Reproduction and Heredity

Transcription

1 Reproduction and Heredity Pretest Edit File Choose the letter of the best answer. 1. One trait that differs in pea plants involves the placement of the flowers. In some plants, flowers grow along the stem of the plant. In other plants, the flowers grow at the tip of the plant. The stem flower position is the dominant trait, and the tip flower position is the recessive trait. Which traits would you expect to see if you self-pollinated several generations of pea plants that have the recessive trait? A. The tip flower position would not be seen at all. B. The stem flower position would not be seen at all. C. The tip flower position would skip some generations. D. The stem flower position would skip some generations. 2. Having attached or unattached earlobes is an inherited trait. Attached earlobes occur in individuals with the genotype ee. 3. In his laboratory, Jin is studying the genetics of mice. For a particular trait, an adult female mouse has the alleles AA, and an adult male mouse has the alleles Aa. Which of these questions could Jin answer by using a Punnett square? A. Do these two adult mice have any other alleles in common? B. Are AA and Aa the only alleles present in these two adult mice? C. Is this gene associated with an inherited trait or an acquired trait? D. What possible combinations of alleles could the offspring of these adults inherit? 4. Look at the diagram shown below. The alleles for the parents are missing. What is the relationship between an individual s chromosomes and the genes for earlobe attachment? A. The genes for earlobe attachment are located on the chromosomes of each cell. B. The chromosomes for earlobe attachment are located on the genes of each cell. C. The genes for earlobe attachment come from one parent and the chromosomes for earlobe attachment come from the other. D. The chromosomes for earlobe attachment are made up of cells. The parents in the diagram above have which of these alleles? A. DD and Dd C. Dd and dd B. Dd and Dd D. DD and dd Pretest 171 Grade 7 Assessment Guide Florida

2 5. Sean is studying fungi in his lab. Each fungus produces specialized cells that develop into new, multicellular organisms that are genetically identical to the parent organism. What does this process demonstrate? A. sexual reproduction B. asexual reproduction C. fertilization D. vegetative reproduction 6. Look at the diagram of sexual reproduction below. Which of these statements correctly describes the genetic information in the diagram? A. Cell A is genetically identical to cell C. B. Cell B contains the same genetic material as cell C. C. Cell C has genes from cell A and genes from cell B. D. Cells A and C contributed genetic material to cell B. 7. Many plants reproduce sexually through the joining of sex cells in a flower. The female sex cell is an egg. The male sex cell is part of the pollen. By what process is the sex cell in pollen produced? A. fertilization C. mitosis B. meiosis D. pollination 8. There are two main types of cells in the human body. Some cells are body cells. Other cells are sex cells. The sex cells are involved in transmitting genetic information from parents to offspring. Which of these statements describes a characteristic of a sex cell? A. It makes up most tissues. B. It contains only sex chromosomes. C. It has twice the chromosomes of a body cell. D. It contains half the chromosomes of a body cell. 9. Xander examines several microscope slides showing stages of the cell cycle in onion cells. On one slide, he notes that the cell does not appear to have chromosomes. Instead, the genetic material appears to be a tangled ball of string. What stage of the cell cycle is he observing? A. cytokinesis C. metaphase B. interphase D. prophase 10. Erin is researching diabetes. She learns that family history of diabetes, diet, and amount of exercise are some of the factors associated with the occurrence of diabetes. Based on this information, which of these statements best describes diabetes? A. The occurrence of diabetes depends on genetic and acquired factors. B. A parent with diabetes has a 50% chance of passing the disease to offspring. C. Diabetes is controlled by a single gene. D. Diabetes is an example of a codominant trait. Pretest 172 Grade 7 Assessment Guide Florida

