The Genital Anomaly Associated with Prenatal Exposure to Progestogens

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "The Genital Anomaly Associated with Prenatal Exposure to Progestogens"

Transcription

1 The Genital Anomaly Associated with Prenatal Exposure to Progestogens Howard W. Jones, Jr., M.D., and Lawson Wilkins, M.D. THE GREAT MAJORITY of individuals with positive (female) sex chromatin and masculinized external genitalia are examples of female hermaphroditism due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia. A few such individuals will be found to be true hermaphrodites. Except for a small, special group with multiple genitourinary anomalies and a few "spontaneous" cases, the remainder have no evident intrinsic androgenic source, but were born of mothers who had received, while pregnant, a steroid with androgenic properties. The small, special group with multiple genitourinary anomalies is characterized by a penile urethra with a urethrovaginal fistula, a capacious vagina and bladder, anomalies of the upper urinary tract, and often by a history of urinary retention. As there is no evidence of virilization in these cases and no endocrinologic explanation for their occurrence, they will not be considered here. Our principal concern is with female hermaphrodites whose mothers had received a compound with androgenic properties, although these compounds had been utilized in the first instance for their progestogenic characteristics. In all such cases the sex chromatin is positive (female) and the miillerian and wolffian ducts have developed entirely according to the normal female pattern. The only abnormality is confined to the external genitalia, where the genital tubercle and the scrotolabial folds have developed into genitalia with striking masculine characteristics. From the Departments of Gynecology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md. This paper was presented at the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the American Society for the Study of Sterility, Atlantic City, N. J., April 3-5,

2 Vol. 11, No. 2, 1960 GENITAL ANOMALY 149 Exclusive of the patients previously reported by the present authors18 and included in the present material for completeness, there were 21 female patients with masculinization of the external genitalia reported in the literature through In 6 of these there was no history of maternal medication Two patients were observed whose mothers had arrhenoblastomas.1 5 Nine patients were observed whose mothers had received various forms of androgen for one reason or another, usually not related to a problem of pregnancy This leaves but 4 patients described whose mothers had received 17 -ethinyltestosterone for various complications related to pregnancy.7 10, 15, n MATERIAL The present material consists of 27 female patients with nonvirilizing masculinization of the external genitalia. Seventeen of these were previously reported. 18 All patients had positive (female) nuclear chromatin arrangement and normal levels of 17-ketosteroid excretion. The possibility of true hermaphroditism was excluded in 6 patients by exploratory laparotomy. \Vhen there is a clear history of maternal progestogen treatment, laparotomy is no longer considered necessary, so the possibility, although remote, that true hermaphroditism occurred in some of the 21 unexplored patients cannot be completely excluded. Seventeen mothers had received 17-ethinyltestosterone during their pregnancies. The doses varied from 20 to 200 mg. per day. There was a rough eorrelation between the size of the dose and the degree of abnormality. Large doses ( 100 to 200 mg. per day) and early administration (fourth to sixth week) were associated with scrotolabial fusion. However, in 1 case considerable fusion occurred with but 20 mg. per day beginning in the seventh week. In addition to the 17-ethinyltestosterone, 3 mothers had received intramuscular progesterone for short periods, 2 mothers had received 17-hydroxyprogesterone in oil, 7 mothers had received stilbestrol in large doses, and 1, ethinyl estradiol, 0.1 mg. per day, for a short period of time. Four mothers had received 17-ethinyl-19-nor-testosterone. The dosage varied from 3 to 30 mg. a day and had been started from the sixth to the fifteenth week. There was no fusion in the patient whose mother had started on the treatment in the :fifteenth week. In the other patients, whose mothers had started in the sixth, seventh, and tenth week, there was fusion of various degrees and it was very marked in the 2 patients whose mothers had started in the sixth and tenth week.

3 150 JONES & WILKINS Fertility & Sterility One patient's mother had received a tablet containing 3 mg. of methyltestosterone and 0.01 mg. of ethinyl estradiol daily from the eighth week to term. In this patient there was phallic enlargement but no labial fusion. Two mothers had received intramuscular progesterone. One had received 100 mg. three times a week for six injections during the ninth and tenth week and had taken 10 mg. of stilbestrol from the fifth month to term. The dosage in the other mother is unknown. There was slight fusion in 1 patient, but there was clitoral enlargement in both. There was no history of maternal medication in 3 patients. Interestingly enough, one such mother described generalized acne and another, deepening of the voice, edema, and hirsutism during the gestation. External Genitalia THE CONGENITAL ANOMALY It is of considerable practical importance in the surgical correction of anomalies of the external genitalia to know if the maldevelopment is the same in all patients, regardless of the steroid involved. The principal structure involved-the urogenital sinus-gives rise in the female to a portion of the bladder, urethra, paraurethral glands, bartholian glands, vaginal vestibule, the lower vagina, the inner surface of the labia majora, and the minor vestibular glands; in the male it yields part of the bladder, prostatic urethra, prostate, Cowper's glands, the membranous urethra, the cavernous urethra, and the periurethral glands. The genital tubercle, which is also concerned in the anomalies under consideration, yields the clitoris and prepuce in the female and the homologous structures in the male. As these structures are concerned not only with external appearance and with providing an entrance to the genital and urinary tracts but also with urinary control, it is of utmost impmtance that the gynecologic surgeon know if the anomaly is unifonn in detail, regardless of steroid, and if the generative and urologic structures can be surgically separated without damage to either. The problem is underlined by the exquisite end-organ specificity possessed by various compounds used by experimental embryologists (review by Jost 14 ). This anatomic problem was studied in detail on a relatively large number of patients with anomalies due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia. 13 It was concluded that in no case did the vagina communicate with that portion of the urogenital sinus that gives rise in the female to the entire urethra or in

