Pedigree Analysis Why do Pedigrees? Goals of Pedigree Analysis Basic Symbols More Symbols Y-Linked Inheritance
|
|
- Mervyn Farmer
- 1 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Pedigree Analysis Why do Pedigrees? Punnett squares and chi-square tests work well for organisms that have large numbers of offspring and controlled mating, but humans are quite different: Small families. Even large human families have 20 or fewer children. Uncontrolled mating, often with heterozygotes. Failure to truthfully identify parentage. Goals of Pedigree Analysis Determine the mode of inheritance: dominant, recessive, partial dominance, sex-linked, autosomal, mitochondrial, maternal effect. Determine the probability of an affected offspring for a given cross. Basic Symbols More Symbols Y-Linked Inheritance We will now look at how various kinds of traits are inherited from a pedigree point of view. Traits on the Y chromosome are only found in males, never in females. The father s traits are passed to all sons. Dominance is irrelevant: there is only 1 copy of each Y-linked gene (hemizygous).
2 Mitochondrial Genes Mitochondria are only inherited from the mother. If a female has a mitochondrial trait, all of her offspring inherit it. If a male has a mitochondrial trait, none of his offspring inherit it. Note that only 1 allele is present in each individual, so dominance is not an issue. Outsider Rules In any pedigree there are people whose parents are unknown. These people are called outsiders, and we need to make some assumptions about their genotypes. Sometimes the assumptions are proved wrong when the outsiders have children. Also, a given problem might specify the genotype of an outsider. Outsider rule for dominant pedigrees: affected outsiders are assumed to be heterozygotes. Outsider rule for recessive pedigrees: unaffected (normal) outsiders are assumed to be homozygotes. Both of these rules are derived from the observation that mutant alleles are rare. Maternal Effect Genes The maternal effect rule: Mother s genotype determines offspring s phenotype. Assume that the trait is recessive, in a complete dominance situation. Also assume all outsiders (people with unknown parents) are homozygous for the allele they are expressing: the dominant allele if they are unaffected, and the recessive allele if they are affected. Sex-Influenced Trait Assume that the trait is dominant in males but recessive in females. Assume all outsiders are homozygotes. Thus: DD is always affected dd is always normal Dd is affected in males, but normal in females
3 Sex-Limited Trait There are several possibilities for dominance, but for this problem assume the trait is dominant but only expressed in males. Affected outsider males are heterozygous; unaffected males are homozygous normal Assume that outsider females are homozygous normal. Sex-Linked Dominant Mothers pass their X s to both sons and daughters Fathers pass their X to daughters only. Normal outsider rule for dominant pedigrees for females, but for sex-linked traits remember that males are hemizygous and express whichever gene is on their X. X D = dominant mutant allele X d = recessive normal allele Sex-Linked Recessive Males get their X from their mother Fathers pass their X to daughters only Females express it only if they get a copy from both parents. Expressed in males if present Recessive in females Outsider rule for recessives (only affects females in sex-linked situations): normal outsiders are assumed to be homozygous. Autosomal Dominant Assume affected outsiders are assumed to be heterozygotes. All unaffected individuals are homozygous for the normal recessive allele.
4 Autosomal Recessive All affected are homozygotes. Unaffected outsiders are assumed to be homozygous normal Consanguineous mating is often (but not always) involved. Large Pedigrees We are now going to look at detailed analysis of dominant and recessive autosomal pedigrees. To simplify things, we are going to only use these two types. The main problems: 1. Determining inheritance type 2. Determining genotypes for various individuals 3. Determining the probability of an affected offspring between two members of the chart. Dominant vs. Recessive Is it a dominant pedigree or a recessive pedigree? 1. If two affected people have an unaffected child, it must be a dominant pedigree: D is the dominant mutant allele and d is the recessive wild type allele. Both parents are Dd and the normal child is dd. 2. If two unaffected people have an affected child, it is a recessive pedigree: R is the dominant wild type allele and r is the recessive mutant allele. Both parents are Rr and the affected child is rr. 3. If every affected person has an affected parent it is a dominant pedigree. Assigning Genotypes for Dominant Pedigrees All unaffected are dd. Affected children of an affected parent and an unaffected parent must be heterozygous Dd, because they inherited a d allele from the unaffected parent. The affected parents of an unaffected child must be heterozygotes Dd, since they both passed a d allele to their child. Outsider rule for dominant autosomal pedigrees: An affected outsider (a person with no known parents) is assumed to be heterozygous (Dd).
