This question is taken directly from the list of second test study questions (#6) it should not be a surprise...
|
|
- Primrose Nash
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 1. Female choice of males that have exaggerated characters has been explained by female choice of males that have better genes. Explain how female choice of higher quality males might lead to exaggerated male characters. Female choice in sexually reproducing organisms is a very common phenomenon. As the females are choosing which males to fertilize their eggs they are judging the male s fitness and quality. Since a female cannot ask a male how good a forager he is or how will his immune system is functioning, she must infer that information from another source. In many cases this is in the shape or colour of an exaggerated physical characteristic that often serves no other purpose to the male except to advertise his quality as a potential mate. Females tend to pick males with a feature that will stimulate them in some way. In finches, where males done have extra ornamentation, females are attracted to males that have an artificial ornament applied by researchers. This ornament is desirable for the female because it is indicating something about the male. If ta male has a mutation that makes his attractive to females then he will get more mates. If he fathers lots of offspring then his sons will inherit that trait and the daughters will look for that trait in their male mates. Often times the cost of producing such a trait is great to the male it can increase the chance of predation and it diverts resources from other development. So, in order for a male to have an exaggerated trait he must be a good quality male in order to survive. At this point it becomes a reliable indicator to females about the health of the male and it means that if a male has an even bigger ornament/brightly coloured ornament, he is even healthier and his genes are passed on until you have ornaments such as tails on peacocks and widowbirds that are very disadvantageous to the life span of the male, yet good indicators of health to the female and passed on to the young. This question is taken directly from the list of second test study questions (#6) it should not be a surprise... The issue for this question is that it is advantageous for females to pick high quality males. However, they pick males with outlandish, exaggerated characteristics. When should exaggerated characters connote high genetic quality? Clearly, there must be an association between male quality and the extent of exaggeration. There must be an association between the signal that the male produces (the exaggerated character) and the females perception of quality. If there is no such association then it will not be to the females advantage to pay attention to the exaggerated male character. There are essentially two sorts of outcomes. The first is where females in fact pay little attention to male signals. The second outcome is when females choose to mate with males based on the degree to which some trait is exaggerated. This can only occur if 1. The trait is costly. Males that invest more in the exaggerated character pay a greater fitness penalty than those males that invest less. This is the notion of a handicap. 2. Males that have higher intrinsic quality pay less of a cost than males that are of lower quality. The combination of these two characteristics ensures that the degree of exaggeration of the male trait signals high male quality. 3. Females mating choice depends on the expression of the character. This is the characteristic that gives the males the incentive to invest in the exaggerated, but costly, trait. 2. The reproductive output of females of many species is often more limited than the reproductive output of the males. Given that most females can obtain enough sperm to fertilize all of their eggs from a single male, why do the females of many species seek multiple mates?
2 This question was relatively straightforward. The book talks at length about this. Some people gave essentially a list of reasons (e.g. the second example answer). In general, this is not the best way to answer a question. In the first example answer, there is an attempt to organize these reasons they can produce indirect or direct fitness benefits. This sort of answer demonstrates an understanding at a somewhat deeper level. This question is not precisely the same as one of the second midterm questions, however, an answer to #2 covers much of the answer to this question. Example 1. There are many reasons why polyandry and extra pair copulations are advantageous to the female. The advantages are both indirect (they make for better offspring genetically) and direct (they help the female better care for her young) to the female seeking extra mates. Indirect benefits to the female seeking other mates can include better genes for her offspring; if her social partner is a good care giver but a lower quality male then she will produce better quality offspring if she sneaks copulations with a bigger of flashier male outside her social bond. Also, females have a greater fertility insurance when sneaking extra pair copulations. If her partner is unable to fertilize all her eggs than she is ensuring by obtaining extra sperm, then she will have the maximum number of offspring she can. Lastly, females increase the heterozygosity of their offspring when mating with different males. She is ensuring a strong amount of hybrid vigor in her young. Benefits to the female are also directly present by have many males. She may incur benefits in the form of many nuptial gifts or spermatophores (in many insect s like butterflies) with many partners. Also, she may get access to better territories if seeking many males. The female may also be able to enlist the help of more males to feed heer young if she has more than one mate. If she can confuse the paternity of her offspring enough then she is more likely to get extra paternal care, as in Dunnocks. Additionally, if females can confuse paternity it may cut down on potential infanticide compared to mating with only one male. Ther are many benefits to female promiscuity. Example 2. The reproductive output of females of many species is often limited because it is very costly to make an egg/ovum as compared the males that can typically fertilize theoretically all the females in one single ejaculate. The reproductive output of females are also very limited because most of the time the greatest responsibility of parental care i.e. lactation and providing food for the offspring fall on her. Females are therefore prove to be polyandrous for many reasons: 1. Females that are polyandrous e.g. dunnocks can mate with 2 males so that both male partners can help with parental care. She manipulates th circumstance so that both males believe that they have a considerable number of offspring in her clutch of eggs and therefore have an obligation to offer parental care. This is very advantageous to the females because it ensures the reproductive success of her offspring. Both males provide food for the hatchlings. 2. Females also become polyandrous if they perceive that another male has good genes as compared to their monogamous mate. The good gene hypothesis states that the female will seek out an attractive male so that the same genes can be transferred to the next generation. 3. Females can also be polyandrous to ensure genetic variation in her offspring and to increase reproductive success. In an attempt to reduce inbreeding, females can travel to mate with other