4 Vol. 11, No.2, 1960 GENITAL ANOMALY 151 the male to the prostatic urethra. The communication was always with the caudal urogenital sinus derivatives, which in the female yield the vaginal vestibule and in the male the membranous urethra. The urinary sphincter mechanism was therefore fortunately not involved. Additional studies of many patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia have confirmed the validity of these findings. It will be recognized that the embryonic significance of the prostatic utricle as the homologue of the vagina may be inconsistent with the findings just related. In the present series there was a well-developed urogenital sinus in 6 patients whose mothers had received 17 -ethiny!testosterone, in 2 patients whose mothers had received 17-ethinyl-19-nor-testosterone, and in the 3 patients whose mothers had received no medication. A careful study of these anomalies by endoscopic examination and by roentgen visualization indicated that the anatomic arrangements resulting from the adrenal androgen of congenital adrenal hyperplasia as outlined in the preceding paragraph was the same in detail as those in the present series of patients whose mothers had received 17 -ethinyltestosterone or 17 -ethinyl- 19-nor-testosterone. The surgical potentiality was therefore essentially the same as with the cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Urinary continence was not threatened by surgical separation of the generative and urinary orifices. The practical surgical results bear out these anatomic considerations. Internal Genitalia All 3 patients whose mothers had received no steroid therapy were subjected to laparotomy to rule out true hermaphroditism. On 1 patient, reared as a boy, a total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were performed, and on the other patients, who were reared as girls, ovarian biopsy was carried out. The uterus, tubes, and ovaries in all instances were entirely normal and there was no gross evidence of wolffian duct structures. Three other patients, 2 whose mothers had received 17 -ethinyltestosterone and 1 whose mother had received progesterone alone, were subject to laparotomy. In each instance the tubes and ovaries were entirely normal. Biopsy of the ovaries was carried out in all 3 patients and revealed no abnormality. DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT Any newborn infant with ambiguous external genitalia must be suspected of having nonvirilizing female hermaphroditism. If the nuclear chromatin

5 Fig. I. Saggital view showing the relations of the urogenital sinus to the vagina and female urethra of an 18-month-old patient with female hermaphroditism. Fig. 2. A, external genitalia. B, beginning of the operation. Incision into the urogenital sinus. (Reprinted by permission of the Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md.l4)

6 Vol. 11, No. 2, 1960 GENITAL ANOMALY 153 arrangement is positive, the diagnosis lies between the adrenogenital syndrome, true hermaphroditism, and nonvirilizing female hermaphroditism. A normal excretion of urinary 17 -ketosteroids eliminates adrenal hyperplasia. True hermaphroditism can be excluded only by laparotomy, but if there is a history of maternal progestogen therapy we no longer consider laparotomy justified. With steroid-induced hermaphroditism, progressive virilization will not occur. Although no patients with iatrogenic masculinized external genitalia have yet reached puberty, there is no reason to believe that any abnormality in menstruation will ensue. For these reasons the rearing should be feminine. Surgical reconstruction of the external genitalia is the only indicated therapy. This, of course, is reserved for the more serious deformities. Of the 26 patients reared as girls in this series, 9 had reconstructive procedures according to the technic outlined in the accompanying figures (Figs. 1-6). Two additional patients had a simple amputation of the phallus. The remainder Fig. 3. A, the situation after the incision of the urogenital sinus. B, freeing of the posterior and lateral edges of the vagina in order to bring them to the edges of the skin without undue traction. (Reprinted by permission of the Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md.14 )

7 154 JONES & WILKINS Fertility & Sterility 4 Fig. 4. The operative situation after the edges of the vagina and urogenital sinus are sutured to the skin. (Reprinted by permission of the Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md.l4 ) Fig. 5. A, the skin incision to excise the phallus. B, drawing to show the shape of the incision to preserve the flap of mucous membrane along the ventral surface of the phallus to be used in fashioning a cosmetic clitoris. (Reprinted by permission of the Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md.14 ) had phallic enlargements that were not considered sufficient to require removal. THE USE OF PROGESTOGENS FOR THE TREATMENT OF PREGNANCY WAST AGE Although it seems inescapable that the masculinization of the external genitalia of the reported children was associated with the maternal medication as described, the association is obviously not a simple one. The progestogens concerned are widely used, and only a very small proportion of babies born of treated mothers are affected. Differences in hormone deficiency, placental permeability, hormone metabolism, and end-organ sensitivity are probably concerned in the effect. The question naturally arises as to the propriety of the use of progestogens for the therapy of pregnancy wastage. Although a sufficient number of cases

8 Vol. 11, No.2, 1960 GENITAL ANOMALY 155 Fig. 6. The concluding steps of the operation. (Reprinted by- permission of the Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md.14 ) has not accumulated to be valid in a statistical sense, it is known that some progestogens are less androgenic than others with respect to the fetal female external genitalia. Progesterone, the nature hormone, seems to give less trouble than 17-ethinyltestosterone and considerably less trouble than 17- ethiny 1-19-nor-testosterone. We are convinced that the danger of this undesirable side effect is not great enough to interdict the use of these compounds for the treatment of pregnancy wastage, but common sem:e suggests the use of those that have given the least trouble. Perhaps the most important single point of this entire problem is that the use of a progestogen should be reserved only for those cases where a progestogenic deficiency can be shown to exist. In any event, the defect is not serious and can be easily corrected. The practical point is awareness of the problem. SUMMARY Masculinization of the external genitalia without progressive virilization was observed in 27 children. The mothers of 17 of these had received 17- ethinyltestosterone, of 4, 17-ethinyl-19-nor-testosterone, of 2, progesterone, and of 1, methyltestosterone. Three mothers had received no medication. The anatomic arrangement of the deformity was similar to that observed in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Surgical correction was quite satisfactory, without damage to either the generative or urologic structures.

