Towards elimination of cetacean bycatch in EU waters

Transcription

1 Towards elimination of cetacean bycatch in EU waters WDC, EIA & HSI comments on the PECH Committee report on the proposed Regulation on the conservation of fishery resources and the protection of marine ecosystems through technical measures January 2018 Whale and Dolphin Conservation (WDC), Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) and Humane Society International (HSI) hereby respectfully present our comments on the PECH Committee report with regard to the European Commission s proposal for a Regulation on the conservation of fishery resources and the protection of marine ecosystems through technical measures (2016/0074). For decades, dolphin, porpoise and whale (cetacean) bycatch has been a major conservation and welfare concern in the EU with high numbers continuing to die each year. Despite binding legal requirements to monitor and reduce bycatch, cetacean bycatch monitoring has been insufficient in most fisheries and areas and has thus often impeded the application of effective mitigation. The current EU cetacean bycatch legislation (Council Regulation (EC) No 812/2004) has been found to have significant weaknesses and is being repealed and incorporated into the proposed technical measures regulation (2016/074). This proposed regulation provides the opportunity to improve monitoring and mitigation requirements and to help safeguard European cetacean populations. Regrettably this is an opportunity that has not been seized by the PECH Committee. WDC, EIA and HSI are deeply disappointed that the PECH report did not provide the critically needed strengthening of the Commission s proposed technical measures regulation (2016/0074) on the provisions of the existing cetacean bycatch legislation. It is essential to follow scientific advice and to strengthen the proposed legislation and ensure a higher level of protection for cetaceans and other marine species against bycatch. The leading European expert body, the ICES Bycatch Working Group, has repeatedly raised concern about the inadequate and poor quality of cetacean bycatch monitoring, assessment and mitigation, highlighting the threat posed to populations by current bycatch levels. These scientific concerns have been echoed by Regional Agreements, ASCOBANS and ACCOBAMS, which are dedicated to the conservation of cetaceans, and also by the European Cetacean Society. Similar concerns have been expressed in a recent statement from leading bycatch and fisheries scientists. In order to improve cetacean bycatch measures, the European Parliament must follow scientific advice and strengthen the proposed legislation: - THE SCIENCE IS CLEAR THAT EXISTING BYCATCH LEGISLATION IS INADEQUATE - BYCATCH EVIDENCE IS CURRENTLY BEING IGNORED - MORE CAN AND SHOULD BE DONE TO REDUCE AND ELIMINATE BYCATCH If the bycatch and wider fisheries conservation measures are not significantly improved, we strongly recommend that MEPs reject the file at Plenary. This paper outlines the key amendments relating to the issue of cetacean bycatch that we would urge the European Parliament to support or reject.

2 The following PECH AMs should be supported Eliminating sensitive species bycatch AM23, AM34, AM49, AM55 These Amendments explicitly support the elimination of sensitive species bycatch, including for marine mammals, seabirds and turtles. It is important to maintain strong provisions regarding eliminating bycatch. Language should be in line with the strict protection afforded to cetaceans under the Habitats Directive as well as the aim of the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Sea (ASCOBANS) to minimise and ultimately reduce bycatch towards zero. Adequate cetacean bycatch reporting & mitigation measures AM14, AM37, AM116, AM117, AM120 These Amendments will require reporting of bycatch and monitoring of the efficacy of mitigation measures put in place. Member States need to monitor bycatch rates and assess the mitigation measures used and their effectiveness, in order that mitigation can be applied and amended according to its efficacy in reducing bycatch. Many of these monitoring requirements were included in Regulation 812/2004 that will be repealed. Spatial management to reduce and eliminate bycatch AM32, AM121 These Amendments support assessment of fisheries impacts in Natura 2000 sites and real-time closures for sensitive