3 males, specially if a good quality is perceived in that other male. 4. Females can by polyandrous to reduce male infanticide. The more males the females mate with, the less likely it will be for an alpha male to kill off the young if he knows one of the offspring might be his own. 5. Females can also seek multiple males to ensure complete fertilization of her eggs. Most monogamous males have smaller testes and therefore produce less sperm and may not be able to complete fertilization of her eggs and increase reproductive output. 6. Females may also seek multiple mates if the significant male pair is diseased and might infect the nest. In order to prevent sexually transmitted diseases or lice/tick infestation of the nest, females may choose to seek out other mates to ensure a healthy nest of offspring. 3. Describe the causes and consequences of competition among males after mating has occurred. Consider the causes and consequences from the point of view of both males and females. Not precisely the same as #10 from the second midterm questions, but developing a complete answer to that question surely would have helped. This question, worth 10 points, did not demand an answer in as great depth as other questions. I liked this answer because there was not just a list of ways that sperm competition could occur, but an attempt to organize the information 3 ways of competing - removal, more sperm, mate guarding. This is not an exhaustive list and it wouldn t include things like producing fast sperm. However, there is an attempt to organize information males may try to negate previous sperm, try to beat current sperm and try to prevent future sperm, and I like that attempt at finding broader patterns. Sperm competition occurs after mating, almost exclusively in polygamous populations monogamous species have no cause for such competition. Males are intent on passing on their genes and can try to effect this is 3 ways: they can try to develop genital mechanisms (such as the damselflies brush) to remove the previous males sperm, they can produce more sperm (larger testes), or they can practice mate-guarding, as in dogs. None of these are sure ways of assuring the males sperm wins, but they are effective. As a result, genitalia evolve more rapidly, males with larger testes are favored and physiological mechanisms evolve to allow mate guarding. From the point of view of females it is their mating with multiple males that makes such competition necessary (virgin females are prized b/c they have been untouched by other males). The consequence for them is that they are able to receive more parental care b/c more than one male may believe he is the father. 4. Occasionally, one sex adopts more than one discrete type of mating strategy. Discuss the requirements for the evolution of these alternative mating strategies. Again a direct copy from list of second midterm questions (#8). The success of this answer is again because they found the essential way to organize results it depends on whether the alternative strategy is genetically determined or environmentally induced.
4 The general requirement for alternative strategies depends on if it is genetic or environmentally induced. If it s genetic then the fit of all strategies should be statistically the same. If one strategy was completely advantageous, then that would end up being the only strategy occurring. The alternate strategies also should tend to go towards an equilibrium. If one strategy increases too much, its fitness will be reduced such that the frequency will decrease. If the strategy is environmentally induced, then at some point in the males life, the alternate strategy would by more beneficial than the standard strategy in terms of reproductive success. Such as the case with horseshoe crabs and their satellite males being older males who have degraded in quality and thus have a greater chance to reproduce if they use a satellite strategy. 5. Discuss the relationship of parental care and mating system. #3 from the list of second midterm questions. The second section of the course was about mating and parental care. One of the practice questions invites you to think about their relation. The presence of this question on the exam should come as no surprise. Mating systems generally depend on the females and how they use space. Once a mating system has been selected it has a great influence on how/if males and females care for their young. [Actually, I would have put parental care as one of the factors that strongly influences the mating system.] In a monogamous system, which occurs when females are too spread out in a stationary territory for a male to guard or inseminate more than one, males of provide a great deal of paternal care. If is advantageous for the male to help and ensure more of his offspring reach adulthood (especially considering he may not find another receptive females). An extension of this is seen in Dunnocks (and certain species of hamsters) where, if a female can confuse paternity enough, the female may be able to enlist the help of more than one male. In polygynous systems where a single male will guard many females, there is no parental help offered to females as there are so many females to one male, as in elephant seals and red deer. The females may get the indirect benefit of high quality young or direct benefits of a better territory (red-winged black birds), but she gets no male help. [I really like the last sentence. It show the tradeoffs the benefits on one hand and the costs on the other.] In a polyandrous mating system, again as in dunnocks, females may be able to enlist more male help with increasing uncertainty of paternity. However, in many species there is no male help at all. Sometimes direct benefits (like spermatophores) may help the female but there is no parental investment on the part of the male. The opposite may also be true. In some polyandrous (and polygynous) mating systems (blue gills and large water bugs) the males may take care of the offspring entirely on his. In general, the mating system will greatly influence the type of parental care given to young. Actually this last sentence makes it clear why this answer does not receive full credit. The direction of the causal arrow is drawn from mating system to parental care. In fact mating system does influence parental care. However, the question asks you to discuss the relationship of the two and often the direction of the causal arrow can go from parental care towards the mating