9 156 JONES & WILKINS Fertility & Sterility REFERENCES 1. BHETNALL, C. P. A case of arrhenoblastoma complicating pregnancy. ]. Obst. & Gynaec. Brit. Emp. 52:235, CARPENTIEH, P. J. Malformation genitale du foetus feminin apn':s administration d'un nouveau steroide de synthese pendant la grossesse. Bull. Soc. roy. belge gyntket obst. 28:137, CHAXIS, D., Jn. Some aspects of hermaphroditism: report of a case of female pseudohermaphroditism. ]. Ural. 42:508, CoTTE, G. Plastic operations for sexual ambiguity. ]. Mt. Sinai Hasp., New York 14:170, FELICISSIMO, P. X. J., and DE ABHEU, J. M. S. Sobre un caso de arrhenoblastoma do ovario e gravidez topic simultanea: virilisacao da gestante do feto feminino. Rev. gynec. e obst. 1 :356, GoLD, A. P., and MICHAEL, A.M. Testosterone-induced female pseudohermaphroditism. ]. Pediat. 52:279, GRoss, R. E., and MEEKER, I. A. Abnormalities of sexual development. Observations from 75 cases. Pediatrics 16:303, GRUNWALDT, E., and BATES, T. Nonadrenal female pseudohermaphroditism after administration of testosterone to mother during pregnancy. Pediatrics 20:503, HAYLES, A. B., and NoLAN, R. B. Female pseudohermaphroditism: report of case in an infant born of a mother receiving methyltestosterone during pregnancy. Proc. Staff Meet., Mayo Clin. 32:41, HAYLES, A. B., and NoLAN, R. B. Masculinization of female fetus, possibly related to administration of progesterone during pregnancy. Report of two cases. Proc. Staff Meet., Mayo Clinic 33:200, HAYNES, E., THOMAS, H., and WHEELER, N. S. Pseudohermaphroditism with psychosis. M. Rec. 154:307, HoFFMAN, F., OvERZIER, C., and UHDE, G. Zur Frage der hormonalen Erzeugung fotaler Zwitterbildung beim Mensch en. Geburtsh. u. Frauenh. 15:1061, Jmms, H. W., JR., and JoNES, G. E. S. The gynecological aspects of adrenal hyperplasia and allied disorders. Am.]. Obst. & Gynec. 68:1330, JoNES, H. W., JR., and ScoTT, W. W. Hermaphroditism, Genital Anomalies and Related Endocrine Disorders. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, MoNCRIEFF, A. Non-adrenal female pseudohermaphroditism associated with hormonal administration during pregnancy. Lancet 2:267, NELLHAUS, G. Artificially induced female pseudohermaphroditism. New England ]. Med. 258:935, REILLY, W. A., HINMAN, F., PicKERING, D. E., and CRANE, J. T. Phallic urethra in female pseudohermaphroditism. A.M.A. Am. ]. Dis. Child. 95:9, WILKINS, L., JoNES, H. W., JR., HoLMAN, G. H., and STEMPFEL, R. S., JR. Masculinization of the female fetus associated with administration of oral and intramuscular progestins during gestation: non-adrenal female pseudohermaphroditism. ]. Clin. Endocrinol. 18:559, ZAr-.'lJER, J., and MuLLER, H. A. Dber die Methylandrostenediolbehandlung wahrend einer Schwengerschaft. Geburtsh. u. Frauenh. 13:216, 1953.

Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands

Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands SURGICAL CORRECTION OF FEMALE PSEUDOHERMA- PHRODITISM DUE TO ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA By A. J. C. HUFFSTADT, M.D. Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands SINCE the work

More information

DEFINITION: Masculinization of external genitalia in patients with normal 46XX karyotype.

DEFINITION: Masculinization of external genitalia in patients with normal 46XX karyotype. INTERSEX DISORDERS DEFINITION: Masculinization of external genitalia in patients with normal 46XX karyotype. - Degree of masculinization variable: - mild clitoromegaly - complete fusion of labia folds

More information

MANAGEMENT AND REPORT OF A CASE OF INTERSEX. By N. JOHN WILDE, D.D.S., M.D., JUAN J. TUR, M.D. and FRED W. BIEKER, M.D.

MANAGEMENT AND REPORT OF A CASE OF INTERSEX. By N. JOHN WILDE, D.D.S., M.D., JUAN J. TUR, M.D. and FRED W. BIEKER, M.D. MANAGEMENT AND REPORT OF A CASE OF INTERSEX By N. JOHN WILDE, D.D.S., M.D., JUAN J. TUR, M.D. and FRED W. BIEKER, M.D. Fresno, California, U.S.A. DURING man's embryological development, the analogues of

More information

Sex Determination and Development of Reproductive Organs

Sex Determination and Development of Reproductive Organs Sex Determination and Development of Reproductive Organs Sex determination The SRY + gene is necessary and probably sufficient for testis development The earliest sexual difference appears in the gonad

More information

Sexual differentiation:

Sexual differentiation: Abnormal Development of Female Genitalia Dr. Maryam Fetal development of gonads, external genitalia, Mullerian ducts and Wolffian ducts can be disrupted at a variety of points, leading to a wide range

More information

hoofdstuk :07 Pagina ix Introduction

hoofdstuk :07 Pagina ix Introduction hoofdstuk 00 08-03-2001 15:07 Pagina ix Introduction Incontinence at pediatric age is a problem that can harm the psychological and physical development of children. Starting in 1986 we have searched for

More information

IN SUMMARY HST 071 NORMAL & ABNORMAL SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION Fetal Sex Differentiation Postnatal Diagnosis and Management of Intersex Abnormalities

IN SUMMARY HST 071 NORMAL & ABNORMAL SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION Fetal Sex Differentiation Postnatal Diagnosis and Management of Intersex Abnormalities Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology HST.071: Human Reproductive Biology Course Director: Professor Henry Klapholz IN SUMMARY HST 071 Title: Fetal Sex Differentiation Postnatal Diagnosis

More information

FLASH CARDS. Kalat s Book Chapter 11 Alphabetical

FLASH CARDS.  Kalat s Book Chapter 11 Alphabetical FLASH CARDS www.biologicalpsych.com Kalat s Book Chapter 11 Alphabetical alpha-fetoprotein alpha-fetoprotein Alpha-Fetal Protein (AFP) or alpha-1- fetoprotein. During a prenatal sensitive period, estradiol

More information

AND TREATMENT OF HERMAPHRODITISM*

AND TREATMENT OF HERMAPHRODITISM* THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HERMAPHRODITISM* BY C. C. WINKEL SMITH From the Paediatric Surgical Department, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (RECEIVED FOR PUBLICATION OCTOBER 8, 1959)

More information

Pseudohermaphroditism due to Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Pseudohermaphroditism due to Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Pseudohermaphroditism due to Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Byoung Uk Park Universidad Francisco Marroquín October 19, 2015 Agenda 1. Case Presentation 2. Image Findings 3. Discussion I. Definition/Incidence

More information

Case Based Urology Learning Program

Case Based Urology Learning Program Case Based Urology Learning Program Resident s Corner: UROLOGY Case Number 3 CBULP 2011 019 Case Based Urology Learning Program Editor: Associate Editors: Manager: Case Contributors: Steven C. Campbell,

More information

Chapter 18 Development. Sexual Differentiation

Chapter 18 Development. Sexual Differentiation Chapter 18 Development Sexual Differentiation There Are Many Levels of Sex Determination Chromosomal Sex Gonadal Sex Internal Sex Organs External Sex Organs Brain Sex Gender Identity Gender Preference

More information

Let s Talk About Hormones!