5 If both parents are heterozygous Dd x Dd, their affected offspring have a 2/3 chance of being Dd and a 1/3 chance of being DD. Assigning Genotypes for Recessive Pedigrees All affected are rr. If an affected person (rr) mates with an unaffected person, any unaffected offspring must be Rr heterozygotes, because they got a r allele from their affected parent. If two unaffected mate and have an affected child, both parents must be Rr heterozygotes. Recessive outsider rule: outsiders are those whose parents are unknown. In a recessive autosomal pedigree, unaffected outsiders are assumed to be RR, homozygous normal. Children of RR x Rr have a 1/2 chance of being RR and a 1/2 chance of being Rr. Note that any siblings who have an rr child must be Rr. Unaffected children of Rr x Rr have a 2/3 chance of being Rr and a 1/3 chance of being RR. Conditional Probability Determining the probability of an affected offspring for most crosses is quite simple: just determine the parents genotypes and follow Mendelian rules to determine the frequency of the mutant phenotype. In some cases, one or both parents has a genotype that is not completely determined. For instance, one parent has a 1/2 chance of being DD and a 1/2 of being Dd. If the other parent is dd and this is a dominant autosomal pedigree, here is how to determine the overall probability of an affected phenotype: 1. Determine the probability of an affected offspring for each possible set of parental genotypes. 2. Combine them using the AND and OR rules of probability Conditional Probability, Pt. 2 In our example, one parent has a 1/2 chance of being Dd and a 1/2 chance of being DD, and the other parent is dd.
6 There are thus 2 possibilities for the cross: it could be DD x dd, or it could be Dd x dd. We have no way of knowing for sure. If the cross is DD x dd, all the offspring as Dd, and since the trait is dominant, all are affected. On the other hand, if the cross is Dd x dd, ½ the offspring are Dd (affected) and ½ are dd (normal). So, there is a ½ chance that the mating is DD x dd, with all offspring affected, and a ½ chance that the mating is Dd x dd, with ½ the offspring affected. Or: (1/2 * 1) + (1/2 * 1/2) = overall probability o = 1/2 + 1/4 =3/4 Another Example More complicated: in a recessive pedigree, one parent has a ½ chance of being RR and a ½ chance of being Rr, while the other parent has a 1/3 chance of being RR and a 2/3 chance of being Rr. In this case there are 4 possible matings: There is a 1/2 * 1/3 = 1/6 chance that the mating is RR x RR. In this case, 0 offspring will be affected (rr). There is a 1/2 * 2/3 = 2/6 = 1/3 chance that the mating is RR x Rr. In this case, none of the offspring are affected. There is a 1/2 * 1/3 = 1/6 chance that the mating is Rr x RR. In this case, no offspring will be affected (rr). There is a 1/2 * 2/3 = 1/3 chance that the mating is Rr x Rr. In this case, 1/4 of the offspring will be affected (rr). Combining all possibilities: (1/6 * 0 ) + (1/3 * 0) + (1/6 * 0) + (1/3 *1/4) = /12 = 1/12
Chapter 7: Pedigree Analysis B I O L O G Y
Name Date Period Chapter 7: Pedigree Analysis B I O L O G Y Introduction: A pedigree is a diagram of family relationships that uses symbols to represent people and lines to represent genetic relationships.
Pedigree Analysis. A = the trait (a genetic disease or abnormality, dominant) a = normal (recessive)
Pedigree Analysis Introduction A pedigree is a diagram of family relationships that uses symbols to represent people and lines to represent genetic relationships. These diagrams make it easier to visualize
Lecture 17: Human Genetics. I. Types of Genetic Disorders. A. Single gene disorders
Lecture 17: Human Genetics I. Types of Genetic Disorders A. Single gene disorders B. Multifactorial traits 1. Mutant alleles at several loci acting in concert C. Chromosomal abnormalities 1. Physical changes
Lab Activity Report: Mendelian Genetics - Genetic Disorders
Name Date Period Lab Activity Report: Mendelian Genetics - Genetic Disorders Background: Sometimes genetic disorders are caused by mutations to normal genes. When the mutation has been in the population
B-4.7 Summarize the chromosome theory of inheritance and relate that theory to Gregor Mendel s principles of genetics
B-4.7 Summarize the chromosome theory of inheritance and relate that theory to Gregor Mendel s principles of genetics The Chromosome theory of inheritance is a basic principle in biology that states genes
A. Incorrect! Cells contain the units of genetic they are not the unit of heredity.
MCAT Biology Problem Drill PS07: Mendelian Genetics Question No. 1 of 10 Question 1. The smallest unit of heredity is. Question #01 (A) Cell (B) Gene (C) Chromosome (D) Allele Cells contain the units of
Name Class Date. KEY CONCEPT The chromosomes on which genes are located can affect the expression of traits.