5 system. In fact, the two are intertwined as I described above. I think that a profitable way to start might have been something like: Natural selection maximizes fitness the reproductive success of males and females. Fundamentally selection is operating jointly on the outcome of mating and parental care. Those traits that maximize the reproductive of males or females may sometimes be those that increase the number of mates and other times may increase the amount of care given to offspring. When those traits conflict then you are likely to see a tradeoff between increased mating and increased parental care. When those traits are positively correlated, then you will see no conflict. This would make it possible to discuss those situations where increased mating success depends on evidence of parental care (bluegills-giant water bugs) and those cases in which increased mating success conflicts with parental care (elephant seals). 6. Parents frequently invest differently in their offspring some receive more parental care than others. What circumstances may tend to favor this and what are some of the consequences? This question has parts of #4, #5, and #11. The answer below is not bad. It would have been even better had it clarified the issues of conflict of interest between parents and offspring or among the offspring... It is very common for some species to selectively favor some offspring over others. There are a number of costs and benefits to the practice as well as adaptive reason why and when it occurs. When an organism bears young it is making a huge investment in those offspring. They want as many offspring as possible to reach the end of parental investment period. [This is the best sentence in the answer.] Often more young than the parent(s) can care for are made. Often the parents must make a choice to decrease the overall number of offspring in a particular litter or have the fitness of all offspring reduced. As in coots, the parents will favour the continued investment in healthy, strong young (the ones with bright red feathers) and kill/ignore the ones less likely to make it to adulthood. While it may decrease the overall grand offspring they could have under ideal circumstance the reality is that by brood culling they are able to ensure the remaining ones have an excellent chance of reproducing. Often, instead of outright killing, parent will lay eggs asynchronously. This means there will always be an offspring smaller than the rest. Often this chick dies. It acts like an insurance policy for the parents and if not needed it will be killed/ignored to ensure the other bigger offspring get more resources. Especially during time of poor resources this selective strategy is effective at maximizing parental fitness (decreasing their costs to feed so many chicks) and the fitness of the remaining chicks.
Good resources. Why are females choosy? Good resources. Resources from males can tip the scales of relative investment
Why are females choosy? Good resources direct benefits Good genes indirect benefits Sexy son hypothesis (Fisher) Handicap hypothesis (Zahavi) Good genes for sons, daughters Good resources courtship feeding
More informationGood resources. Why are females choosy? Good resources. Good resources direct benefits Good genes indirect benefits
Why are females choosy? Good resources direct benefits Good genes indirect benefits Sexy son hypothesis (Fisher) Handicap hypothesis (Zahavi) Good genes for sons, daughters courtship feeding Good resources
More informationReproduction. Chapter 7
Reproduction Chapter 7 Sexual Selection Darwin's theory to explain traits that aren't obviously advantageous https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ll30qttsz9u Bower Birds Bower Birds She builds the nest, cares
More informationSexual selection. Intrasexual selection mating success determined by within-sex interactions e.g., male-male combat
Sexual dimorphism Sexual selection Is sexual selection different from natural selection? Darwin saw them as distinct - only sexual selection could produce traits that compromise survival The basic principle
More informationEnSt/Bio 295 Exam II This test is worth 100 points; you have approximately 50 minutes. Allocate your time accordingly.
Name: 1 NAME: EnSt/Bio 295 Exam II This test is worth 100 points; you have approximately 50 minutes. Allocate your time accordingly. 1) Describe the following concepts in a few sentences (2 points each)
More informationdisadvantages of sexual reproduction Only 50% of your genome is in your offspring.
disadvantages of sexual reproduction... 1. Only 50% of your genome is in your offspring. 2. Your good traits (assume they are good because you have survived to the point of reproduction) are victimized
More informationBird Mating Systems/Sexual Selection
Bird Mating Systems/Sexual Selection Why study mating systems? What are the ecological conditions under which different mating systems arise? Implications for evolution mating is where genes are passed
More informationSome observations. Some traits are difficult to view as adaptations, because they appear to provide a disadvantage to the organism
Some traits are difficult to view as adaptations, because they appear to provide a disadvantage to the organism Darwin asked: Can natural selection explain these differences? Structural traits: cumbersome
More information3/26/ Sexual dimorphism is differences between males and females of a species. 2. Anisogamy. 1. Fecundity
Sexual Dimorphism 1. Sexual dimorphism is differences between males and females of a species. 2. Anisogamy A. sexual reproduction involving the fusion of two dissimilar gametes;individuals producing the
More informationAll discussion of mating strategies and sex differences begins with Darwin s theory of Sexual Selection
All discussion of mating strategies and sex differences begins with Darwin s theory of Sexual Selection Intrasexual Natural Selection Sexual Selection Survival Mating Success Parental Care Intrasexual
More information12/3/2012. I. Benefits of mate choice. A. Direct benefits. Examples of Female Choice. Mechanisms of Sexual Selection. A.