Let s Talk About Hormones! Let s Talk About Hormones! This lesson was created by Serena Reves and Nichelle Penney, with materials from the BCTF and The Pride Education Network. Hormones are responsible for the regulation of many

More information

2. Which male target tissues respond to testosterone, and which require dihydrotestosterone?

2. Which male target tissues respond to testosterone, and which require dihydrotestosterone? 308 PHYSIOLOGY CASES AND PROBLEMS Case 56 Male Pseudohermaphroditism: Sa-Reductase Deficiency Fourteen years ago, Wally and Wanda Garvey, who live in rural North Carolina, had their first child. The baby

More information

Biology of Reproduction-Biol 326

Biology of Reproduction-Biol 326 Biology of Reproduction-Biol 326 READ ALL INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY. ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS ON THE ANSWER SHEET. THE ANSWER ON THE ANSWER SHEET IS YOUR OFFICIAL ANSWER REGARDLESS OF WHAT YOU MARK ON THE

More information

Intersex Genital Mutilations in ICD-10 Zwischengeschlecht.org / StopIGM.org 2014 (v2.1)

Intersex Genital Mutilations in ICD-10 Zwischengeschlecht.org / StopIGM.org 2014 (v2.1) Intersex Genital Mutilations in ICD-10 Zwischengeschlecht.org / StopIGM.org 2014 (v2.1) ICD-10 Codes and Descriptions: http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en 1. Reference: 17 Most Common

More information

Surgery for Female Ambiguous Genitalia

Surgery for Female Ambiguous Genitalia hoofdstuk 05 08-03-2001 15:28 Pagina 59 Surgery for Female Ambiguous Genitalia Neonatal management of female intersex by clitorovaginoplasty CHAPTER 5 Tom P.V.M. de Jong, Thomas M.L. Boemers Journal of

More information

Normal and Abnormal Development of the Genital Tract. Dr.Raghad Abdul-Halim

Normal and Abnormal Development of the Genital Tract. Dr.Raghad Abdul-Halim Normal and Abnormal Development of the Genital Tract Dr.Raghad Abdul-Halim objectives: Revision of embryology. Clinical presentation, investigations and clinical significance of most common developmental

More information

Approach to Disorders of Sex Development (DSD)

Approach to Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) Approach to Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) Old name: The Approach to Intersex Disorders Dr. Abdulmoein Al-Agha, FRCP Ass. Professor & Consultant Pediatric Endocrinologist, KAUH, Erfan Hospital & Ibn

More information

Development of the urogenital system

Development of the urogenital system Development of the urogenital system Location of the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros Differentiation of the intermedierm mesoderm into nephrotome and mesonephric tubules Connection between aorta

More information

Male and Female Reproduction

Male and Female Reproduction Male and Female Reproduction Similarities / Differences Develop very similar structures of sex glands Two genital tubes Manufacture the hormones of the other sex. Hormones of one sex are often used to

More information

Testicular feminization. The features of this syndrome in its typical form are these (Fig. 1): (1) Female bodily configuration.

Testicular feminization. The features of this syndrome in its typical form are these (Fig. 1): (1) Female bodily configuration. Personal Practice Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1970, 45, 595. The XY Female Child C. J. DEWHURST From the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Charlotte's Maternity Hospital, and Chelsea

More information

AMBIGUOUS GENITALIA. Dr. HAKIMI, SpAK. Dr. MELDA DELIANA, SpAK

AMBIGUOUS GENITALIA. Dr. HAKIMI, SpAK. Dr. MELDA DELIANA, SpAK AMBIGUOUS GENITALIA (DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT) Dr. HAKIMI, SpAK Dr. MELDA DELIANA, SpAK Dr. SISKA MAYASARI LUBIS, SpA Pediatric Endocrinology division USU/H. ADAM MALIK HOSPITAL 1 INTRODUCTION Normal

More information

Long-term Follow-up after Feminizing Genital Reconstruction in Patients with Ambiguous Genitalia and High Vaginal Confluence

Long-term Follow-up after Feminizing Genital Reconstruction in Patients with Ambiguous Genitalia and High Vaginal Confluence ORIGINAL ARTICLE Urology DOI: 0.3346/jkms.20.26.3.399 J Korean Med Sci 20; 26: 399-403 Long-term Follow-up after Feminizing Genital Reconstruction in Patients with Ambiguous Genitalia and High Vaginal

More information

C. Patrick Shahan, MD University of Tennessee Health Science Center Department of Surgery

C. Patrick Shahan, MD University of Tennessee Health Science Center Department of Surgery C. Patrick Shahan, MD University of Tennessee Health Science Center Department of Surgery Drop use of hermaphrodite and derivatives 1 in 15,000 live births Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Mixed Gonadal

More information

Ethiopian patients and a brief review

Ethiopian patients and a brief review Postgraduate Medical Journal (November 1979) 55, 844-848 Testicular feminization syndrome: a report of three Ethiopian patients and a brief review EDEMARIAM TSEGA M.D., D.C.M.T.(L), F.R.C.P.(C) Summary

More information

The Biology of Sex: How We Become Male or Female.

The Biology of Sex: How We Become Male or Female. The Biology of Sex: How We Become Male or Female. Dr. Tamatha Barbeau, Dept. of Biology Guest Lecture for Gender 200 March 2017 Objectives: 1. Sex vs. Gender defined. 2. Biological sex based on inheritance

More information

Ambiguous genitalia (Disorders of sex development); is any case in which the external genitalia do not appear completely male or completely female.