species. Spatial measures such as protected areas and real-time closures are an important mitigation tool. Application of spatial measures is consistent with the requirements of Article 3 of the Habitats Directive and Article 7 2(c) of the Common Fisheries Policy. Sensitive species protection AM71 This Amendment strengthens the definition of sensitive species. The Commission s draft proposal implied that all examples listed (e.g. habitat distribution, population size, and population condition) were needed to apply in order for a species to be considered sensitive. However, it only takes one of these i.e. decline population of population size, for the species status to become unfavourable or in some cases at risk of extinction. Reintroduction of amendments Reintroduction of amendments that address the following should be supported: Addressing welfare impacts on sensitive species: Entanglement in fishing gear is the most significant threat to wild cetacean welfare i and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Reducing incidental catches of seals: Seals are protected under the Habitats Directive and should also be covered by appropriate mitigation measures. Bycatch measures for a more appropriate range of fishing gear types: Prioritisation of monitoring and mitigation should be conducted according to fishing gear type rather than vessel size as gear type is a primary risk factor in influencing bycatch rates. The adoption of the aforementioned measures would help significantly improve bycatch monitoring, assessment and the application of mitigation in order to progressively reduce, and where possible eliminate, bycatch of dolphins, porpoises and whales in fishing gear in all EU waters. Page 2 of 6

3 The following PECH AMs should be rejected Weakened language AM13, AM15, AM39, AM52, AM115, AM170 These Amendments would weaken obligations regarding eliminating cetacean bycatch. For example, Commission language to ensure that bycatches of marine species that result from fishing are minimised and where possible eliminated is more robust than the PECH rapporteur s language to contribute to minimising incidental catches of sensitive marine species. Under Article 4 there should be no reference to restriction of incidental catches of marine mammals, marine reptiles, seabirds and other non-commercially exploited species to the levels provided for in current Union regulations and international agreements ratified by the Union. Targets (Recital 9, AM15; Article 4, AM52) to progressively reduce and where possible eliminate bycatch are more robust than performance indicators, as in the PECH report. Language used in the PECH report significantly weakens the Commission s proposal, which should also be strengthened to align with the protection provided under the Birds and Habitats Directives. This would weaken Member States obligations to monitor and mitigation cetacean bycatch and likely impede attainment of favourable conservation status, particularly as the language is weaker than the existing Regulation 812 that has failed to adequately address bycatch and is to be repealed. Use of Acoustic Deterrent Devices AM99 This Amendment, which refers to the use of Acoustic Deterrent Devices for all marine mammal species, is not accurate, since they are only proven to reduce bycatch of harbour porpoises. Alternative mitigation techniques, such as coloured float ropes along the top of a static net might be more effective at deterring dolphins and seals and language should allow for other mitigation options as technologies are developed and proved effective. A blanket presumption that ADDs work for all species might deter more innovative and effective solutions being developed. Exemptions for collection and study of marine mammals AM118 This Amendment seeks to provide an exemption from the prohibition on deliberate capture, retention on board, transhipment or landing of marine mammals, marine reptiles or seabirds when caught for the purposes of scientific study. Such an exemption is inappropriate for animal welfare and conservation reasons, retention should only be permitted when the specimen is dead; moreover this is contrary to the strict protection from deliberate disturbance, killing and injury provided to these species under Habitats and Birds Directives 92/43/EEC and 79/409/EEC. Regardless of whether fishing operations are being conducted for scientific