MR. DALLINGA S BIOLOGY

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1 MR. DALLINGA S BIOLOGY

2 Gregor Mendel Facts Born July 22 nd 1822 in Czechoslovakia A region of Austria. Today is Czech republic. Life of Poverty Entered a monastery to get an education The monastery was known for teaching Science and Scientific research and math To further his education he attended the University of Vienna to get a teaching diploma He failed and returned to the monastery WHAT TO DO NEXT? He stayed at the monastery to research traits and how they are passed on from generation to generation The study of how traits are passed on is called. heredity The study of heredity is. Genetics Video Cracking the code

3 Mendel s pea s and their traits Mendel Chose Pea plants for 3 reasons. First they grow and reproduce quickly Second pea plants had a variety of different traits (7) that could be studied at the same time. 1. Flower color 2. Flower position 3. Seed color 4. Seed shape 5. Pod shape 6. Pod color 7. Stem length Third he could easily cross them through pollination

4 Pollination Two Kinds: Self Pollination and Cross Pollination Structure of a Flower

5 Test #1 Test #2 Test #3 Test #4 Studied Stem Length Tall X Tall = All Tall P1 P1 Short X Short = All Short P1 P1 Tall X Short = All Tall P1 P1 Tall X Tall = 3 Tall 1 Short F1 F1 Two different types TALL / short

6 g g G Rules For Genetics Symbols used for Genotypes = Letters Always use the letter of the dominant trait Dominance show with a capital letter Recessive show with a lower case letter G g G g Always write the capital letter first when there is G a Hybrid or Heterozygous cross G g G g GG X gg P1 Gg X Gg F1 Early 1900s Reginald Punnett G g G G G G g G g g g g

7 Principals Learned from Mendal s Work Terms: Purebred or Homozygous = TT dominant or tt recessive Hybrid or Heterozygous = Tt The rule of unit factors: Mendel concluded that each organism has two factors that Control each of its traits called these different forms are called. Genes More Terms: Genotype = the organism s allele pairs. Phenotype = the observable characteristic or outward expression of an allele pair. The rule of dominant and recessive traits. Alleles The Law of Segregation = states that the two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis

8 Principals Learned from Mendal s Work continued The Law of independent assortment: states that a random distribution of alleles occurs during gamete formation. Genes on separate chromosomes sort independently during meiosis End of Part I

9 Incomplete Dominance = is when the heterozygous phenotype is an intermediate (blend) phenotype between two homozygous phenotypes. Part II X = Page 302 Paul Andersen video Video

10 Codominance = is when both alleles are expressed in heterozygous condition. B W BW W BW video Blood types B BW BW X = Page 302

11 Multiple Alleles Page 304

12 Page 285 Page 313 Polyploidy = most species have diploid cells, but some have polyploidy cells. Polyploidy is the occurrence of one or more extra sets of all chromosomes in an organism. A triploid organism, for instance, would be designated 3n, which means that it has three complete sets of chromosomes. Polyploidy rarely occurs in animals. In humans polyploidy is always lethal. Nondisjunction = During cell division, the chromosomes separate, with one of each of the sister chromatids going to opposite poles of the cell. Therefore, each new cell has the correct number of chromosomes. Cell division during which sister chromatids fail to separate properly, which does happen occasionally, is called nondisjunction. Having a set of three chromosomes of one kind is called trisomy. Having only one of a particular type of chromosome is called monosomy. This image shows haploid (single), diploid (double), triploid (triple), and tetraploid (quadruple) sets of chromosomes. Triploid and tetraploid chromosomes are examples of polyploidy. The left image at the blue arrow is nondisjunction taking place during meiosis II. The right image at the green arrow is nondisjunction taking place during meiosis I. Nondisjunction is when chromosomes fail to separate normally resulting in a gain or loss of chromosomes.

13 Pedigrees Basic symbols In organisms such as peas and fruit flies, scientists can perform crosses to study genetic relationships. In the case of humans, a scientist studies a family history using a pedigree, a diagram that traces the inheritance of a particular trait through several generations. A pedigree uses symbols to illustrate inheritance of a trait. Pedigree video Practice Page 299

14 Sex-Linked Traits Page 307 Traits controlled by genes located on the X chromosome are called sex-linked traits, or X-linked traits. Because males have only one X chromosome, they are affected by recessive X-linked traits more often than are females. Females are less likely to express a recessive X-linked trait because the other X chromosome may mask the effect of the trait. Show video before charts Some traits that are located on autosomes may appear to be sex-linked, even though they are not. This occurs when an allele appears to be dominant in one gender but recessive in another. For example, the allele for baldness is recessive in females but dominant in males, causing hair loss that follows a typical pattern called male-pattern baldness. A male would be bald if he were heterozygous for the trait, while a female would be bald only if she were homozygous recessive.

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17 Fredrick Griffith (1928) DNA & ITS DISCOVERY He was studying two strains of bacteria ( Streptococcus pneumonia) which cause pneumonia. Of the two strains he studied, one had a sugar coat and one did not. The coated strain causes pneumonia and is called the smooth (S) strain. The noncoated strain does not cause pneumonia and is called rough (R) strain because, without the coat, the bacteria colonies have rough edges. Griffith isolated live bacteria from the dead mouse. When these isolated bacteria were cultured, the smooth trait was visible, suggesting that a diseases-causing factor was passed from the killed (S) bacteria to the live (R) bacteria. His experiment led to a discovery of a process called. transformation A process in which one strain is permanently changed by taking in the genes from a different strain. Mr. Andersen s video good review or overview

18 Fredrick Griffith s DNA & ITS DISCOVERY Video Experiment One gene = 1 protein Remember a gene is a segment of DNA A Genome is all of one organisms DNA Conclusion: R strain was transformed into S strain. Control Experimental Control Experimental

19 DNA & ITS DISCOVERY Oswald Avery (1944) His goal was to determine what molecule Was used during the transformation process of Griffith s experiment. By a process of elimination, he discovered that DNA was the transforming factor. He took enzymes that break down these macromolecules and inserted them into each kind. Video

20 Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase (1952) They did an experiment involving viruses to prove the work of both Griffith and Avery Experiment Step1: They tagged the protein to see if that was the transforming factor. It was not. Tag (sulfur 35) = Radioactive isotope that glows when inserted. Viruses are made of only 2 things - Protein coat - Nucleic Acid Video Step 2: They tagged the DNA core to see if that was the transforming factor, it glowed showing that it was the transforming factor.

21 Video: Watson and Crick discover the DNA Molecule P. A. Levene = in 1920s determined the basic structure of nucleotides Erwin Chargraff s Rosalind Franklin James Watson & Francis Crick

22 DNA Structure Nucleotide 4 Nitrogen Bases Video: DNA Structure Crash Course Science Purines & Pyrimidine's

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