Ambiguous genitalia (Disorders of sex development); is any case in which the external genitalia do not appear completely male or completely female. Ambiguous genitalia (Disorders of sex development); is any case in which the external genitalia do not appear completely male or completely female. Disorders of sex development (DSD); True hermaphrodite;

More information

Biology of Reproduction- Zool 346 Exam 2

Biology of Reproduction- Zool 346 Exam 2 Biology of Reproduction- Zool 346 Exam 2 ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS ON THE ANSWER SHEET. THE ANSWER ON THE ANSWER SHEET IS YOUR OFFICIAL ANSWER. Some critical words are boldfaced. This exam is 7 pages long.

More information

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Unit 7B STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Learn the structures of the female reproductive tract. 2. Learn the functions of the female reproductive tract. 3.

More information

Obstetrics Content Outline Obstetrics - Fetal Abnormalities

Obstetrics Content Outline Obstetrics - Fetal Abnormalities Obstetrics Content Outline Obstetrics - Fetal Abnormalities Effective February 2007 10 16% renal agenesis complete absence of the kidneys occurs when ureteric buds fail to develop Or degenerate before

More information

11. SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION. Germinal cells, gonocytes. Indifferent stage INDIFFERENT STAGE

11. SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION. Germinal cells, gonocytes. Indifferent stage INDIFFERENT STAGE 11. SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION INDIFFERENT STAGE Early in pregnancy, (within 10-15 % of the pregnancy s expected length) a genital ridge is formed in the sides of the embryonic tissue, ventral to the mesonephros

More information

Human Sexuality - Ch. 2 Sexual Anatomy (Hock)

Human Sexuality - Ch. 2 Sexual Anatomy (Hock) Human Sexuality - Ch. 2 Sexual Anatomy (Hock) penis penile glans corona frenulum penile shaft erection foreskin circumcision corpora cavernosa corpus spongiosum urethra scrotum spermatic cords testicles

More information

Why Sex??? Advantages: It limits harmful mutations Asexual: all offspring get all mutations. Sexual: There is a random distribution of mutations.

Why Sex??? Advantages: It limits harmful mutations Asexual: all offspring get all mutations. Sexual: There is a random distribution of mutations. Reproduction Why sex??? Why Sex??? Asexual reproduction is quicker, easier, and produces more offspring per individual. Bacteria do it. Dandelions do it. Unisexual whiptail lizards do it. With sexual reproduction

More information

Controversies in the Management of Ambiguous Genitalia

Controversies in the Management of Ambiguous Genitalia A4 Controversies in the Management of Ambiguous Genitalia Jorge J. Daaboul, MD Medical Director Florida Center for Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Orlando, FL The speaker has signed a

More information

Human Growth and Development

Human Growth and Development Human Growth and Development 6th Grade Male Click here for teacher notes Ground Rules Use proper terminology. (Do not use slang.) Participate seriously. Share today s information with your parents. (Do

More information

Disorder name: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Acronym: CAH

Disorder name: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Acronym: CAH Genetic Fact Sheets for Parents Draft Disorders Screening, Technology, and Research in Genetics is a multi-state project to improve information about the financial, ethical, legal, and social issues surrounding

More information

Management of ambiguous genitalia in ile ife, Nigeria: Challenges and outcome

Management of ambiguous genitalia in ile ife, Nigeria: Challenges and outcome Original Article AP corrs done***** Management of ambiguous in ile ife, Nigeria: Challenges and outcome Oludayo A. Sowande, Olusanya Adejuyigbe ABSTRACT Background: Ambiguous are a major cause of parental

More information

W.S. O University of Hong Kong

W.S. O University of Hong Kong W.S. O University of Hong Kong Development of the Genital System 1. Sexual differentiation 2. Differentiation of the gonads a. Germ cells extragonadal in origin b. Genital ridge intermediate mesoderm consisting

More information

2/28/2018. This presentation contains images of a graphic nature and are presented for medical education only. New Terminology Old Problem!

2/28/2018. This presentation contains images of a graphic nature and are presented for medical education only. New Terminology Old Problem! This presentation contains images of a graphic nature and are presented for medical education only. New Terminology Old Problem! Dr. Chevelta A. Smith Adjunct Professor of LECOM - OB/Gyn March 3, 2018

More information

Testes (male gonads) -Produce sperm -Produce sex hormones -Found in a sac called the scrotum -Suspended outside of the body cavity for temperature

Testes (male gonads) -Produce sperm -Produce sex hormones -Found in a sac called the scrotum -Suspended outside of the body cavity for temperature REPRODUCTION Testes (male gonads) -Produce sperm -Produce sex hormones -Found in a sac called the scrotum -Suspended outside of the body cavity for temperature reduction -Testes wall made of fibrous connective

More information

Information leaflet for patients and families. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

Information leaflet for patients and families. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) Information leaflet for patients and families Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) What is CAH? CAH is a disorder causing impaired hormone production from the adrenal glands. Hormones are chemical messengers

More information

Human Reproductive System

Human Reproductive System Human Reproductive System I. The male reproductive anatomy is a delivery system for sperm. A. The male s external reproductive organs consist of the scrotum and penis. 1. The penis is the external organ

More information

SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PBL SEMINAR: SEX HORMONES PART 1 An Overview What are steroid hormones? Steroid

More information

Genitalia And Identity Crisis The state of being neither male nor female may be

Genitalia And Identity Crisis The state of being neither male nor female may be 25 Genitalia And Identity Crisis The state of being neither male nor female may be understood in relation to the individual s biological sex, gender role, gender identity or sexual orientation. In sociology,

More information

PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION

PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION Prof. Dr med. Jolanta Słowikowska-Hilczer Department of Andrology and Reproductive Endocrinology Medical University of Łódź, Poland Sexual determination

More information

Sexual Development. 6 Stages of Development

Sexual Development. 6 Stages of Development 6 Sexual Development 6 Stages of Development Development passes through distinct stages, the first of which is fertilization, when one sperm enters one ovum. To enter an ovum, a sperm must undergo the

More information

Goals. Disorders of Sex Development (Intersex): An Overview. Joshua May, MD Pediatric Endocrinology

Goals. Disorders of Sex Development (Intersex): An Overview. Joshua May, MD Pediatric Endocrinology Disorders of Sex Development (Intersex): An Overview Joshua May, MD Pediatric Endocrinology Murphy, et al., J Ped Adol Gynecol, 2011 Goals Objectives: Participants will be able to: 1. Apply the medical

More information

Ambiguous Genitalia: Etiology, Treatment, and Nursing Implications Leslie A. Parker, RNC, MSN, ARNP

Ambiguous Genitalia: Etiology, Treatment, and Nursing Implications Leslie A. Parker, RNC, MSN, ARNP Ambiguous Genitalia: Etiology, Treatment, and Nursing Implications Leslie A. Parker, RNC, MSN, ARNP = The infant presenting with ambiguous genitalia is a challenge to both the medical and nursing staff.