3 Mitosis Lesson 1 Quiz Edit File Key Concepts Choose the letter of the best answer. 1. During a lab experiment, Rahul looks at six unlabeled slides showing different stages of the cell cycle. The teacher asks Rahul to place the slides in order, starting with interphase. In what order should Rahul place the slides? A. interphase cytokinesis prophase anaphase metaphase telophase B. interphase anaphase metaphase prophase telophase cytokinesis C. interphase telophase anaphase metaphase prophase cytokinesis D. interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis 2. A cell has undergone cell division. However, the two cells that formed are different. One cell has two copies of a chromosome, while the other cell has no copies. What error could have caused this? A. The chromatids did not separate properly during anaphase. B. The DNA was not duplicated properly during interphase. C. The nuclear membrane did not break down properly during prophase. D. The cells did not separate properly during cytokinesis. 4. Why do single-celled organisms divide? A. to repair damaged cells B. to transmit genetic material by reproduction C. to reduce the number of chromosomes in the cell D. to increase the number of chromosomes in the cell 5. Alla uses a microscope to look at slides of onion cells. The slides show the stages of the cell cycle. The slides are labeled and in the correct order, starting with interphase. In which slide would Alla first see chromosomes? A. anaphase B. cytokinesis C. prophase D. telophase 3. Which of these organisms relies on mitosis for reproduction? A. amoeba B. ant C. bluebird D. jellyfish Lesson Quiz 173 Grade 7 Assessment Guide Florida

4 Meiosis Lesson 2 Quiz Edit File Key Concepts Choose the letter of the best answer. 1. Amanda is making a poster to describe the two types of cell division. She draws an outline of a human body on the poster. Amanda wants to show diagrams of mitosis and meiosis zooming out from the different parts of the body where they take place. Which of these choices correctly shows a location for a type of cell division? A. bone meiosis B. testes mitosis C. ovaries meiosis D. stomach meiosis 2. The figure below shows a cell from an organism whose body cells each have four chromosomes. 4. How does meiosis I differ from meiosis II? A. The sister chromatids separate during meiosis I, but not during meiosis II. B. The homologous chromosomes pair up during meiosis II, but not during meiosis I. C. Two sex cells are produced as a result of meiosis II, but not as a result of meiosis I. D. Chromosome number decreases by half as a result of meiosis I, but not as a result of meiosis II. 5. Which of these processes does not involve the replication of chromosomes? A. mitosis B. meiosis C. fertilization D. formation of sex cells What is shown in this figure? A. two chromatids B. four chromatids C. four chromosomes D. four chromosome pairs 3. What is the result of one sex cell undergoing meiosis in humans? A. two sex cells, each with 23 chromosomes B. two sex cells, each with 46 chromosomes C. four sex cells, each with 23 chromosomes D. four sex cells, each with 46 chromosomes Lesson Quiz 174 Grade 7 Assessment Guide Florida

5 Sexual and Asexual Reproduction Lesson 3 Quiz Edit File Key Concepts Choose the letter of the best answer. 1. Which of these statements is true of sexual reproduction? A. It requires two parents and results in offspring that have characteristics of each parent. B. It requires one parent and results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. C. It requires two parents and results in offspring that are genetically identical to one parent. D. It requires one parent and results in offspring that have half of the genes of the parent. 2. Which of these lists includes three types of asexual reproduction? A. budding, spore formation, fertilization B. binary fission, budding, spore formation C. fertilization, vegetative reproduction, binary fission D. spore formation, fertilization, vegetative reproduction 3. Jin observes an organism he has never seen before. He notices that the organism can undergo both sexual and asexual reproduction. Under what environmental conditions is the organism most likely to reproduce sexually? A. conditions that are favorable and constant B. conditions that promote the growth of many offspring C. conditions that enable the organism to obtain abundant nutrients and water D. conditions that make it difficult for the organism to get enough nutrients and water 4. If an organism is produced by sexual reproduction, which of these statements is true of its chromosomes? A. It receives all of its chromosomes from its female parent. B. It receives half of its chromosomes from each of its parents. C. It receives most of its chromosomes from its female parent. D. It receives all of its chromosomes from either its male or its female parent. 5. Read the following two statements about reproduction: I. This type of reproduction gives organisms the ability to increase in number very quickly. II. This type of reproduction increases genetic diversity. Which of the choices below describes the type of reproduction being referred to in these statements? A. Both statements refer to sexual reproduction. B. Both statements refer to asexual reproduction. C. Statement I refers to sexual reproduction, and statement II refers to asexual reproduction. D. Statement I refers to asexual reproduction, and statement II refers to sexual reproduction. Lesson Quiz 175 Grade 7 Assessment Guide Florida