Section 1: Chromosomes and Phenotype KEY CONCEPT The chromosomes on which genes are located can affect the expression of traits. VOCABULARY carrier sex-linked gene X chromosome inactivation MAIN IDEA:
The Modern Genetics View
Inheritance Mendelian Genetics The Modern Genetics View Alleles are versions of a gene Gene for flower color Alleles for purple or white flowers Two alleles per trait 2 chromosomes, each with 1 gene The
Name Lab 5-B. Phenotype refers to the expression (what you can see) of a person s genotype.
Name Lab 5-B Lab Objectives: Define the following terms: phenotype, genotype, punnet square, autosomal, dominant and recessive, sex linked, Investigate some common phenotypes and discuss the potential
Mendelian Genetics. Gregor Mendel. Father of modern genetics
Mendelian Genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Objectives I can compare and contrast mitosis & meiosis. I can properly use the genetic vocabulary presented. I can differentiate and gather data
Meiosis and Genetics
Meiosis and Genetics Humans have chromosomes in each cell What pattern do you notice in the human karyotype (a technique that organizes chromosomes by type and size)? Humans are diploid 1 Gametes are produced
Normal enzyme makes melanin (dark pigment in skin and hair) Defective enzyme does not make melanin
Genetics Supplement (These supplementary modules, a Genetics Student Handout, and Teacher Preparation Notes with suggestions for implementation are available at http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/sci_edu/waldron/#genetics.
The Discovery of Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Traits
The Discovery of Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Traits Outcomes: 1. Compare the pattern of inheritance produced by genes on the sex chromosomes to that produced by genes on autosomes, as investigated by Morgan.
Dragon Genetics, pt. IV: Codominance
Lesson 6.6 Dragon Genetics, pt. IV: Codominance Name Date Period Key Terms Antigen Antibody codominance Explore I Were the babies switched? Many times in dragon society, eggs are communally laid in one
1. A homozygous yellow pea plant is crossed with a homozygous green pea plant, Knowing that yellow is the dominant trait for pea plants:
Genetics Homework Bio 120 1. A homozygous yellow pea plant is crossed with a homozygous green pea plant, Knowing that yellow is the dominant trait for pea plants: Y = yellow y = green B) Genotype of yellow
Science 1.9 AS WORKBOOK. Working to Excellence
Science 1.9 AS 90948 Demonstrate understanding of biological ideas relating to genetic variation WORKBOOK Working to Excellence CONTENTS 1. Writing Excellence answers to DNA and Genes questions 2. Writing
He called these new plants hybrids because they received different genetic information, or different alleles, for a trait from each parent.
/6/204 in a Garden Each time Mendel studied a trait, he crossed two plants with different expressions of the trait and found that the new plants all looked like one of the two parents. He called these
1. A homozygous yellow pea plant is crossed with a homozygous green pea plant, Knowing that yellow is the dominant trait for pea plants:
Genetics Homework Bio 120 Spring 2012 1. A homozygous yellow pea plant is crossed with a homozygous green pea plant, Knowing that yellow is the dominant trait for pea plants: Y = yellow y = green B) Genotype
Name Period. Keystone Vocabulary: genetics fertilization trait hybrid gene allele Principle of dominance segregation gamete probability
Name Period BIO B2 GENETICS (Chapter 11) You should be able to: 1. Describe and/or predict observed patterns of inheritance (dominant, recessive, co- dominant, incomplete dominance, sex- linked, polygenic
You are who you are because of a combination of HEREDITY and ENVIRONMENT. ENVIRONMENT: all outside forces that act on an organism.