More information

Health Science: the structures & functions of the reproductive system

Health Science: the structures & functions of the reproductive system Health Science: the structures & functions of the reproductive BELLWORK 1. List (4) careers that are r/t the Reproductive, Urinary, and Endocrine Systems 2. Copy down the following terms: -ologist = one

More information

PREGNANCY DISTURBANCES IN RATS BY THE ADMINIS- TRATION OF LARGE DOSES OF SEX HORMONES TETSURO ABE AND EIICHI KANEKO

PREGNANCY DISTURBANCES IN RATS BY THE ADMINIS- TRATION OF LARGE DOSES OF SEX HORMONES TETSURO ABE AND EIICHI KANEKO PREGNANCY DISTURBANCES IN RATS BY THE ADMINIS- TRATION OF LARGE DOSES OF SEX HORMONES TETSURO ABE AND EIICHI KANEKO Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai

More information

The Effects of Androgens on Fetal Sexual Development. Androgen-induced Female Pseudohermaphrodism

The Effects of Androgens on Fetal Sexual Development. Androgen-induced Female Pseudohermaphrodism The Effects of Androgens on Fetal Sexual Development Androgen-induced Female Pseudohermaphrodism Melvin M. Grumbach, M.D., and Jacques R. Ducharme, M.D. IN ANY CONSIDERATION of the effects of androgens

More information

Intersex is a group of conditions where there is a discrepancy between the external genitals and the internal genitals (the testes and ovaries).

Intersex is a group of conditions where there is a discrepancy between the external genitals and the internal genitals (the testes and ovaries). Intersex to use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript. Share on facebookshare on IwitterBookmark & SharePrintcr-lnendly version Intersex is a group of conditions where

More information

OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE IN ACNE VULGARIS*

OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE IN ACNE VULGARIS* OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE IN ACNE VULGARIS* J. W. DIDCOCT, M.D. It is generally accepted that androgenic hormones play an important role in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. Various studies

More information

Unit 15 ~ Learning Guide

Unit 15 ~ Learning Guide Unit 15 ~ Learning Guide Name: INSTRUCTIONS Complete the following notes and questions as you work through the related lessons. You are required to have this package completed BEFORE you write your unit

More information

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM UTERUS (made up of muscular walls, a lining called the endometrium, and a cervix. The uterus is also called womb ) houses and protects embryo/fetus/baby allows nutrient & waste

More information

Human Reproductive System

Human Reproductive System Human Reproductive System I. The male reproductive anatomy is a delivery system for sperm. A. The male=s external reproductive organs consist of the scrotum and penis. 1. The penis is the external organ

More information

Gender Dimorphism. Lecture 35

Gender Dimorphism. Lecture 35 Gender Dimorphism Lecture 35 1 Aspects of Gender Dimorphism Biological Sex Gender Identity Gender Role Sexual Orientation 2 The Human Genome National Geographic 3 Caster Semenya Gold Medal, 800m Race World

More information

Outline. Male Reproductive System Testes and Sperm Hormonal Regulation

Outline. Male Reproductive System Testes and Sperm Hormonal Regulation Outline Male Reproductive System Testes and Sperm Hormonal Regulation Female Reproductive System Genital Tract Hormonal Levels Uterine Cycle Fertilization and Pregnancy Control of Reproduction Infertility

More information

Hyperandrogenism. Dr Jack Biko. MB. BCh (Wits), MMED O & G (Pret), FCOG (SA), Dip Advanced Endoscopic Surgery(Kiel, Germany)

Hyperandrogenism. Dr Jack Biko. MB. BCh (Wits), MMED O & G (Pret), FCOG (SA), Dip Advanced Endoscopic Surgery(Kiel, Germany) Hyperandrogenism Dr Jack Biko MB. BCh (Wits), MMED O & G (Pret), FCOG (SA), Dip Advanced Endoscopic Surgery(Kiel, Germany) 2012 Hyperandrogenism Excessive production of androgens Adrenal glands main source

More information

CHAPTER 13 Gynaecological Procedures

CHAPTER 13 Gynaecological Procedures CHAPTER 13 Propunere noua clasificare proceduri folosind codificarea ICD-10-AM versiunea 3, 30 martie 2004 Gynaecological Procedures BLOCK 1240 Application, insertion or removal procedures on ovary 35518-00

More information

Hearing on SJR13 -- Proposes to amend the Nevada Constitution by repealing the limitation on the recognition of marriage.

Hearing on SJR13 -- Proposes to amend the Nevada Constitution by repealing the limitation on the recognition of marriage. Written statement of Lauren A. Scott- Executive Director Equality Nevada 1350 Freeport Blvd, #107 Sparks, Nevada 89431 Testimony and Statement for the Record of Hearing on SJR13 -- Proposes to amend the

More information

Hearing on SJR13 -- Proposes to amend the Nevada Constitution by repealing the limitation on the recognition of marriage.