Examples of Female Choice Mechanisms of Sexual Selection A. Mate competition B. Mate choice green frogs common terns mottled sculpins smooth newts elephant seals three-spined sticklebacks house finches
More informationMating systems and parental investment. Mating systems. Resource distribution. Polygyny. Pattern of matings in a population. Antithesis = promiscuity
1 Mating systems and parental investment Mating systems Pattern of matings in a population green anole Antithesis = promiscuity Polygyny Scramble: no attempts to defend females, resources horseshoe crabs
More information- These unique traits and behaviours are only seen in one sex
Coyne chapter 6 how sex drives evolution for lec 6 and 7 - Peacock with its blue tail violates every aspect of Darwin because the traits that make him beautiful is making him maladaptive for survival because
More informationApril 12: Reproduction III: Female choice. Female choice
April 12: Reproduction III: Female choice Female choice In general, females are expected to be choosier than males because they have more to lose by making bad mating decisions Costs and Benefits: Possible
More informationTypes of behaviors that are elicited in response to simple stimuli
Lecture 19: Animal Behavior I. Background A. Animal behavior reflects and arises from biological properties 1. Exhibited behavior defends on the physiological systems and processes unique to a given organism
More information1. (6 pts) a. Can all characteristics of organisms be explained by natural selection? Explain your answer in a sentence (3 pts)
Zoology 357 - Evolutionary Ecology - First Exam 1. (6 pts) a. Can all characteristics of organisms be explained by natural selection? Explain your answer in a sentence (3 pts) b. Name two non-selectionist
More informationIntroduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 12 Mating: Primate females and males Copyright Bruce Owen 2009 We want to understand the reasons
Introduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 12 Mating: Primate females and males Copyright Bruce Owen 2009 We want to understand the reasons behind the lifestyles of our non-human primate relatives
More informationEvolution of Mating Systems. Chapter 8
Evolution of Mating Systems Chapter 8 Mating Systems-Chapter 8 1 Monogamy 2 Polyandry 3 Polygyny And the many combinations within! Why should a male be monogamous? 1 extension of guarding, little chance
More informationIntroduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 13 Mating: Primate females and males Copyright Bruce Owen 2010 We want to understand the reasons
Introduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 13 Mating: Primate females and males Copyright Bruce Owen 2010 We want to understand the reasons behind the lifestyles of our non-human primate relatives
More informationThe behavioral ecology of animal reproduction
The behavioral ecology of animal reproduction I. Introduction to Behavioral Ecology Behavioral ecologists test hypotheses about the adaptive function of a behavior Behavioral Ecology Behavioral ecologists
More informationSexual selection and the evolution of sex differences
Sexual selection and the evolution of sex differences Males and females have the same genes. Why do the sexes often look and act so differently? Why is the male often insanely ornamented? (Or simply insane?)
More information11/14/2012. Darwin attributed sexual differences to sexual selection.
Darwin: Sexual size dimorphism is common. male elephant seals Many mammals males bigger than females female Sexual differences include differences in morphology, behavior and physiology. Morphology male
More informationIntroduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 13 Mating: Primate females and males Copyright Bruce Owen 2008 As we have seen before, the bottom line
Introduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 13 Mating: Primate females and males Copyright Bruce Owen 2008 As we have seen before, the bottom line in evolution is reproductive success reproductive success:
More informationAdaptation and Optimality Theory
Adaptation and Optimality Theory Prisoner s Dilemma game: An optimality model What is the optimal strategy when you are playing with different people of unknown reputation? Defect: We call this the evolutionarily
More informationAnti-predator behavior: Group defense - Many eyes - Selfish herd - Dilution effects - Tonic immobility. Dispersal:
Note: These are just the topics that have been covered since Exam 2. The exams are cumulative, so all the material that we have covered in this course can be included in the Final. However, there will
More informationNovember 4, 2009 Bioe 109 Fall 2009 Lecture 17 The evolution of mating systems. The evolution of sex ratio
November 4, 2009 Bioe 109 Fall 2009 Lecture 17 The evolution of mating systems The evolution of sex ratio - let us define sex ratio as the proportion of males to females. - in discussing the evolution
More informationTest Bank. Chapter 2. Abrams, Sexuality and Its Disorders SAGE Publishing, 2017
Test Bank Chapter 2 1. Is the male female dichotomy an appropriate mode of defining gender? Why, or why not? Ans: The male female dichotomy is strongly embodied in most of cultures, religions, and even
More informationFILM SESSIONS. Film session I - Behaviour of Communication (September 30)
FILM SESSIONS Film session I - Behaviour of Communication (September 30) 1. Talking to Strangers (60 min.) 1 This film surveys some of the general communication signals used by animals from diverse taxa,
More informationTesting Sensory Bias. Why are females choosy? Sensory Bias. Sensory bias. 1. Direct benefits. 2. Runaway sexual selection. 3.