Unit 6 Genetics 6.1 Genetics You are who you are because of a combination of HEREDITY and ENVIRONMENT. ENVIRONMENT: all outside forces that act on an organism. HEREDITY: traits that are passed from parents
Genetics Unit Exam. Number of progeny with following phenotype Experiment Red White #1: Fish 2 (red) with Fish 3 (red) 100 0
Genetics Unit Exam Question You are working with an ornamental fish that shows two color phenotypes, red or white. The color is controlled by a single gene. These fish are hermaphrodites meaning they can
Take a look at the three adult bears shown in these photographs:
Take a look at the three adult bears shown in these photographs: Which of these adult bears do you think is most likely to be the parent of the bear cubs shown in the photograph on the right? How did you
A gene is a sequence of DNA that resides at a particular site on a chromosome the locus (plural loci). Genetic linkage of genes on a single
8.3 A gene is a sequence of DNA that resides at a particular site on a chromosome the locus (plural loci). Genetic linkage of genes on a single chromosome can alter their pattern of inheritance from those
MENDELIAN GENETICS. Law of Dominance: Law of Segregation: GAMETE FORMATION Parents and Possible Gametes: Gregory Mendel:
MENDELIAN GENETICS Gregory Mendel: Heredity: Cross: X P1 Generation: F1 Generation: F2 Generation: Gametes: Dominant: Recessive: Genotype: Phenotype: Law of Dominance: Genes: Alleles: Law of Segregation:
Genetics and Heredity Notes
Genetics and Heredity Notes I. Introduction A. It was known for 1000s of years that traits were inherited but scientists were unsure about the laws that governed this inheritance. B. Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
Mendelian Genetics Chapter 11
Mendelian Genetics Chapter 11 Starts on page 308 Roots, Prefixes & Suffixes: homo = hetero = geno = pheno = zyg = co = poly = Section 11-1: Mendel & His Peas I. Vocabulary Words: A. Gene - a small section
Genetics 1 by Drs. Scott Poethig, Ingrid Waldron, and. Jennifer Doherty, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Copyright, 2011
Genetics 1 by Drs. Scott Poethig, Ingrid Waldron, and. Jennifer Doherty, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Copyright, 2011 We all know that children tend to resemble their parents in appearance.
Genetics. The study of heredity. Father of Genetics: Gregor Mendel (mid 1800 s) Developed set of laws that explain how heredity works
Genetics The study of heredity Father of Genetics: Gregor Mendel (mid 1800 s) Developed set of laws that explain how heredity works Father of Genetics: Gregor Mendel original pea plant (input) offspring
Lecture 13: May 24, 2004
Lecture 13: May 24, 2004 CH14: Mendel and the gene idea *particulate inheritance parents pass on discrete heritable units *gene- unit of inheritance which occupies a specific chromosomal location (locus)
See pedigree info on extra sheet 1. ( 6 pts)
Biol 321 Quiz #2 Spring 2010 40 pts NAME See pedigree info on extra sheet 1. ( 6 pts) Examine the pedigree shown above. For each mode of inheritance listed below indicate: E = this mode of inheritance
2. Circle the genotypes in the table that are homozygous. Explain how the two different homozygous genotypes result in different phenotypes.
Genetics Supplement (These supplementary modules, a Genetics Student Handout, and Teacher Preparation Notes with background information are available at http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/sci_edu/waldron/#genetics.
Genetics. by their offspring. The study of the inheritance of traits is called.
Genetics DNA contains the genetic code for the production of. A gene is a part of DNA, which has enough bases to make for many different proteins. These specific proteins made by a gene decide the of an
Punnett Squares. Dihybrid Cross
Punnett Squares Dihybrid Cross 6F: Students will predict possible outcomes of genetic combinations such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses, and non-mendelian inheritance TEKS Each parent has TWO traits
Genetics and heredity. For a long time, general ideas of inheritance were known + =
Mendelian Genetics Genetics and heredity For a long time, general ideas of inheritance were known + = + = What was really lacking was a quantitative understanding of how particular traits were passed down
Lesson Overview. Human Chromosomes. Lesson Overview. Human Chromosomes
Lesson Overview Karyotypes A genome is the full set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA. A study of any genome starts with chromosomes, the bundles of DNA and protein found in the
Drosophila melanogaster. Introduction. Drosophila melanogaster is a kind of flies fruit fly that is widely used in genetic
Jessie Tran Mrs. Lajoie Honors Biology Date of Experiment: 4 May 2015 Due Date: 12 May 2015 Determining the Inheritance Patterns of Purple Eyes, Lobe Eyes, and Yellow Body Genes of Drosophila melanogaster
The Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection in Humans
UGGETED UDIENCE This lesson is appropriate for high school biology (all levels including P and IB) and undergraduate introductory biology. PRIOR KNOWLEDGE tudents should have prior knowledge of the basics
AGENDA for 03/06/14 AGENDA: HOMEWORK: Due Fri, 03/07 OBJECTIVES: Unit 3 Exam on Tues, What is the Probability?