Hearing on SJR13 -- Proposes to amend the Nevada Constitution by repealing the limitation on the recognition of marriage. Written statement of Lauren A. Scott- Executive Director Equality Nevada. 1350 Freeport Blvd, #107 Sparks, Nevada 89431 Testimony and Statement for the Record of Hearing on SJR13 -- Proposes to amend the

More information

Ch 20: Reproduction. Keypoints: Human Chromosomes Gametogenesis Fertilization Early development Parturition

Ch 20: Reproduction. Keypoints: Human Chromosomes Gametogenesis Fertilization Early development Parturition Ch 20: Reproduction Keypoints: Human Chromosomes Gametogenesis Fertilization Early development Parturition SLOs Contrast mitosis/meiosis, haploid/diploid, autosomes/sex chromosomes. Outline the hormonal

More information

Growth and Development 6 th Grade

Growth and Development 6 th Grade Growth and Development 6 th Grade All living things reproduce. Our bodies change during puberty to make reproduction possible. This is not always fun But it is pretty amazing! PUBERTY is the process of

More information

under its influence, male development occurs; in its absence, female development is established.

under its influence, male development occurs; in its absence, female development is established. Sex differentiation is a complex process that involves many genes, including some that are autosomal. The key to sexual dimorphism is the Y chromosome, which contains the testis determining gene called

More information

Female Reproduction. Ova- Female reproduction cells stored in the ovaries

Female Reproduction. Ova- Female reproduction cells stored in the ovaries Reproduction Puberty stage of growth and development where males and females become capable of producing offspring. Time of physical and emotional changes. Female *occurs between ages 8 -- 15 *estrogen

More information

Male Reproductive System

Male Reproductive System Male Reproductive System The male reproductive system consists of a number of sex organs that are part of the reproductive process. The following sections describe the function of each part of the male

More information

HORMONAL SEX REVERSAL IN A FEMALE

HORMONAL SEX REVERSAL IN A FEMALE HORMONAL SEX REVERSAL IN A FEMALE BY W. J. MATHESON and E. M. WARD From the Children's Hospital and Pathological Department, Leicester Royal Infirmary (RECEIVED FOR PUBLICATION SEPTEMBER 15, 1953) The

More information

X-Plain Ovarian Cancer Reference Summary

X-Plain Ovarian Cancer Reference Summary X-Plain Ovarian Cancer Reference Summary Introduction Ovarian cancer is fairly rare. Ovarian cancer usually occurs in women who are over 50 years old and it may sometimes be hereditary. This reference

More information

New Terminology Old Problem!

New Terminology Old Problem! New Terminology Old Problem! Dr. Chevelta A. Smith Adjunct Professor of LECOM - OB/Gyn March 3, 2018 Discuss the reason behind the development of this new terminology Review the Old Terminology for which

More information

AMBIGUOUS GENITALIA & CONGENITAL ADRENALHYPERPLASIA

AMBIGUOUS GENITALIA & CONGENITAL ADRENALHYPERPLASIA AMBIGUOUS GENITALIA & CONGENITAL ADRENALHYPERPLASIA BY Dr Numair Ali sheikh FCPS PGT I Department Of Pediatrics BBH RWP AMBIGUOUS GENITALIA Children born with ambiguous genitalia may be subdivided in to

More information

Please Take Seats by Gender as Shown Leave Three Seats Empty in the Middle

Please Take Seats by Gender as Shown Leave Three Seats Empty in the Middle Please Take Seats by Gender as Shown Leave Three Seats Empty in the Middle Women Men Sexual Differentiation & Development Neal G. Simon, Ph.D. Professor Dept. of Biological Sciences Signaling Cascade &

More information

PRENATAL TREATMENT AND FERTILITY OF FEMALE PATIENTS WITH CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA

PRENATAL TREATMENT AND FERTILITY OF FEMALE PATIENTS WITH CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA PRENATAL TREATMENT AND FERTILITY OF FEMALE PATIENTS WITH CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA Nguyen Ngoc Khanh, Vu Chi Dung et al Vietnam Children s Hospital (VCH) Hanoi, Vietnam Outline Intruduction Prenatal

More information

OVOTESTIS Background Pathophysiology

OVOTESTIS Background Pathophysiology OVOTESTIS Background Ovotestis refers to the histology of a gonad that contains both ovarian follicles and testicular tubular elements. Such gonads are found exclusively in people with ovotesticular disorder

More information

Key words: Urogenital Abnormalities, Anal Canal, Perineum, Child, Fistula, Urethra.

Key words: Urogenital Abnormalities, Anal Canal, Perineum, Child, Fistula, Urethra. JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2014;4(1):164-168 Repair of Urogenital Anomaly with Anterior Displacement of Anus using a Posterior Sagittal Approach- Operative Steps Patne Pravin B, Nerli Rajendra B, Hiremath

More information

Lecture Series: Pregnancy

Lecture Series: Pregnancy Lecture Series: Pregnancy Stephanie Mitelman, MA, CSE Certified Sexuality Educator Teacher's Notes Information Slides Review Quiz 1 Teacher's Notes Welcome! These slides will help you teach your class

More information

Professor, Prasad Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India. ABSTRACT. Online Access and Article Informtaion

Professor, Prasad Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India. ABSTRACT. Online Access and Article Informtaion Original Research Article Disorders of Sexual Differentiation: A study on the Incidence and Types of Female Pseudo Hermaphrodites J.Radhika * 1, C.Bhuvaneswari 2, Arudyuti Chowdhury 3. *1 Associate Professor,

More information

Chapter 7 DEVELOPMENT AND SEX DETERMINATION

Chapter 7 DEVELOPMENT AND SEX DETERMINATION Chapter 7 DEVELOPMENT AND SEX DETERMINATION Chapter Summary The male and female reproductive systems produce the sperm and eggs, and promote their meeting and fusion, which results in a fertilized egg.

More information

Medical management of Intersex disorders. Dr. Abdulmoein Al-Agha, Ass. Professor & Consultant Pediatric Endocrinologist KAAUH, Jeddah

Medical management of Intersex disorders. Dr. Abdulmoein Al-Agha, Ass. Professor & Consultant Pediatric Endocrinologist KAAUH, Jeddah Medical management of Intersex disorders Dr. Abdulmoein Al-Agha, Ass. Professor & Consultant Pediatric Endocrinologist KAAUH, Jeddah Is it a boy or a girl? The birth of an intersex infant is often viewed

More information

Defining Sex and Gender & The Biology of Sex

Defining Sex and Gender & The Biology of Sex Defining Sex and Gender & The Biology of Sex Today: -Defining Sex and Gender -Conception of a Child -Chromosomes -Defects in Chromosomes Often we hear the terms sex and gender used in our society interchangeably,

More information

Plasma 17-Ketosteroids of Full-Term and Premature Infants

Plasma 17-Ketosteroids of Full-Term and Premature Infants Plasma 17-Ketosteroids of Full-Term and Premature Infants Lytt I. Gardner, R. Lee Walton J Clin Invest. 1954;33(12):1642-1645. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci103045. Research Article Find the latest version:

More information

Reproductive System, day 2 Grades 4-6, Lesson #12

Reproductive System, day 2 Grades 4-6, Lesson #12 Reproductive System, day 2 Grades 4-6, Lesson #12 Time Needed 40-50 minutes Student Learning Objectives To be able to... 1. Distinguish reproductive system facts from myths. 2. Distinguish among definitions

More information

There are four areas where you can expect changes to occur as your hormone therapy progresses.

