Gender Development and Sexuality

Transcription

1 Gender Development and Sexuality Reading: Chapter 12 Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 1 Gender Development and Sexuality I. Male/Female Difference Sex and Gender Dimensions of Male/Female Difference Conceptualizing Gender Roles II. Theories of Gender Development Evolutionary Psychology Social Role Theory Psychoanalytic Theory Social Cognitive Theory Cognitive-developmental Theory Gender Schema Theory Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 2

2 Gender Development and Sexuality III. Highlights of Gender Development Infancy and Childhood Adolescence Adulthood and Aging IV. Sexuality and Aging Changes in Frequency of Sexual Activity Reasons for the Decline V. A Bio-psycho-social-developmental Model of Gender and Sexuality Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 3 I. Male/Female Difference Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 4

3 Sex and Gender Sex: Gender: Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 5 Dimensions of Male/Female Difference Dimension 1. Genetic Sex Sex chromosomes 2. Gonadal Sex Gonads -reproductive - sex glands 3. Hormonal Sex Sex hormones Female XX Ovaries Egg cells (ova) Estrogen Progesterone Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 6 Male XY Testes Sperm Androgen Testosterone

4 Dimensions of Male/Female Difference Dimension 4. Genital Sex External genitals Primary sexual characteristics 5. Internal Sexual Organs Female Vulva, clitoris, vaginal opening Uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes, etc. Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 7 Male Penis, scrotum Prostate, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, etc. Video Clip - Nova: Messages in the Genes (to 3:14) Dimensions of Male/Female Difference Dimension 6. Secondary Sexual Characteristics Female Pubic hair, hips widen, breasts develop, etc. 7. Gender Identity I m a girl I m a woman 8. Gender Roles Gender stereotypes Feminine Expressive role Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 8 Male Pubic, facial hair; voice deepens, penis enlarges, etc. I m a boy I m a man Masculine Instrumental role

5 Conceptualizing Gender Roles Older theories one dimension: Masculine Feminine Current two separate dimensions: High Masculine Low Masculine High Feminine Low Feminine The Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI): common measure of the two gender dimensions allows four possible gender statuses: Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 9 Bem Sex Role Inventory 1.self reliant 2.yielding 3.helpful 4.likable 5.cheerful 6.moody 7.independent 8.shy 9.conscientious 10.athletic 11.affectionate 12.theatrical 13.assertive 14.flatterable 15.happy 16.reliable 17.loyal 18.unpredictable 19.forceful 20.feminine 21.strong personality 22.analytical 23.sympathetic 24.willing to take a stand 25.leadership ability 26.sensitive to other's needs 27.truthful 28.willing to take risks 29.understanding 30.acts as a leader 31.makes decisions easily 32.compassionate 33.sincere 34.self-sufficient 35.eager to soothe hurt feelings 36.does not use harsh language 37.dominant 38.soft spoken 39.defends own beliefs 40.masculine Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # warm 42.solemn 43.jealous 44.tender 45.friendly 46.aggressive 47.gullible 48.inefficient 49.secretive 50.childlike 51.adaptable 52.individualistic 53.conceited 54.unsystematic 55.competitive 56.loves children 57.tactful 58.ambitious 59.gentle 60.conventional

6 Conceptualizing Gender Roles Low Feminine (not expressive) High Feminine (expressive) Low Masculine (not instrumental) Undifferentiated Femininity (Feminine) Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 11 High Masculine (instrumental) Masculinity (Masculine) Androgyny (Androgynous) II. Theories of Gender Development Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 12

7 Evolutionary Psychology Natural selection and pressures to adapt early in human history led to psychological and social differences between the sexes Example: Males prefer competition and multiple sexual partners to maximize reproduction Females prefer cooperation and monogamy to insure survival of self and offspring Video clip: Female-male brain differences and love (1:25) Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 13 Social Role Theory Psychological gender differences arise from the different societal roles of men and women In most cultures, men have more economic power and social status, so men adapt by being more assertive, competitive, and goal-oriented and women adapt by becoming more cooperative and nurturing Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 14

8 Psychoanalytic Theory Emphasizes unconscious processes and childhood experience To resolve unconscious sexual conflicts, preschool children develop a sense of gender appropriate behavior though identification with the same-sex parent Gender ideals are part of the superego (a mental representation of society s rules) Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 15 Social Cognitive Theory Children learn gender-role behavior through differential reinforcement and punishment and through observation and imitation of gender behavior of social models Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 16