Why are females choosy? 1. Direct benefits 2. Runaway sexual selection 3. Sensory bias 4. Good genes Sensory Bias 1. Runaway sexual selection predicts females can have preferences for male traits that
More informationWednesday, September 12, 12. Whiptail Lizard
Whiptail Lizard Sexual Selection Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace Noticed that males of many species have highly elaborated traits that seem maladaptive (secondary sexual characters) Antlers
More informationSexual selection Introduction. Sexual selection Introduction. Sexual selection Introduction. Sexual selection Classification
Introduction 1 Introduction 2 Individuals rarely mate at random for a number of reasons: Dispersal may be limited Individuals may or may not be able to self Individuals may reproduce asexually Individuals
More informationr = intrinsic rate of natural increase = the instantaneous rate of change in population size (per individual). If r > 0, then increasing
Zoology 357 - Evolutionary Ecology - First Exam 1. (6 points) List three types of natural selection and show how the population changes over time (graph the initial phenotype frequency distribution and
More informationLecture K3- Behavioral Ecology Dr. Kopeny
4/17 Included on Test #4! Lecture K3- Behavioral Ecology Dr. Kopeny Mates, Families and Societies Male Prairie Chickens on Lek (Booming Ground) displaying male Prairie Chicken two male Prairie Chickens
More informationCost/benefit approach
Cost/benefit approach Care FEMALE Abandon MALE Care F: wp 2 WP 1 M: wp 2 WP 1 Abandon F: wp 1 WP 0 M: wp 1 (1+p M ) WP 0 (1+p M ) P 0,1,2 = probability eggs survive given 0, 1, or 2 parents W, w = eggs
More informationReproduction in Insects. Courtship & Mating. What do they do once they find each other?
Courtship & Mating Reproduction in Insects How do the sexes find each other? Light Swarming (male only/ female only) Leks (male aggregations) Defend territory against males Court arriving females Pheromones
More informationAll discussion of mating strategies and sex differences begins with Darwin s theory of Sexual Selection
All discussion of mating strategies and sex differences begins with Darwin s theory of Sexual Selection Natural Selection Survival Mating Success Parental Care Intrasexual Selection: Weapons that are used
More informationThe sight of a feather in a peacock s tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me sick. --Charles Darwin 1887
The sight of a feather in a peacock s tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me sick. --Charles Darwin 1887 1 Outline causes sexual selection vs. natural selection sexual selection during courtship male-male
More informationRare ectotherm biparental care. Who cares? Determining optimal parental investment per offspring Trade offs:
Rare ectotherm biparental care Burying beetles, clownfish Parent beetles bury, defend, shave, roll, inoculate carcass Determining optimal parental investment per offspring Trade offs: offspring quantity
More informationBi412/512 Animal Behavior, Exam 1 Practice Page 1
Bi412/512 Animal Behavior, Exam 1 Practice Page 1 1. Suppose you observe that song sparrows sing more at dawn than at other times of the day. Hmm, maybe singing early in the morning communicates to female
More informationUnderstanding Evolution (http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_25)
1 Understanding Evolution (http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_25) Natural selection Natural selection is one of the basic mechanisms of evolution, along with mutation, migration, and
More information13.17 Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms
13.17 Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms 1. Selection can only act on existing variation Natural selection cannot conjure up new beneficial alleles 2. Evolution is limited by historical
More informationThe Gene Propagation Game
The Gene Propagation Game Social Living has Costs and Benefits Competition, Territoriality and Dominance Altruism in the Animal Kingdom Genetic Relatedness and Inclusive Fitness Mating Behavior Depends
More informationIntroduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 17 Mating: Sexual selection Copyright Bruce Owen 2011 Sexual selection: selection that favors traits
Introduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 17 Mating: Sexual selection Copyright Bruce Owen 2011 Sexual selection: selection that favors traits that increase male success in mating Sexual selection
More informationAuthors Knowing something about the authors can illuminate the topic of the paper. Where does Robert Brooks work, and what does he usually research?
Dissecting a scientific paper about evolutionary biology II Now that you ve had a guided tour of one scientific paper, it s time to attack another one with a little less assistance. The sections below
More informationANIMAL REPRODUCTION. Possibilities: Asexual or Sexual. Fact: Most animals reproduce sexually. BUT a strange way to propagate!!!
ANIMAL REPRODUCTION Possibilities: Asexual or Sexual Fact: Most animals reproduce sexually. BUT a strange way to propagate!!! Necessities for Sexual Reproduction: * 2 versions of individual male version
More informationTSE M1 Semester 1 October 2018 Paul Seabright. Evolution of Economic Behavior Week 7: Natural, sexual and cultural selection
TSE M1 Semester 1 October 2018 Paul Seabright Evolution of Economic Behavior Week 7: Natural, sexual and cultural selection Natural, sexual and cultural selection: outline The basic features of natural
More informationHow Organisms Evolve Chapters The Theory of Evolution. The Theory of Evolution. Evolution can be traced through the fossil record.