investigations or commercial purposes, safeguards to eliminate impacts on sensitive species are required. Reintroduction of amendments to remove bycatch measures in any region Reintroduction of amendments that seek to remove bycatch measures from the Baltic, South Western Waters and/or the Mediterranean Sea should be rejected. These would threaten the critically endangered harbour porpoise population in the Baltic Sea, harbour porpoise, bottlenose and common dolphin populations in South Western Waters and common, striped dolphin, sperm whale populations in the Mediterranean Sea. Given these points, we have great concern that unless language is significantly strengthened so that it follows scientific advice, is fit for purpose and ensures a higher level of protection, the repeal of Regulation 812/2004 and adoption of the technical conservation measures regulation will result in thousands of dolphins, porpoises and whales continuing to die in fishing gear in EU waters. Page 3 of 6

4 Table 1. Cetacean bycatch in European waters by region Region North Sea North Western Waters South Western Waters Baltic Sea Mediterranean Sea Black Sea Outermost Regions Evidence of cetacean bycatch Evidence of population level impacts on harbour porpoises as a result of bycatch in static nets in the Kattegat, North Sea and Skagerrak 2, inner Danish waters 3 and Norwegian coastal waters 4. Documented bycatch of minke whales and humpback whales in static creel gear, with likely population level impacts on humpback whales. 5 Evidence of population level impacts of bycatch on common dolphins in trawls 6 and harbour porpoises in static nets. 7 Documented bycatch, with insufficient monitoring to determine level of impacts, of: - common and striped dolphins in static nets 8, historic driftnet fleets 9 and in trawls; 10 - pilot whales, white-beaked dolphins, white-sided dolphins and bottlenose dolphins in trawls; 11 - minke whales in trammel nets; 12 - minke whales and humpback whales in static creel gear; 13 - Risso s dolphin in unknown fisheries. 14 Evidence of population level impacts on harbour porpoise as a result of bycatch in static gear in the Iberian Peninsula, 15 common dolphins in Portuguese waters 16 and bottlenose dolphins in Andalusia. 17 Documented bycatch, with insufficient monitoring to determine level of impacts, of: - common and striped dolphins in static nets 18 and in trawls; 19 - common dolphins in purse-seine nets; 20 - Minke whale entanglement in static nets in the Azores and Canary Islands 21 and Bryde s whales. 22 Evidence of population level impacts on the critically endangered and distinct population of harbour porpoises in static nets 23 and historically also in driftnets; more than 150 stranded harbour porpoises (out of a population less than 1,000) along the German Baltic shores with 47% regarded incidental catches or suspected incidental catches in Evidence of population level impacts from bycatch on: - common and striped dolphins in static nets 25 and the historic driftnet fleet; 26 - demographically isolated population of sperm whales in static and (illegal) drift nets. 27 Documented bycatch, with insufficient monitoring to determine level of impacts, of: - bottlenose dolphins, Risso s dolphins, pilot whales, fin whales and minke whales in static nets; 28 and Risso s dolphins in long-lines; 29 - long-finned pilot whales, and striped dolphins in drift-nets; 30 - striped dolphin, common bottlenose dolphin, false killer whale, common dolphins, pilot whales and sperm whales in long lines; 31 - beaked whales in illegal drift-nets. 32 Evidence of population level impacts from bycatch in static nets on endangered harbour porpoises (a sub-species), bottlenose and common dolphins. 33 Documented bycatch, with insufficient monitoring to determine level of impacts, of harbour porpoises in the Sea of Azov. 34 Documented bycatch of: - Sotalia spp (Guiana dolphin and Tucuxi) strandings with net marks from French Guiana; 35 - In Réunion: Risso s dolphins, false killer whales and short-finned pilot whales on longline and gamefish sport-fishery that uses troll-line and capture of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin in beach-seine nets; 36 - In Mayotte, Indo-Pacific bottlenose, spinner, spotted dolphin, melon-headed whales and short-finned pilot whales have been caught by net, hand line and longline; 37 humpback whales in gillnets IWC Report