AGENDA for 03/06/14 AGENDA: 1. 3.4.2. What is the Probability? OBJECTIVES: 1. Use pedigrees and Punnett squares to calculate the probability than an individual will inherit sickle cell disease HOMEWORK:
Class XII Chapter 5 Principles of Inheritance and Variation Biology
Question 1: Mention the advantages of selecting pea plant for experiment by Mendel. Mendel selected pea plants to carry out his study on the inheritance of characters from parents to offspring. He selected
Solutions to Genetics Unit Exam
Solutions to Genetics Unit Exam Question 1 You are working with an ornamental fish that shows two color phenotypes, red or white. The color is controlled by a single gene. These fish are hermaphrodites
Human Genetic Diseases (non mutation)
mutation) Pedigrees mutation) 1. Autosomal recessive inheritance: this is the inheritance of a disease through a recessive allele. In order for the person to have the condition they would have to be homozygous
Objectives. ! Describe the contributions of Gregor Mendel to the science of genetics. ! Explain the Law of Segregation.
Objectives! Describe the contributions of Gregor Mendel to the science of genetics.! Explain the Law of Segregation.! Explain the Law of Independent Assortment.! Explain the concept of dominance.! Define
draw and interpret pedigree charts from data on human single allele and multiple allele inheritance patterns; e.g., hemophilia, blood types
Specific Outcomes for Knowledge Students will: 30 C2.1k describe the evidence for dominance, segregation and the independent assortment of genes on different chromosomes, as investigated by Mendel 30 C2.2k
SEX-LINKED INHERITANCE. Dr Rasime Kalkan
SEX-LINKED INHERITANCE Dr Rasime Kalkan Human Karyotype Picture of Human Chromosomes 22 Autosomes and 2 Sex Chromosomes Autosomal vs. Sex-Linked Traits can be either: Autosomal: traits (genes) are located
11-1: Introduction to Genetics
11-1: Introduction to Genetics The Work of Gregor Mendel Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Genetics Vocabulary Genetics The study of heredity. Heredity The passing of physical characteristics from parents
HUMAN GENETICS. Mode of inheritance LECTURE : 3 EDITION FILE. Color index: Important Slides Drs notes Explanation New terminology
HUMAN GENETICS Color index: Important Slides Drs notes Explanation New terminology LECTURE : 3 Mode of inheritance EDITION FILE OBJECTIVES By the end of this lecture, students should be able to: 1. Assess
LAB 10 Principles of Genetic Inheritance
LAB 10 Principles of Genetic Inheritance Objectives 1. Examine the nature of probability. 2. Solve various types of genetics problems. Overview In this laboratory you will learn about the basic principles
Chapter 15 - The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance. A. Bergeron +AP Biology PCHS
Chapter 15 - The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance A. Bergeron +AP Biology PCHS Do Now - Predicting Unpredictable Genotypes As an inexperienced (albeit precocious) gardener, I am always looking to maximize
Chapter 17 Genetics Crosses:
Chapter 17 Genetics Crosses: 2.5 Genetics Objectives 2.5.6 Genetic Inheritance 2.5.10.H Origin of the Science of genetics 2.5.11 H Law of segregation 2.5.12 H Law of independent assortment 2.5.13.H Dihybrid
Genetics and Reproduction Test Review Sheet. Number of Parents 2 Parents 1 Parent
Name: Date: Period # Genetics and Reproduction Test Review Sheet Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Number of Parents 2 Parents 1 Parent Characteristic of offspring Similar to parent All offspring
4. A homozygous tall plant and a heterozygous tall plant are crossed. What is the percent probability of short offspring?
