Primates and primate behavior

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1 Primates and primate behavior 1

2 Midterm 25 multiple choice questions 10 true/false questions 5 short answer questions Note: short answers will be similar to ones on study guide -you are allowed a 3x5 note card for the midterm 2

3 Today Survey behavior as studied in biology Look at primate behavior 3

4 Primates Traits found across the primate order *Tendency towards erect posture *Highly prehensile hands and feet *Generalized dentition *Reliance on complex behavior and longer maturation 4

5 Main points Behavior is the product of complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors Social structure and groups influence behavior Primate behavior is the result of living in groups and navigating the social relationships that group living creates 5

6 Behavior in general Behavior: anything organisms do involving actions and responses to internal and external stimuli -responses of an individual, group, or species to its environment Behavioral ecology -studies relationship between behaviors, environment, and a species biological traits -assumes organisms comprising an environment evolved together 6

7 Evolution of behavior Certain behaviors are influenced by genes See behaviors as a phenotype Natural selection: behaviors increasing reproductive success are selected for 7

8 Social structure -usually thought of in terms of composition, size, and sex ratio of the group Factors influencing social structure 1. Body size: larger bodies = fewer calories needed compared to smaller bodies 2. Basal Metabolic Rate: larger bodies = lower BMR = less demand for energy rich foods 8

9 Factors influencing social structure 3. Diet: cost-benefit analysis 4. Distribution of resources 5. Predation: types of predators, body size, and social structure High predation = small body sizes and larger communities 9

10 Factors influencing social structure 6. Dispersal -male dispersal is most common -dispersal reduces competition between males for mates 7. Life history traits: characteristics or developmental stages members of a species undergo influence potential reproductive rates 8. Activity patterns: types of activities and time of activities influence group interactions 10

11 Primate Behavior *Behavior: result of the complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors *Social structure: three important parts (composition, size, sex ratio) -because of complex interaction, the behavior of a group is hard to separate from the behavior of the individual 11

12 Primate Behavior Dominance - measure in terms of access to resources *dominance hierarchies establish some order in a group: -reduce tension, maintain group cohesion *generally: -males dominate females (each sex has their own hierarchy, too) -higher rank usually means a higher reproductive success 12

13 Primate Behavior Communication - nonhuman primates use facial expressions, vocalizations, displays Ex. of a display = baboon mounting display: higher ranking members mount lower ranking members to show dominance = defuses tension (clarify who is dominant/subordinate) 13

14 Communication -unique acts conveying information to another individual/group -used by all nonhuman primates -vital to social living Include: facial expressions, displays, vocalizations, interactions 14

15 Communication Aggressive -competition for resources cause conflicts -dominant females observed harassing lower ranking females 15

16 Communication Affiliative -amicable behavior promoting group cohesion -grooming Importance of affiliative behavior: -individuals support each other against outsiders -status is often enhanced through alliances 16

17 Grooming -picking through fur to remove debris -social grooming reinforces social relationships -seen in various social contexts 17

18 Communication Displays - repetitive behaviors broadcasting the emotional state(s) of an individual 18

19 Reproductive Strategies 19*Behavioral patterns that contribute to individual reproductive success. K-selection = few offspring, extensive parental care/investment ~Primates r-selection = many offspring, little parental investment (fish, rabbits, mice, etc) Male competition for mates + mate choice in females are both examples of sexual selection.

20 Sexual Selection 20 *Sexual selection: type of natural selection -operates on one sex, usually males. -results: (long-term) increases the frequency of traits that lead to greater success in acquiring mates.

21 Sexual Selection 21 Sexual selection produces sexual dimorphism with regard to a number of traits, most noticeably body size.

22 Mothers, Fathers and Infants 22 *basic social unit among all primates = female and her infants. -mother-infant relationship is often maintained throughout life. -usually males do not help in rearing offspring.

23 Primate Cultural Behavior Cultural behavior: learned; it is passed from generation to generation through observation and instruction. -infants: observe their mothers and others, learn about food items, appropriate behaviors, and sometimes behaviors like object modification Japanese macaques and sweet potato washing

24 24

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