FLASH CARDS. Kalat s Book Chapter 11 Alphabetical

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1 FLASH CARDS Kalat s Book Chapter 11 Alphabetical

2 alpha-fetoprotein

3 alpha-fetoprotein Alpha-Fetal Protein (AFP) or alpha-1- fetoprotein. During a prenatal sensitive period, estradiol causes masculinization. AFP protects developing females from this process.

4 androgens

5 androgens Any chemical or hormone that stimulates male development or characteristics. Male hormones; testosterone is most well known.

6 estradiol

7 estradiol Best known estrogen. Prenatally causes masculinization; at puberty causes secondary female sexual characteristics.

8 estrogens

9 estrogens Any chemical or hormone that stimulates female development or characteristics. Female hormones; estradiol is most well known.

10 follicle-stimulating hormone

11 follicle-stimulating hormone FSH. Released by pituitary gland. Promotes growth of ovary follicles. releases estradiol and (along with LH) causes follicle to release ovum.

12 gender identity

13 gender identity Self-identification as male or female.

14 hermaphrodite

15 hermaphrodite Usually refers to ambiguous genitalia, or that genetic sex and genitals don t match. Can include having both testicular & ovarian tissue.

16 hyperplasia

17 hyperplasia Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Abnormality of the adrenal glands. Excess testosterone; symptoms vary. Little impact on males, can masculinize females (excess facial hair, enlarged clitoris).

18 impotence

19 impotence Impotence: Inability to have an erection (this is usually not caused by low testosterone levels in the body). Impotence can be treated by increasing blood circulation in the penis and hypothalamus.

20 intersex

21 intersex Sexual development that is on a continuum between male and female. Includes girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Makes gender identity more difficult.

22 luteinizing hormone

23 luteinizing hormone LH. Lutropin. Released from pituitary gland. Along with FSH, triggers release of an ovum.

24 menstrual cycle

25 menstrual cycle Cyclical variation in hormones; only occurs in women. Lasts about 28 days; prepares body for pregnancy.

26 Müllerian ducts

27 Müllerian ducts Develops into female internal organs. Present in both boys and girls, hormones determine if they develop or disappear.

28 organizing effects

29 organizing effects In contrast to activating effects. During sensitive developmental stage, hormones determine primary differences in males & females.

30 activating effects

31 activating effects In contrast to organizing effects. Can occur at any time, have impact only as long as hormone is present. At puberty, hormones activate secondary sexual characteristics.

32 ovaries

33 ovaries Two ovum-producing organs; left and right. When follicle erupts, ovum is released by ovary into the fallopian tube.

34 oxytocin

35 oxytocin Hormone released by pituitary. Involved in triggering uterus contractions during birth, stimulating mammary glands, sexual pleasure, parental bonding & recognition of familiar faces.

36 periovulatory period

37 periovulatory period Mid-point of menstrual cycle. Associated with high estrogen levels, fertility, preference for more masculine partners, increased sexual interest, and subjective feelings of being attractive.

38 progesterone

39 progesterone Hormone. In men, it is a precursor of testosterone and counters estrogen effects. In women, builds and maintains uterine wall for implantation, and maintains pregnancy.

40 sensitive period

41 sensitive period Limited time during which development can be greatly changed. Can refer to physical development, language acquisition and childhood interests.

42 sexual selection

43 sexual selection Darwin s concept about which traits may survive. Includes mate choice by females and male-male competition.

44 sexually dimorphic nucleus

45 sexually dimorphic nucleus Part of hypothalamus; larger in males than females. In females, generates hormone cycles for menstrual periods. In men, impacts appetite and stereotypical copulatory behaviors.

46 SRY gene

47 SRY gene Sex-determining region on Y chromosome. Codes the presence of a protein that initiates testes differentiation.

48 steroid hormones

49 steroid hormones Lipid-soluble molecules derived from cholesterol, includes androgens & estrogens. Can directly activate cytoplasm proteins or bind to chromosomes & cell receptors.

50 testis

51 testis Male gonads. Produce sperm. Triggered by FSH to release testosterone.

52 testicular feminization

53 testicular feminization Caused by insensitivity to androgen. Alters genetic males genitalia; impact varies. Can cause smaller penis or female-like genitals.

54 testosterone

55 testosterone Best known androgen. Impacts male development.

56 Wolffian ducts

57 Wolffian ducts Develops into male internal organs. Present in both boys and girls, hormones determine if they develop or disappear.

58

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