LEVEL ZERO VOICE POP QUIZ (4 minutes, individual work): 1. Define gene: 2. Define phenotype: 3. A heterozygous white rabbit is crossed with a homozygous black rabbit. If they have 160 offspring, how many
NOTES: Exceptions to Mendelian Genetics!
NOTES: 11.3 Exceptions to Mendelian Genetics! Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive, and many traits are controlled by multiple alleles OR multiple genes.
Chapter 02 Mendelian Inheritance
Chapter 02 Mendelian Inheritance Multiple Choice Questions 1. The theory of pangenesis was first proposed by. A. Aristotle B. Galen C. Mendel D. Hippocrates E. None of these Learning Objective: Understand
How do genes influence our characteristics?
Genetics Supplement 1 This activity will focus on the question: How do genes contribute to the similarities and differences between parents and their children? This question can be divided into two parts:
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS-Please type your awesome answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1. What is an X-linked inheritance pattern? Use a specific example to explain the role of the father and mother in
8.1 Genes Are Particulate and Are Inherited According to Mendel s Laws 8.2 Alleles and Genes Interact to Produce Phenotypes 8.3 Genes Are Carried on
Chapter 8 8.1 Genes Are Particulate and Are Inherited According to Mendel s Laws 8.2 Alleles and Genes Interact to Produce Phenotypes 8.3 Genes Are Carried on Chromosomes 8.4 Prokaryotes Can Exchange Genetic
Patterns in Inheritance. Chapter 10
Patterns in Inheritance Chapter 10 What you absolutely need to know Punnett Square with monohybrid and dihybrid cross Heterozygous, homozygous, alleles, locus, gene Test cross, P, F1, F2 Mendel and his
Genetics Practice Problems
Genetics Practice Problems Part I- One Trait Crosses 1. Cystic fibrosis is carried on the recessive allele. Normal is dominant. A normal man and a woman with cystic fibrosis have one CF child and one normal
Genetics Practice Questions
Name: ate: 1. If Jessica has light eyes (bb) and both of her parents have dark eyes (b) which statement is true?. Jessica inherited both genes from her father.. Jessica inherited both genes from her mother..
Chapter 10 Notes Patterns of Inheritance, Part 1
Chapter 10 Notes Patterns of Inheritance, Part 1 I. Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) a. Austrian monk with a scientific background b. Conducted numerous hybridization experiments with the garden pea, Pisum sativum,
Mendelian Genetics. 7.3 Gene Linkage and Mapping Genes can be mapped to specific locations on chromosomes.
7 Extending CHAPTER Mendelian Genetics GETTING READY TO LEARN Preview Key Concepts 7.1 Chromosomes and Phenotype The chromosomes on which genes are located can affect the expression of traits. 7.2 Complex
GENETICS PREDICTING HEREDITY
GENETICS PREDICTING HEREDITY INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS Genetics is the scientific study of heredity Heredity is essentially the study of how traits are passed from parents to their offspring. GREGOR MENDEL
Review Packet for Genetics and Meiosis
Name: Date: Block: 1 Review Packet for Genetics and Meiosis Directions: Answer the questions and where indicated, draw a Punnett square and show all work! 1. Who was Gregor Mendel? Where did he live and
Extra Review Practice Biology Test Genetics
Mendel fill in the blanks: Extra Review Practice Biology Test Genetics Mendel was an Austrian monk who studied genetics primarily using plants. He started with plants that produced offspring with only
Notes: Mendelian Genetics
Notes: Mendelian Genetics Heredity is passing characteristics from one generation to the next. Genetics is the study of heredity. Who was Gregor Mendel? Gregor Mendel is the Father of Modern Genetics.
Names: Period: Punnett Square for Sex Chromosomes:
Names: Period: Human Variations Activity Background A large variety of traits exist in the human population. The large number of combinations of these traits causes individuals to look unique, or different,
Genetics, Analysis & Principles/5e ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SETS CHAPTER 1
Genetics, Analysis & Principles/5e ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SETS CHAPTER 1 Note: the answers to the Comprehension questions are at the end of the textbook. Concept check questions (in figure legends) FIGURE
The Law of Segregation Introduction Today, we know that many of people's characteristics, from hair color to height to risk of diabetes, are
The Law of Segregation Introduction Today, we know that many of people's characteristics, from hair color to height to risk of diabetes, are influenced by genes. We also know that genes are the way parents
Essential Question: How do living things inherit their genetic characteristics?