6 Heredity Lesson 4 Quiz Edit File Key Concepts Choose the letter of the best answer. 1. DNA contains genes that provide instructions for inherited traits. What is the relationship between the genes and chromosomes? A. Genes are segments of DNA that are located on the chromosomes of each cell. B. Genes are made up of thousands of chromosomes. C. Genes correspond to the phenotype, while chromosomes correspond to the genotype. D. Chromosomes correspond to the phenotype, while genes correspond to the genotype. 2. Kara has a plant that produces either purple or white flowers. She crosses a plant that has two recessive alleles for white flowers with a plant that has two dominant alleles for purple flowers. Which result would be true of all of the offspring? A. All of the offspring would have two recessive alleles and white flowers. B. All of the offspring would have two dominant alleles and purple flowers. C. All of the offspring would have one recessive allele, one dominant allele, and white flowers. D. All of the offspring would have one recessive allele, one dominant allele, and purple flowers. 4. Human blood types A and B show codominance. The alleles determine what kind of antigens are produced on the red blood cells. What kind of blood cells are produced by a person that has inherited an A allele and a B allele blood? A. type A B. type B C. both type A and type B D. neither type A nor type B 5. A Siamese cat has genes that affect its fur color. Its fur color is also affected by temperature. Which of the following is true? A. The environment changes the cat s genotype. B. The environment changes the cat s phenotype. C. The cat s genotype changes the environment. D. The cat s phenotype changes its genotype. 3. Which statement correctly describes how genes can produce a phenotype? A. One gene is responsible for all traits. B. Each trait is determined by a single gene. C. One gene can be responsible for many traits. D. Each gene is responsible for exactly one trait. Lesson Quiz 176 Grade 7 Assessment Guide Florida

7 Punnett Squares and Pedigrees Lesson 5 Quiz Edit File Key Concepts Choose the letter of the best answer. 1. Which of these choices best describes probability? A. a comparison that shows the relationship between quantities B. the most likely outcome of a given cross C. how likely a given outcome will happen compared to all possible outcomes D. a way to calculate exactly which alleles an offspring will inherit from its parents 2. Anya and Greg are working in their research laboratory. Anya tells Greg that one of the mice has a 50% probability of having the alleles DD and a 50% probability of having the alleles Dd. What does Anya mean by this? A. In two out of 50 times, the mouse has the alleles DD or Dd. B. The probability that the mouse has the alleles DD is equal to the probability that it has the alleles Dd. C. The mouse is twice as likely to have the alleles DD than it is to have the alleles Dd. D. There are two more possible outcomes besides the mouse having DD or Dd alleles. 3. Which of these choices best describes a pedigree? A. an illustration that shows the genetic diversity among different species B. a hypothesis that explains why genes are recessive or dominant C. a diagram of family relationships that includes several generations D. a diagram that lists alleles of two parents and shows the possible allele combinations of their offspring 4. Which of these statements correctly describes a difference between sex-linked disorders and other inherited genetic disorders? A. Sex-linked disorders can be passed on from parent to child, but other inherited genetic disorders cannot be passed on. B. Only males can be affected by sex-linked disorders, but both males and females can be affected by other inherited genetic disorders. C. The inheritance of a sex-linked disorder within a family can be traced using a pedigree, but other inherited genetic disorders cannot be traced using a pedigree. D. The genes for sex-linked disorders are found on a sex chromosome, but the genes for other inherited genetic disorders are found on other chromosomes. 5. Alisha and Rob would like to have children. A genetic counselor tells them that they are both carriers of a certain genetic disease. What does this mean? A. They are both immune to the disease, and it is very likely that their children will also be immune to it. B. There is a very high probability that one or both of them will develop the disease at some point in the future. C. They both have an allele for the disease and could pass this allele on to their children, even though neither of them has the disease. D. They both have the disease, but there is a very low probability that they will pass it on to their children. Lesson Quiz 177 Grade 7 Assessment Guide Florida

8 Florida Benchmark Review Choose the letter of the best answer. Florida Benchmark Review Mitosis is the main mechanism of asexual reproduction. Cassie draws flashcards for each phase of mitosis and cytokinesis. Before she can label the backs of the flashcards, Cassie drops them onto the floor. The flashcards get mixed up as shown below. In what order should Cassie place the cards to show mitosis and cytokinesis from start to finish? A B C D Brandy knows that chromosomes behave differently in meiosis and mitosis. What do chromosomes do in meiosis but not in mitosis? A. Each chromosome makes a copy. B. The homologous chromosomes form pairs. C. Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. D. Chromosomes condense or shorten up before cell division begins. Noriko discovers a new plant in a forest. She observes it for some time, and when it reproduces, she tests the offspring and finds that they are genetically identical to the parent. Which of these statements is true about Noriko s find? A. The plant reproduces sexually, and two parents are required. B. The plant reproduces asexually, and two parents are required. C. The plant reproduces sexually, and only one parent is required. D. The plant reproduces asexually, and only one parent is required. Florida Benchmark Review 183 Grade 7 Assessment Guide Florida