of the Workshop to Support the IWC s Consideration of Non-Hunting Related Aspects of Cetacean Welfare. IWC/66/WKM&WI Rep 01. Available online at: Last accessed on 9/5/ ASCOBANS NSSG Report of the 4th meeting of the ASCOBANS steering group for the conservation plan for the harbour porpoise in the North Sea. ASCOBANS AC22/Doc Dist. 30 July pp. Reeves, R.R., McClellan, K. and Werner, T.B Marine mammal bycatch in gillnet and other entangling net fisheries, 1990 to Endangered Species Research, 20: Vinthner, M Bycatches of harbour porpoises in Danish set-net fisheries. J. Cetacean Res. Manage, 1: Bjørge, A., Skern-Mauritzen, M., and Rossman, M.C., Estimated bycatch of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in two coastal gillnet fisheries in Norway, Mitigation and implications for conservation. Biological Conservation, 161: Northridge, S., Cargill, A., Coram, A. Mandleberg, L., Calderan, S. and Reid, B Entanglement of Minke Whales in Scottish waters; an investigation into occurrence, causes and mitigation. Sea mammal research unit, Final Report to Scottish Government CR/2007/49. 57pp; Page 4 of 6

5 Ryan, C., Leaper, R., Evans, P.G.H., Dyke, K., Robinson, K.P., Haskins, G.N., Calderan, S., van Geel, N., Harries, O., Froud, K., Brownlow, A. and Jack, A Entanglement: an emerging threat to humpback whales in Scottish waters. Presented to the Scientific Committee Meeting of the International Whaling Commission, 2016, SC/66b/HIM/01. 6 Peltier, H., Authier, M., Deaville, R., Dabin, W., Jepson, P. D., Canneyt, O., Daniel, P. and Ridoux, V Small cetacean bycatch as estimated from stranding schemes: The common dolphin case in the northeast Atlantic. Environmental Science & Policy, 63, ICES EC request on cetacean bycatch Regulation 812/2004, Item 3 October regulation%203.pdf Tregenza, N.J.C., Berrow, S.D., Hammond, P.S., and Leaper, R., Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena L.) by-catch in set gillnets in the Celtic Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 54: Northridge, S., Kingston, A. and Thomas, L Annual report on the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No 812/2004 during 2014, UK. 8 Reeves, R.R., McClellan, K. and Werner, T.B Marine mammal bycatch in gillnet and other entangling net fisheries, 1990 to Endangered Species Research, 20: Rogan, E. and Mackey, M Megafauna bycatch in drift nets for albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) in the NE Atlantic. Fish Res 86: Peltier et al., 2015; ICES, 2010; Tregenza et al. 1997, ibid. 11 Morizur, Y., S. D. Berrow, N. J. C. Tregenza, A. S. Couperus, and S. Pouvreau Incidental catches of marine-mammals in pelagic trawl fisheries of the northeast Atlantic. Fisheries Research 41: Couperius, A.S Interactions Between Dutch Midwater Trawl and Atlantic White-sided Dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) Southwest of Ireland. J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci., Cosgrove, R., Cronin, M., Reid, D., Gosch,M., Sheridan, M., Chopin, N. and Jessopp, M Seal depredation and bycatch in set net fisheries in Irish waters. Irish Sea Fisheries Board. 13 Northridge et al, 2010; Ryan et al., 2016, ibid. 14 Deaville, R. and Jepson, P.D UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme Final Report for the period 1st January st December Read, F. L., Santos, M. B., González, A. F., López, A., Ferreira, M., Vingada, J., and Pierce, G. J Understanding harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) and fishery interactions in the north-west Iberian Peninsula. Final report to ASCOBANS (SSFA/ASCOBANS/2010/4). 40 pp. 16 ICES Bycatch of small cetaceans and other marine animals review of national reports under Council Regulation (EC) No. 812/2004 and other information. ICES Special Request Advice. 17 ICES Bycatch of small cetaceans and other marine animals Review of national reports under Council Regulation (EC) No. 812/2004 and other published documents. ICES Special Request Advice. 18 Reeves, et al., 2013, ibid. 19 Fernández-Contreras, M., Cardona, L., Lockyer, C. and Aguilar, A Incidental by-catch of short beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) in the pair trawler fishery off north-western Spain. ICES J Mar Sci 67: Marçalo, A., Katara, I., Feijo, D., Arau jo, H., Oliveira, I., Santos, J., Ferreira, M., Monteiro, S., Pierce, G.J., Silva, A. and Vingada, J Quantification of interactions between the Portuguese sardine purse-seine fishery and cetaceans. ICES Journal of Marine Science. 