There are four areas where you can expect changes to occur as your hormone therapy progresses. You are considering taking testosterone, so you should learn about some of the risks, expectations, long term considerations, and medications associated with medical transition. If is very important to

More information

Human Growth and Development

Human Growth and Development Human Growth and Development 5th Grade Male Click here for teacher notes Ground Rules Use proper terminology. (Do not use slang.) Participate seriously. Share today s information with your parents. (Do

More information

Grade 9 Science - Human Reproduction

Grade 9 Science - Human Reproduction Grade 9 Science - Human Reproduction The human reproductive system is a series of organs that work together for one purpose: reproduction (creating new humans). Each part has a specific role in the reproductive

More information

Sexual Differentiation. Physiological Psychology PSYC370 Thomas E. Van Cantfort, Ph.D. Sexual Differentiation. Sexual Differentiation (continued)

Sexual Differentiation. Physiological Psychology PSYC370 Thomas E. Van Cantfort, Ph.D. Sexual Differentiation. Sexual Differentiation (continued) Physiological Psychology PSYC370 Thomas E. Van Cantfort, Ph.D. Sexual Differentiation Sexual Differentiation Reproductive behavior constitute the most important category of social behavior, Ú because without

More information

Chapter 16: Steroid Hormones (Lecture 17)

Chapter 16: Steroid Hormones (Lecture 17) Chapter 16: Steroid Hormones (Lecture 17) A) 21 or fewer carbon atoms B) Precursor: 27 carbon cholesterol C) major classes of steroid hormones 1) progestagens a) progesterone- prepares lining of uterus

More information

Bios 90/95. Jennifer Swann, PhD

Bios 90/95. Jennifer Swann, PhD Sexual Differentiation Fall 2007 Bios 90/95 Jennifer Swann, PhD Dept Biol Sci, Lehigh University Why have sexes? What determines sex? Environment Genetics Hormones What causes these differences? The true

More information

Information for Patients

Information for Patients Information for Patients Congenital Malformation in the Urinary Tract: Ureteral Duplication, Ureterocele, and Ectopic Ureter English Table of contents Ureteral Duplication... 3 Symptoms and Diagnosis...

More information

PERINEAL HYPOSPADIAS IN A CROSS BREED DOG: A CASE REPORT

PERINEAL HYPOSPADIAS IN A CROSS BREED DOG: A CASE REPORT Indo-Am. J. Agric. & Vet. Sci., 2014 M Gokulakrishnan ISSN 2321 9602 and L Nagarajan, www.iajavs.com 2014 Vol. 2, No. 3, September 2014 2014 Meghana Publications. All Rights Reserved Case Report PERINEAL

More information

USMLE Step 1 - Problem Drill 22: The Reproductive System

USMLE Step 1 - Problem Drill 22: The Reproductive System USMLE Step 1 - Problem Drill 22: The Reproductive System Question No. 1 of 10 1. A 60 year old man who recently had a urinary tract infection that was treated and resolved has returned complaining of increased

More information

Unit B Understanding Animal Body Systems. Lesson 6 Anatomy and Physiology of Animal Reproduction Systems

Unit B Understanding Animal Body Systems. Lesson 6 Anatomy and Physiology of Animal Reproduction Systems Unit B Understanding Animal Body Systems Lesson 6 Anatomy and Physiology of Animal Reproduction Systems 1 Terms Alimentary canal Bladder Cervix Clitoris Cloaca Copulation Cowper s gland Epididymis Fallopian

More information

10. Development of genital system. Gonads. Genital ducts. External genitalia.

10. Development of genital system. Gonads. Genital ducts. External genitalia. 10. Development of genital system. Gonads. Genital ducts. External genitalia. Gonads, genital ducts and the external genital organs initially pass through an indifferent period of development, which is

More information

1. Be able to characterize the menstrual cycle from the perspective of the ovary a. Follicular phase b. Luteal phase

1. Be able to characterize the menstrual cycle from the perspective of the ovary a. Follicular phase b. Luteal phase Human Sexuality Exam II Review Material Gametogenesis: Oogenesis 1. Be able to characterize the menstrual cycle from the perspective of the ovary a. Follicular phase b. Luteal phase 2. Know the relative

More information

2. Which of the following factors does not contribute to ion selectivity?

2. Which of the following factors does not contribute to ion selectivity? General Biology Summer 2014 Exam II Sample Answers 1. Which of the following is TRUE about a neuron at rest? A. The cytosol is positive relative to the outside B. Na+ concentrations are higher inside C.

More information

Objectives: 1. Review male & female reproductive anatomy 2. Gametogenesis & steroidogenesis 3. Reproductive problems

Objectives: 1. Review male & female reproductive anatomy 2. Gametogenesis & steroidogenesis 3. Reproductive problems CH. 15 - REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Objectives: 1. Review male & female reproductive anatomy 2. Gametogenesis & steroidogenesis 3. Reproductive problems 3. Male Reproductive anatomy and physiology. Testes = paired

More information

Level I - Lesson 8: Know Your Body

Level I - Lesson 8: Know Your Body Level I - Lesson 8: Synopsis: This computer session will allow students to learn more about the human reproductive system and the changes their body will go through during puberty. Objectives: Students

More information

6.7 IN. Continuity through Reproduction. What are the differences between male and female gametes? Discuss their formation and physical attributes.

6.7 IN. Continuity through Reproduction. What are the differences between male and female gametes? Discuss their formation and physical attributes. 6.7 IN What are the differences between male and female gametes? Discuss their formation and physical attributes. Males - 4 sperm per parent cell; Females - 1 ovum per parent cell Sperm - motile (tail);

More information