9 Examine the Punnett square below. Which of the following choices gives the alleles of the parents shown here? A. BB and BB B. BB and Bb C. Bb and Bb D. Bb and bb The diagram below shows the results of crossing a pea plant with round seeds and a pea plant with wrinkled seeds. What can be determined from the results of the experiment? A. Smooth shape and wrinkled shape are both recessive traits. B. Smooth shape and wrinkled shape are both dominant traits. C. Smooth shape is a dominant trait, and wrinkled shape is a recessive trait. D. Smooth shape is a recessive trait, and wrinkled shape is a dominant trait. Florida Benchmark Review 184 Grade 7 Assessment Guide Florida

10 Delia is teaching her sister about important molecules in the body. She tells her sister that one molecule provides a set of instructions that determines traits, such as eye color or hair color. Which molecule is Delia describing? A. DNA B. glucose C. cellulose D. cholesterol Lucinda decides to investigate what would happen if there was an error at different stages of the cell cycle. She examines interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Which of these statements most likely describes what happens if DNA is not duplicated during interphase? A. The new cells would be more numerous. B. The new cells would have too many chromosomes. C. The new cells would have too many nuclei. D. The new cells would have too few chromosomes. Look at the diagram shown below. Which of these choices is true about individual 4 in generation II? A. male and the father of individual 3 in generation III B. male and the son of individuals 1 and 2 in generation I C. female and the mother of individual 3 in generation III D. female and the daughter of individuals 1 and 2 in generation I Florida Benchmark Review 185 Grade 7 Assessment Guide Florida

11 A species of rabbit can have brown fur or white fur. One rabbit with two alleles for brown fur (BB) has brown fur. A second rabbit with two alleles for white fur (bb) has white fur. Which statement is true about the alleles B and b? A. They are two different genes. B. They result in the same phenotype. C. They are two different versions of the same gene. D. They provide identical instructions about different traits. Dante wants to match the types of cells with how they are produced. Which choice correctly pairs a type of cell with how it is produced? A. egg cell meiosis in males B. sperm cell mitosis in males C. body cell mitosis in females D. body cell meiosis in females Alpha-1 is a hereditary disorder that affects the lungs. In order for the disease to develop, a child must inherit one recessive allele from each parent. Suppose Caryn s mother has Alpha-1 and her father carries only one recessive allele. Which of the following statements best describes Caryn s situation? A. Caryn has no chance of developing Alpha-1. B. Caryn has no chance of being a carrier for Alpha-1. C. Caryn has a 50 percent chance of developing Alpha-1. D. Caryn has a 100 percent chance of developing Alpha-1. John sees some bright flowers growing on an azalea plant in Leah s garden, and he tells her how much he likes them. Leah cuts a small stem from one of the azaleas and gives it to John. John takes the cutting home and plants it in his garden. In a few months, the small stem has grown into a full-sized, new plant. Which of these choices correctly describes this situation? A. The parent plant reproduced by budding, and the plant in John s garden has different genes than the plant in Leah s garden. B. The parent plant reproduced by binary fission, and the plant in John s garden has different genes than the plant in Leah s garden. C. The parent plant reproduced by spore formation, and the plant in John s garden has genes identical to those of the plant in Leah s garden. D. The parent plant reproduced by vegetative reproduction, and the plant in John s garden has genes identical to those of the plant in Leah s garden. Florida Benchmark Review 186 Grade 7 Assessment Guide Florida

