Where possible, a choice of interviewer/ clinician/counselor and interpreter, where one is needed should be offered. Given the extreme s8gma and discrimina8on agached to male survivors in many cultural contexts, confiden8ality is vital.
25 Care and Support In most conflict and post- conflict zones, male survivors require greatly increased access to clinical care and psychosocial and legal support.
26 Male survivors need: Need to be believed; to feel physically safe; to feel that the person they are speaking with empathises with them; to feel free from judgment or blame; to be certain that they can speak confiden8ally; to be given 8me and encouragement; and to be accepted as a whole person, rather than being reduced to the status of vic8m or perpetrator.
27 Male survivors fear: Par8cularly likely to fear ridicule or being labeled as homosexual or bisexual. Par8cularly likely to feel ashamed or sexually confused by an involuntary physical response to an assault (erec8on, ejacula8on). Boys who have been manipulated or coerced into taboo sexual acts may feel guilty and responsible.
28 Helpful themes Male survivors may benefit from: Help in moving away from par8cularly masculine forms of self- blame ( I was weak, I should be able to cope ). Reassurance that involuntary physical responses are physiological reac8ons to stress and physical s8mula8on, and are not related to an individual s sexuality. Help in thinking cri8cally and reassessing what it is to be a man, with sensi8vity to different cultural contexts.
29 Programming op8ons: Public informa8on campaigns Can encourage repor8ng and seeking help; help survivors who do not wish to come forward to contextualize their experiences; reduce s8gma and discrimina8on and increase acceptance of survivors by families and the larger community.
30 Key messages You are not alone. It was not your fault. You do not need to ques8on your sexuality. The experience of sexual violence does not make you less of a man. Men who have experienced sexual violence need the support of their families and communi8es.
31 Caveats It is important that messages be carefully designed to avoid uninten8onal reinforcement of tradi8onal concepts of male dominance over women and/or homophobia. Campaigns directed specifically at male survivors are needed to break down s8gma; however, this does not rule out parallel gender- neutral campaigns ( Rape is not the fault of the vic8m, Rape survivors need support ) that can benefit both male and female survivors.
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