21 Van Waerebeek K, André M, Sequeira M, Martín V and others (1999) Spatial and temporal distribution of the minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata (Lacépède, 1804), in the southern northeast Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, with reference to stock identity. J Cetacean Res Manag 1: Reeves et al., 2013, ibid. 23 Benke, H., Bräger, S., Dähne, M., Gallus, A., Hansen, S., Honnef, C. G., and Verfuß, U. K Baltic Sea harbour porpoise populations: status and conservation needs derived from recent survey results. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 495: ; Skóra, K.E. and Kuklik, I Bycatch as a potential threat to harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in Polish Baltic waters. Scientific publications, Vol 5, North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission, Tromsø, p ; Scheidat, M., Gilles, A., Kock, K.H. and Siebert, U Harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena abundance in the southwestern Baltic Sea. Endang Species Res 5: ICES WKFMMPA Report ICES CM 2008/MHC:11 Report of the Workshop on Fisheries Management in Marine protected areas. 25 Reeves et al., 2013, ibid. 26 Silvani, L., Gazo, M. and Aguilar, A Spanish driftnet fishing and incidental catches in the western Mediterranean. Biol Conserv 90: 79 85; Tudela, S., Kai Kai, A., Maynou, F., El Andalossi, M. and Guglielmi, P Driftnet fishing and biodiversity conservation:the case study of the large-scale Moroccan driftnet fleet operating in the Alboran Sea (SW Mediterranean). Biol Conserv 121: Reeves et al., 2013, ibid 28 Pace, D.S., Tizzi, T.R. and Mussi, B Cetaceans Value and Conservation in the Mediterranean Sea. Biodiversity & Endangered Species; Reeves et al., 2013, ibid 29 Macías Lopezá, D., García Barcelona, S., Carlos Baeź, J., Miguel de la Serna, J. and María Ortiz de Urbina, J Marine mammal bycatch in Spanish Mediterranean large pelagic longline fisheries, with a focus on Risso s dolphin (Grampus griseus). Aquat. Living Resour. 25, Notabartolo di Sciara, G Marine Mammals in the Mediterranean Sea: An Overview. Book chapter 31 Pace et al., 2015, ibid 32 Baulch, S., van der Werf, W. and Perry, C Illegal driftnetting in the Mediterranean. Paper presented to the International Whaling Commission, SC/65b/SM05 33 Birkun, A.A. J and, Frantzis, A Phocoena phocoena ssp. relicta. In:IUCN IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version IUCN, Gland. Available at (accessed 7 April 2012). Birkun, A. Jr Interactions between cetaceans and fisheries in the Black Sea. State of knowledge and conservation strategies. A report to the ACCOBAMS Secretariat, February Monaco, 11pp. Page 5 of 6

6 Radu, G., Nicolaev, S., Anton, E., Maximov, V. and Radu, E Preliminary data about the impact of fishing gears on the dolphins from the Black Sea Romanian waters. Workshop on demersal Resources in the Black Sea and Azov Sea, April 2003, Şile, Turkey. Pp Reeves, R. et al Global Priorities for Reduction of Cetacean Bycatch. World Wildlife Fund Report. Tonay, A.M Estimates of cetacean by-catch in the turbot fishery on the Turkish Western Black Sea Coast in 2007 and Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 34 Vishnyakova, K. and Gol din, P Seasonality of strandings and bycatch of harbour porpoises in the Sea of Azov: the effects of fisheries, weather conditions, and life history. ICES Journal of Marine Science. 35 Project Global, Undated. Global bycatch assessment of long-lived species. Available online at: Last accessed on 5/6/ Kiszka, J., Muir, C., Poonian, C., Cox, T.M., Amir, O.A., Bourjea, J., Razafindrakoto, Y., Wambiji, N. and Bristol, N Marine mammal bycatch in the Southwest Indian Ocean: Review and need for a comprehensive status assessment. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science, 7, Pusineri, C. & Quillard, M Bycatch and direct captures of protected megafauna by the artisanal marine mammal bycatch in the S.W. Indian Ocean 135 coastal fishery of Mayotte. Western Indian Ocean J. Mar. Sci., 7(2): ; 38 Kiszka et al. 2008, ibid. For further information, please contact: Sarah Dolman Whale and Dolphin Conservation sarah.dolman@whales.org Sarah Baulch Environmental Investigation Agency SarahBaulch@eia-international.org Dr Jo Swabe Humane Society International/Europe jswabe@hsi.org Page 6 of 6