Essential Question: How do living things inherit their genetic characteristics? Activity 6 Analyzing Genetic Data Purpose: To learn how to predict the outcome of genetic crosses with s Instructions: Follow
Name Date Class. Main Idea. Human traits are controlled by single genes with two alleles, single genes with... a. b. c.
Modern Genetics Name Date Class Modern Genetics Guided Reading and Study Human Inheritance This section explains some patterns of inheritance in humans. It also describes the functions of the sex chromosomes
Unit 3. Intro. Genetics The branch of biology that deals with variation (differences) and inheritance. Genetics. Sep 6 5:24 PM.
Unit 3.notebook June 03, 2014 Unit 3 Genetics Sep 6 5:24 PM Intro Genetics The branch of biology that deals with variation (differences) and inheritance. Feb 27 1:30 PM Intro Heredity The passing of genetic
Questions Q1. ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A FF B Ff C ff. D ff (ii) Explain why a person with cystic fibrosis (CF) may lose body mass.
Questions Q1. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a recessive genetic disorder. The recessive allele is shown as f and the dominant allele as F. (a) (i) What is the genotype of a person with cystic fibrosis? Put a
Model of an F 1 and F 2 generation
Mendelian Genetics Casual observation of a population of organisms (e.g. cats) will show variation in many visible characteristics (e.g. color of fur). While members of a species will have the same number
Mendelian Genetics & Inheritance Patterns. Multiple Choice Review. Slide 1 / 47. Slide 2 / 47. Slide 4 / 47. Slide 3 / 47. Slide 5 / 47.
Slide 1 / 47 Slide 2 / 47 New Jersey enter for Teaching and Learning Progressive Science Initiative This material is made freely available at www.njctl.org and is intended for the non-commercial use of
WHAT S IN THIS LECTURE?
What is meant by the term monogenic? WHAT S IN THIS LECTURE? WHAT S MENDEL S PRINCIPLE OF SEGREGATION? What s probability got to do with this? WHAT S MENDEL S PRINCIPLE OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT? 1 FROM
Laboratory. Mendelian Genetics
Laboratory 9 Mendelian Genetics Biology 171L FA17 Lab 9: Mendelian Genetics Student Learning Outcomes 1. Predict the phenotypic and genotypic ratios of a monohybrid cross. 2. Determine whether a gene is
Name Hour. Section 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel (pages )
Name Hour Section 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel (pages 263-266) Introduction (page 263) 1. The scientific study of heredity is called. Gregor Mendel's Peas (pages 263-264) 2. Circle the letter of each
UNIT III (Notes) : Genetics : Mendelian. (MHR Biology p ) Traits are distinguishing characteristics that make a unique individual.
1 UNIT III (Notes) : Genetics : endelian. (HR Biology p. 526-543) Heredity is the transmission of traits from one generation to another. Traits that are passed on are said to be inherited. Genetics is
Mendel s Law of Heredity. Page 254
Mendel s Law of Heredity Page 254 Define pollination The transfer of pollen grains from a male reproductive organ to a female reproductive organ in a plant is called pollination. Define cross pollination.
Agro/Ansc/Bio/Gene/Hort 305 Fall, 2017 MEDICAL GENETICS AND CANCER Chpt 24, Genetics by Brooker (lecture outline) #17
Agro/Ansc/Bio/Gene/Hort 305 Fall, 2017 MEDICAL GENETICS AND CANCER Chpt 24, Genetics by Brooker (lecture outline) #17 INTRODUCTION - Our genes underlie every aspect of human health, both in function and
Agro/ANSC/Biol/Gene/Hort 305 Fall, 2017 MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Chapter 2, Genetics by Brooker (Lecture outline) #2
Agro/ANSC/Biol/Gene/Hort 305 Fall, 2017 MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Chapter 2, Genetics by Brooker (Lecture outline) #2 MENDEL S LAWS OF INHERITANCE Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884) is considered the father
Diploma in Equine Science
The process of meiosis is summarised in the diagram below, but it involves the reduction of the genetic material to half. A cell containing the full number of chromosomes (two pairs) is termed diploid,
MONOHYBRID CROSSES WITH DOMINANT TRAITS
HEREDITY WORKSHEET Name: MONOHYBRID CROSSES WITH DOMINANT TRAITS 1. The table below indicates dominant and recessive traits in corn plants. Refer to this information for questions 1 7. Dominant Tall (T)
Class *GENETIC NOTES & WORKSHEETS
Name Class *GENETIC NOTES & WORKSHEETS DAY 1: Mendelian Genetics Vocabulary A. Genetics- Study of B. Heredity- The passing on of characteristics (traits) from to C. Trait A particular that can vary from
REPRODUCTION AND GENETICS
REPRODUCTION AND GENETICS TEKS 7.14A Define heredity as the passage of genetic instructions from one generation to the next generation 7.14B Compare the results of uniform or diverse offspring from sexual
Neatness 0 1 Accuracy Completeness Lab Class Procedure Total Lab Score
New Paltz High School Science Department Name:... Due Date:... Lab Title:Human Inheritance.&.Pedigree.Analysis..Lab #... Lab Partners: Your Lab Score will be based on the following: Neatness: All labs
Question #1. How many different kinds of gametes could the following individuals produce? 1. aabb 2. CCDdee 3. AABbCcDD 4. MmNnOoPpQq 5.