9 Cognitive-developmental Theory Gender-role behavior stems from gender concept Concept develops in phases: label self as boy or girl later understand gender stable over time finally understand gender constant across situations Video Clip: Development of Gender Concepts (2:12) Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 17 Gender Schema Theory Gender Schema: cognitive structure organizes one s thoughts, concepts regarding gender filter for information processing influences attention, perception, memory Children self-socialize letting schemata guide choices to conform to gender norms Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 18

10 Gender Schema Theory: An Illustration For whom? Truck For boys Doll Gender identity (I m a girl) For whom? For girls Therefore Not for me So So For me Therefore Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 19 Avoid; forget Own sex schema Approach; gather information; remember information III. Highlights of Gender Development Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 20

11 Infancy and Childhood Differential treatment begins at birth Boys usually more intense gender socialization Basic gender identity 2-3 yrs old Concept that gender is stable, constant trait 3-7 yrs old Superego ages 3-6 Grade school children segregate by sex Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 21 During the grade school years, girls and boys tend to strongly prefer their own group Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 22

12 Adolescence Biological changes (puberty) + cognitive advances lead to heightened awareness of gender Gender intensification hypothesis: psychological and behavioral differences between boys and girls become greater during early adolescence because of increased socialization pressures to conform to traditional gender roles Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 23 Adulthood and Aging Debra Tannen: differences in male/female communications rapport talk conversational language establishing connections, relationships women tend to use this style more report talk give information get attention thru stories, jokes, etc. men tend to use this style more Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 24

13 Adulthood and Aging David Gutmann: parental imperative : bearing/raising children pushes men and women toward traditional gender roles once parental imperative ends, men and women take on more opposite-gender traits become more androgynous research shows: couples tend to be more equal in household duties before children, assume more traditional division of labor after having children Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 25 Adulthood and Aging men somewhat more likely to become more expressive than women are to become more instrumental older adults most likely of all age groups to score androgynous on BSRI may be some cohort effects since gender roles have changed in recent decades Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 26

14 IV. Sexuality and Aging Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 27 Frequency of Sexual Activity 85%-90% of yr olds sexually active Begins to decline in late middle age (to ~ 30% after age 70) Percent of U.S. adults of different ages who reported having at least one sexual partner in the past year. Men higher levels sexual activity thru later life than women Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 28

15 Percent Men and Women Reporting Sexual Intercourse by Age Age Age Not at all Once a month Once a week times a week Men Women 21 Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # >2-3 times a week % sexually active Reasons for Age Declines in Sexual Activity Major reason - lack of available, acceptable sexual partners especially problematic for aging women: aging male partner more likely older and in ill health more likely to be widowed female to male sex ratio increases Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 30

16 Population of the U.S. by age and sex. Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 31 Reasons for Age Declines in Sexual Activity Negative attitudes against elderly sexual activity may place restraints on activity become self-fulfilling Declines in physical health Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 32

17 Percent men and women age in good and poor health who report being sexually active Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 33 Lindau et al., 2007 Reasons for Age Declines in Sexual Activity Previous levels of sexual activity: those who are more sexually active in younger, middle adulthood more likely to maintain sexual activity in old age use it or lose it Physiological changes in sexual functioning generally not drastic; can usually be treated or compensated for Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 34

18 V. A Bio-psycho-social Developmental Model of Gender and Sexuality See handout Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 35 A Bio-psycho-social Developmental Model of Gender and Sexuality Biological Influences Prenatal: Genetic predispositions Prenatal hormonal influences Primary sexual characteristics Postnatal: Biological maturation Hormone balance Secondary sexual characteristics Functioning of sexual anatomy Anatomical alterations / medical interventions Social Influences, Culture, and Developmental Context Treatment by and social modeling by parents, other adults, siblings, and peers Media influences Gender-role norms and stereotypes Sexual norms of culture Age norms for sexual behavior Psychological Structures Gender identity Gender schemata Superego / psychosexual stage Gender stereotyping, bias, sexism Sexual identity/orientation Sexual scripts Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 36 Behavior Gender-role behaviors Treatment of others Choice of sexual partners Frequency of sexual activity Choice of sexual activities Use of medication or sexual aids

19 Any Questions on Chapter 12? Lecture: Gender Development and Sexuality (Ch 12) - slide # 37