How Organisms Evolve Chapters 14-15 The Theory of Evolution Evolution is the process of change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms from one generation to the next. The inherited traits
More informationBio 1M: Evolutionary processes
Bio 1M: Evolutionary processes Evolution by natural selection Is something missing from the story I told last chapter? Heritable variation in traits Selection (i.e., differential reproductive success)
More informationWhat is sex? What about asexual reproduction? What is sexual reproduction?
BIOL2007 EVOLUTION OF SEX AND SEXUAL SELECTION Kanchon Dasmahapatra EVOLUTIONARY QUESTIONS ABOUT SEX Today: A) The evolution of sex 1) What is the advantage of sex? B) Ev. of sexual dimorphism - sexual
More informationUNIT 9. PARENTAL CARE AND MATING SYSTEMS
UNIT 9. PARENTAL CARE AND MATING SYSTEMS SOURCES (for powerpoint format: http://wfsc.tamu.edu/jpackard/behavior/wfsc622/powerpoints.zip) required: Chapter 9 in Krebs & Davies (1993:208-243) remedial: "Rearing
More informationCHAPTER 16 POPULATION GENETICS AND SPECIATION
CHAPTER 16 POPULATION GENETICS AND SPECIATION MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following describes a population? a. dogs and cats living in Austin, Texas b. four species of fish living in a pond c. dogwood
More informationLECTURE 06. Today: Follow up on minute papers Modes of selection Non random mating Sexual selection Guest speaker: Dr. Daniel Fergus Summary 2/17/2014
Spring 2014: Mondays 10:15am 12:05pm (Fox Hall, Room 204) Instructor: D. Magdalena Sorger Website: theantlife.com/teaching/bio295-islands-evolution LECTURE 06 Today: Follow up on minute papers Modes of
More informationChapter # 8 Life History Patterns (pg )
Chapter # 8 Life History Patterns (pg. 164 180) 8.1 Reproduction May Be Sexual or Asexual What are the goals for living organisms? 8.2 Sexual Reproduction Takes Many Forms Parthenogenesis born w/o fertilization
More informationESRM 350 Reproduction and Mating Systems
ESRM 350 Reproduction and Mating Systems Autumn 2013 Life s but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more. - Macbeth, William Shakespeare Reproduction
More informationParental Care 12/4/2012. How parents care: Parental Investment vs. Parental Care
Parental Care Parental Care Outline 1. Parental investment versus parental care 2. Who cares? 3. Whether or not to care (matriphagy) 4. Current vs. future reproduction a. Resource availability b. Lifespan
More informationSexual Selection. Male and female. Lukas Schärer. Evolutionary Biology Zoological Institute University of Basel
Sexual Selection Lukas Schärer! Evolutionary Biology Zoological Institute University of Basel 1 8.11.2017 Advanced-level Evolutionary Biology Male and female 2 Summary: Sexual Selection defining sexual
More informationLearning Objectives (Davies et al. 2012, Table 9.3)
Behavioral Ecology of Vertebrates Unit 9. Mating Systems Module 4 Reproduction j-packard@tamu.edu Previously, we have examined how the physical and social environments have shaped behavioral strategies.
More informationShort-Term Sexual Strategies
Short-Term Sexual Strategies Theories of Men s Short-Term Mating Primary reproductive benefit: Direct increase in number of offspring Competition (usually Males) Sperm are cheap RS with # of matings Potential
More informationSexual Selection and Altruism
Sexual Selection and Altruism Sex in Humans: XX and XY Sex in Humans: XX and XY Y = just a trigger for stuff on X Sexual Selection "Thus it is, as I believe, that when the males and females of any animal
More informationTime allowed: 2 hours Answer ALL questions in Section A, ALL PARTS of the question in Section B and ONE question from Section C.
UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA School of Biological Sciences Main Series UG Examination 2014-2015 BEHAVIOURAL ECOLOGY BIO-5010B Time allowed: 2 hours Answer ALL questions in Section A, ALL PARTS of the question
More informationFemale Choice in Gray Tree Frogs. Female Choice in Gray Tree Frogs
Female Choice in Gray Tree Frogs Female Choice in Gray Tree Frogs Research by Gerhardt et al. (1996). Males call to attract females. Males call to attract females Ribbet! Figure 11.27 Tiny and super cute!
More informationSexual selection. 1) Sexual dimorphism. 2) Variation in mating success. 3) Sexual selection. 4) Female choice based on male ornaments
Sexual selection 1) Sexual dimorphism 2) Variation in mating success 3) Sexual selection 4) Female choice based on male ornaments 5) The evolution of female preference 1) Sexual dimorphism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:descent_of_man_-_figure_16.jpg
More informationBiology 352, Spring 2017 Exam Number KEY Second midterm exam
Biology 352, Spring 2017 Exam Number KEY Exam Instructions: 1) Write your NAME here: 2) Write your exam number (given above, right) at the top of the other pages. 3) Look over the exam to verify that you
More informationEVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY BIOS EXAM #2 FALL 2017
EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY BIOS 30305 EXAM #2 FALL 2017 There are 3 parts to this exam. Use your time efficiently and be sure to put your name on the top of each page. Part I. True (T) or False (F) (2 points
More informationPolygyny in animals From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 1 of 6 Polygyny in animals From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Polygyny (/pəˈlɪdʒɪniː/; from Neo-Greek πολυγυνία from πολύ- poly- "many", and γυνή gyne "woman" or "wife") [1] is a mating system
More informationMITOCW MIT9_20F13_lec18.mp3
MITOCW MIT9_20F13_lec18.mp3 The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high quality educational resources for free.