GENETIC PROBLEMS Question #1 How many different kinds of gametes could the following individuals produce? 1. aabb 2. CCDdee 3. AABbCcDD 4. MmNnOoPpQq 5. UUVVWWXXYYZz Question #1 Remember the formula 2
Human inherited diseases
Human inherited diseases A genetic disorder that is caused by abnormality in an individual's DNA. Abnormalities can range from small mutation in a single gene to the addition or subtraction of a whole
Driving Question: What difference does it make if a gene is part of the X Chromosome?
Genetics - X-linkage Teacher s Guide 1.0 Summary The X-Linkage Activity is the sixth core Genetics activity. This activity is comprised of three sections and designed to last one class period of approximately
The Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection in Humans
MENDELIAN GENETICS, PROBABILITY, PEDIGREES, AND CHI-SQUARE STATISTICS INTRODUCTION Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body. The hemoglobin protein consists
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Calico cats are female because 1) A) the Y chromosome has a gene blocking orange coloration.
Genetics. Why do offspring resemble their parents? What role can technology play in genetics? Let s explore the answers to these questions.
In a monastery garden, a curious monk discovered some of the basic principles of genetics. The monk, Gregor Mendel (1822 1884), laid the groundwork for the study of genetics, which has advanced our understanding
Does Mendel s work suggest that this is the only gene in the pea genome that can affect this particular trait?
Mongenic Traits, Probability and Independent Assortment Genetical Jargon Demystified In typical genetical parlance the hereditary factor that determines the round/wrinkled seed difference as referred to
Mendelian Genetics. You are who you are due to the interaction of HEREDITY and ENVIRONMENT. ENVIRONMENT: all outside forces that act on an organism.
Heredity Chapter 3 3:1 Genetics Mendelian Genetics You are who you are due to the interaction of HEREDITY and ENVIRONMENT. ENVIRONMENT: all outside forces that act on an organism. HEREDITY: traits that
Gregor Mendel. Father of Genetics
Gregor Mendel Father of Genetics Genetics Branch of biology which deals with principles of variations in traits (distinguishing characteristics) and inheritance Allows us to predict patterns of inheritance
Genetics WS Part 7 Name Part 7: Incomplete Dominance or Codominance
Genetics WS Part 7 Name Part 7: Incomplete Dominance or Codominance In Four o clock flowers the alleles for flower color are both equal therefore neither dominates over the other. We call this condition
Non-Mendelian Genetics
Non-Mendelian Genetics Complete dominance Law of segregation Law of independent assortment One gene one trait Mendelian Genetics Codominance Incomplete dominance Multiple alleles Pleiotropy Epistasis Polygenic
MENDELIAN GENETICS IN HUMANS
AP BIOLOGY EVOLUTION/HEREDITY UNIT Unit 1 Part 4C Chapter 14.4 Activity #6 NAME DATE PERIOD MENDELIAN GENETICS IN HUMANS P EDIGREES Key: =male = female or = affected or = normal F = free earlobes f = attached
Date Pages Page # 3. Record the color of your beads. Are they homozygous or heterozygous?
1 Patterns of Inheritance Process and Procedures Date Pages 645-650 Page # 3. Record the color of your beads. Are they homozygous or heterozygous? 6. Record the colors of the two beads. Are they homozygous