12 Reproduction and Heredity Unit Test A Edit File Key Concepts Choose the letter of the best answer. 1. Gregor Mendel observed that two plants with purple flowers could produce some offspring with white flowers and some offspring with purple flowers. Which of the following did Mendel use to explain this result? A. genetic mutations B. environmental conditions C. inherited and acquired traits D. dominant and recessive traits 2. When two different alleles are present for a trait that is codominant, what does the resulting phenotype display? A. only the recessive allele B. only the dominant allele C. the expression of both alleles D. a phenotype intermediate to the two parents 3. Raylene inherited certain physical characteristics from her parents. Which of the following is not an inherited characteristic? A. blue eyes B. wavy, red hair C. dimpled cheeks D. long fingernails 4. Which of these choices describes the purpose of a Punnett square? A. to diagram family relationships that include several generations B. to explain why some genes are recessive and others are dominant C. to compare inherited traits to acquired traits D. to illustrate how the alleles of parents might be passed on to their offspring 5. Which of the following is an example of a sex-linked disorder? A. hemophilia B. cystic fibrosis C. Tay-Sachs disease D. Huntington s disease Unit Test A 187 Grade 7 Assessment Guide Florida

13 6. Which of these choices best describes what a ratio shows? A. a comparison between two quantities B. family relationships over several generations C. the alleles of parents and offspring for a given trait D. the likelihood or chance that something will happen 7. Which of these statements is true of asexual reproduction? A. It produces offspring genetically identical to each other and requires one parent. B. It produces offspring genetically identical to each other and requires two parents. C. It produces offspring genetically different from each other and requires one parent. D. It produces offspring genetically different from each other and requires two parents. 8. Which of these statements best describes what happens during vegetative reproduction? A. A single-celled organism divides into two new organisms. B. A parent plant produces spores, which grow into new plants. C. A new plant develops from a stem or root of its parent plant. D. Pollen from one plant fertilizes another plant and produces offspring. 9. Which of these statements correctly describes a difference between asexual and sexual reproduction? A. Asexual reproduction increases genetic diversity, but sexual reproduction does not. B. Asexual reproduction involves one parent, and sexual reproduction involves two parents. C. Asexual reproduction increases a species chances of surviving unfavorable conditions, but sexual reproduction does not. D. The offspring produced by asexual reproduction are not identical to each other, but those of sexual reproduction are identical to each other. 10. Juan drew the figures below to represent two different kinds of cells from the same animal. Which answer below correctly identifies the sex cell and its function? A. left; growth and repair of injured tissues B. left; to pass on chromosomes to offspring C. right; growth and repair of injured tissues D. right; to pass on chromosomes to offspring Unit Test A 188 Grade 7 Assessment Guide Florida

14 11. Which pair shows the number of cells present both before and after meiosis II? A. 1 and 2 C. 2 and 4 B. 1 and 4 D. 4 and Where does each chromosome in a pair of homologous chromosomes come from? A. They are built from nucleotides using protein instructions. B One comes from the egg, and the other comes from the sperm. C. They are copied from the chromosomes that are in the egg cell. D. One comes from the nucleus, and the other comes from the cytoplasm. 13. Why does cell division take place in single-celled organisms? A. in order for the organisms to grow B. to enable the organisms to heal injured tissues C. to reproduce and pass on genetic information D. to make specialized cells for different functions 14. During class, Julia takes notes about what happens to genetic material during cell division. After class, she draws an illustration to accompany her notes. Her illustration is similar to the one shown below. What label should Julia use at position Z in the diagram? A. chromatin C. DNA B. chromosome D. protein Unit Test A 189 Grade 7 Assessment Guide Florida

15 15. What is the result of mitosis? A. two new cells B. two new nuclei C. two new copies of DNA D. two new pairs of chromosomes Critical Thinking Answer the following questions on the lines provided. 16. Explain the difference between a genotype and a phenotype. 17. Colorblindness is a trait that can be carried by women but not by men. Explain why this is so. 18. Describe binary fission and include an example of an organism that uses this process. 19. Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction. 20. A human cell from a woman has 23 chromosomes in it. What kind of cell is this? Explain your answer. 21. Explain the relationship between meiosis and sexual reproduction. Unit Test A 190 Grade 7 Assessment Guide Florida

16 22. Kimiko has a pet salamander. She notices that part of its tail is missing. After a while, Kimiko sees that her salamander has a whole tail again. How did cell division play a role in this change in the salamander? Extended Response Answer the following questions on a separate piece of paper. 23. Give two reasons why organisms that reproduce sexually have to spend more energy than do organisms that reproduce asexually. 24. A pair of fruit flies reproduces and has 1,000 offspring. All 1,000 of the offspring have the alleles Gg. What is the most likely combination of alleles that each parent has, and why are other combinations not likely? Unit Test A 191 Grade 7 Assessment Guide Florida