More informationBeebops Genetics and Evolution Teacher Information
STO-105 Beebops Genetics and Evolution Teacher Information Summary In Part 1 students model meiosis and fertilization using chromosomes/genes from fictitious Beebop parents. They decode the genes in the
More information12/3/2012. Sexual Conflict. grebe. High potential for intersexual conflict
Sexual Conflict or? grebe High potential for intersexual conflict 1 Intersexual Conflict: Outline for Today 1) An anecdote and an experiment 2) The concept of interlocus sexual conflict 3) Grounds for
More informationTopic 17: Mating Systems. Reproduction. How are natural, fecundity & sexual selection different? Why does sexual dimorphism evolve?
Topic 17: Mating Systems Why does sexual dimorphism evolve? How are natural, fecundity and sexual selection different? What is fitness? How does each one work? Reproduction Mating Last lecture Development
More informationCh. 23 The Evolution of Populations
Ch. 23 The Evolution of Populations 1 Essential question: Do populations evolve? 2 Mutation and Sexual reproduction produce genetic variation that makes evolution possible What is the smallest unit of
More informationBiology of Breeding: Considerations for maximizing genetic diversity of breeding groups
Dillon Damuth 03/01/2015 Biology of Breeding: Considerations for maximizing genetic diversity of breeding groups When a person joins the hobby of reptile keeping and make the decision to breed animals
More informationDarwin s Puzzle: Why are Males and Females Different? Darwin, C The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 1st ed., Murray, London.
Darwin s Puzzle: Why are Males and Females Different? Darwin, C. 1871. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 1st ed., Murray, London. Parental Investment and Sexual Selection Trivers 1972
More informationChapter 21.2 Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change
Beak depth of Beak depth Colonie High AP Biology Chapter 21.2 Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change Populations Evolve! Natural selection acts on individuals differential survival survival of the fittest differential
More informationIntroduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 15 Primate sociality: Predators and living in groups Copyright Bruce Owen 2010 Most haplorrine, and
Introduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 15 Primate sociality: Predators and living in groups Copyright Bruce Owen 2010 Most haplorrine, and many strepsirrhine, primates are social: they live in
More informationLectures 7 & 8 Wednesday, October 12, 2011 & Friday, October 14, 2011
Lectures 7 & 8 Wednesday, October 12, 2011 & Friday, October 14, 2011 Recombination Diploid organisms: The first step in sexual reproduction is the production of gametes, each of which has half the chromosomes
More informationIntroduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 13 Mating: males and sexual selection Copyright Bruce Owen 2008 Male reproductive strategy basics:
Introduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 13 Mating: males and sexual selection Copyright Bruce Owen 2008 Male reproductive strategy basics: Males are not forced to invest a lot in their offspring,
More information4.2 Altruism -'1 I. 44 SECTION2 Evolutionand BehavioralEcology
44 SECTION2 Evolutionand BehavioralEcology Figure 4.2 Male Hanuman langur monkeys in India, can act agressively especially toward young which they may killwhen taking over groups of females from other
More informationSEX AND REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS
Chapter 15 SEX AND REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS Genetic system refers to the way a species reproduces itself: sexually or asexually, self-fertilize or outcross, hermaphroditic or have separate sexes. THE EVOLUTION
More informationTypes of Mating Systems
The Human Mating System Note: this is the stereotypical EP view (e.g., Buss) Types of Mating Systems Random Monogamy Polygyny: variance in male reproductive success > variance in female reproductive success
More informationMicroevolution: The Forces of Evolutionary Change Part 2. Lecture 23
Microevolution: The Forces of Evolutionary Change Part 2 Lecture 23 Outline Conditions that cause evolutionary change Natural vs artificial selection Nonrandom mating and sexual selection The role of chance
More informationPinniped Social Systems
Pinniped Social Systems Animal Mating Systems Polygamy Polygyny (one male & many females) Polyandry (one female & many males) Monogamy One male & one female Does not rule out hanky panky Serial Monogamy
More informationLekking and the Lek Paradox
Lekking and the Lek Paradox Mating Systems 5. Lekking: One sex (usually males) provides only genes to their mate. No direct benefits are passed to the mate. 6. Cooperative: Some individuals forgo reproduction
More informationUnit 1 Biological Diversity Topic 1.1 Examining Diversity. Text p. 3-15
Topic 1.1 Examining Diversity. Text p. 3-15 Variation to the MAX! Biologists have identified over species of animals and over species of plants. The most successful life form is What is Biodiversity? The
More informationMechanisms of Evolution
Mechanisms of Evolution Mutation Gene Flow (migration) Non-random mating Genetic Drift Natural Selection...individuals don t evolve, populations do 1. Mutation The ultimate source of genetic variation.
More information10/7/2011. What is a male and what is a female? Both males and females are selected to maximize their success in reproduction.
Insect Reproduction Insect Reproduction Major Objectives 1. Name the two agents of sexual selection. 2. Describe, with examples, the four major benefits of being choosy. 3. Explain why males are often
More informationMotivation IV Sexual Motivation Sexual Reproduction Reproduction is necessary for the survival of the species. Some organisms (e.g., bacteria) reprodu
Motivation IV Sexual Motivation Sexual Reproduction Reproduction is necessary for the survival of the species. Some organisms (e.g., bacteria) reproduce asexually. Sexual reproduction allows the genes
More informationLecture Outline. Darwin s Theory of Natural Selection. Modern Theory of Natural Selection. Changes in frequencies of alleles
1. Basics of Natural Selection Lecture Outline 2. How to test for the key components of natural selection a. Variation b. Heritability c. Can the trait respond to selection? d. What are the selective forces?
More informationBiology 352, Spring 2018 Exam Number KEY Second midterm exam Part 1 (short answer worth 21 % of grade)
Part 1 (short answer worth 21 % of grade) 1-1) Match the following terms used in behavioral ecology with the appropriate topics of behavioral study listed to the right (you may apply more than one topic
More informationHow To Win Even If You re A Loser. Hannah Mulhausen and Mary O Sullivan
How To Win Even If You re A Loser Hannah Mulhausen and Mary O Sullivan Let s Discuss!!! What are some tactics the losers use to get mates? MATES: A How-to Guide 1) Sneaking 2) Gangs 3) Lurking 4) Masturbation
More informationGenetic basis of inheritance and variation. Dr. Amjad Mahasneh. Jordan University of Science and Technology
Genetic basis of inheritance and variation Dr. Amjad Mahasneh Jordan University of Science and Technology Segment 1 Hello and welcome everyone. My name is Amjad Mahasneh. I teach molecular biology at Jordan
More informationLecture 9: Primate Behavior - Ecology
Anthro 101: Human Biological Evolution Lecture 9: Primate Behavior - Ecology Prof. Kenneth Feldmeier feldmekj@lavc.edu Homework 2 Why do primates live in groups? Benefits of group life Costs of group life
More informationBradly M. Hussey Biology 495 Dr. Bajema
Sex May Be Fun, But Reading About It Sure Isn t A Book Review of Jared Diamond s Why is Sex Fun? Bradly M. Hussey Biology 495 Dr. Bajema Abstract: A recent book entitled Why Is Se Fun?, by Jared Diamond
More informationSocial System of Superb Fairy Wrens. The following table shows the percentage of male fairy-wrens in various age and social status categories.
Social System of Superb Fairy Wrens Superb fairy-wrens are small (10g) insectivorous birds found in woodlands and edge habitat throughout eastern Australia. They live in cooperative social groups composed
More informationNAME: PID: Group Name: BioSci 110, Fall 08 Exam 3
For questions 1 and 2 use the phylogeny to the right. 1. With what group of species do rodents share the most traits? a. amphibians b. dinosaurs and birds c. *primates d. ray-finned fish e. sharks 2. Which
More informationReproduction in Plants and Animals
Imagine a gardener checking on his growing plants at the beginning of spring. He notices a few tiny insects eating some of his plants. The gardener isn t worried a few insects are not a concern. But when
More informationHuman Mating Behavior: An Evolutionary Perspective
Hot Science - Cool Talk # 109 Human Mating Behavior: An Evolutionary Perspective Dr. David M. Buss October 27, 2017 Produced by and for Hot Science - Cool Talks by the Environmental Science Institute.
More informationLecture 4: Sexual Selection & Female Choice. Differential Investment. Differential Investment in Mammals. Triver s Hypothesis.
Lecture 4: Sexual Selection & Female Choice Differential investment Classic views of male-female behavioral differences Natural Selection Sexual Selection Inter-sexual choice Intra-sexual competition Inter-sexual
More informationStudy guide Lectures 19 (April 4th), 20 (April 11th), and 21 (April 13th).
Study guide Lectures 19 (April 4th), 20 (April 11th), and 21 (April 13th). Lecture 19 1. Define silent substitution? Synonymous substitution? Non-synonymous substitution? Replacement substitution? 2. How
More informationIntersexual Competition
(in press, October 2012). In P. Whelan & A. Bolin (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell. Intersexual Competition Valerie G. Starratt, Nova Southeastern University, valerie.starratt@nova.edu
More informationQ: Do platypus have more functional genes on their Y s than other mammals?
One minute responses Q: Do platypus have more functional genes on their Y s than other mammals? A: I wasn t able to find out I did learn that the platypus X s and Y s are not homologous to normal mammal
More information