Introduction to Evolutionary Anthropology Shawn M. Lehman Chapter 4 Living Primates
|
|
- Allison Potter
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Introduction to Evolutionary Anthropology Shawn M. Lehman Chapter 4 Living Primates Primate Taxonomy and Characteristics Primates belong to the order Mammalia Mammals are characterized by general morphology, thermoregulators, have hair/fur, four-chambered heart, spinal cord, neocortex region in the brain (sensory perception), spatial reasoning, conscious thoughts and are homeothermic (ability to use energy from food to produce heat and self-regulate internal temperature. Mammals are the only animals with sweat glands (used to cool the body down using the process of evaporation). Characters that set primates apart from other mammals Grasping hands and feet Opposable big toe or thumb Flat nail on at least one digit (allows precision grip) Reduced olfactory apparatus (smell) Large brain size Dermatoglyphics with ridges (fingerprints) Postorbital bar Petrosally formed auditory bulla Collarbone (extensive shoulder movements) Radius and Ulna (allows precise hand movements) Forward facing eyes and stereoscopic vision (overlapping field of vision) Due to their vision, primates have depth perception Long periods of infancy, childhood, and adulthood (long life span) Greater parental investment Socialize, reproduce with the members of the same species Primates are of interest to anthropologists because they can help us to study human evolution through the principal of homology. Because we share a common ancestor human and nonhuman primates are similar morphologically, physiologically, and even behaviorally. Primates are a diverse order. This diversity includes diet: some primates eat primarily leaves, while others rely on fruit, or insects, or even sap. Diversity in social organization: some primate taxa live in multimale groups, while others live in single male groups Diversity in activity patterns: some are active during the day (diurnal); others are active at night (nocturnal). Primates can be divided into two suborders: The strepsirhini (lemurs, lorises, and galagos) and the haplorhini (tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans) 1
2 Strepsirhini (Old world monkeys) Dental tooth comb (lower incisors can be used to groom) Moist rhinarium (wet nose (enhanced sense of smell)) Unfused mandibular and frontal symphases Tapetum lucidum (night vision) Postorbitol bar ring of bone around the eye socket Two superfamilies: lemuroidea and lorisoidea Lemuroidea Lorisidae Galagos Found on the island of Madagascar and Comoro range in body mass arboreal quadrupeds Vertical clinging and leaping is the primary form of locomotion Eat fruits, leaves, flowers, and insects Many are nocturnal Sleep together in tree holes during the day Larger lemurs are usually diurnal males leave group after sexual maturity Females are often more dominant than males Found throughout subsaharan Africa and Southeast Asia Lorises and galagos Range in body mass (100g 1.6kg) Arboreal quadrupeds Nocturnal & solitary foragers Varied diets (plants and insects) Slow lorises have toxins (allergen) Sub-Saharan Africa Usually weigh >500g Nocturnal arboreal Solitary foragers Feed on animal prey & fruit Rapid quadrupedal running & leaping 2
3 Haplorhini (new world and old world monkeys) Dry nose Retinal fovea (reduced night vision but better visual acuity) Postorbital closure Fused mandibular and fronal symphases (exception: tarsier) All have nails excepts for tarsier Single-chambered uterus One pair of nipples (exception tarsier) Three infraorders: tarsiiformes, platyrrhini, and catarrhini Tarsiiformes Platyrrhini Catarrhini One genus (tarsius) Southeast asia Small body size (80 130g) Relatively large eyes, with fused lower leg bones Entirely faunivorous (insects, snakes, lizards) Grooming claw on 2 nd and 3 rd finger Long legs compared to the rest of the body Rapid leaps Can turn their heads 180 Eyes are immobile Central and South America Dental formula Flat noses & side facing nostrils New world/neotropic monkeys (central and south America) Body mass 110g-11.4kg Eat fruits, flowers, leaves, and insects Arboreal Aotus only nocturnal exception Cebidae, atelidae (prehensile tail), & callitrichidae (tamarins, marmosets, and Goeldi, they usually have twins, brightly coloured, one breeding female with many males and males help rear the infants) Africa, Asia, Southeast Asia Dental formula Body mass 1kg-175kg Cercopithecidae, hylobatidae, and hominidae Cercopithecidae and hylobatidae have ischial callosities (sitting pads) Variety of diets, social organizations, and adaptations Bunodont molars Hylpbatidae and hominidae lack tails and have larger brains and bigger body size 3
4 Subgroups of catarrhini Cercopithecinae Africa Range in body mass (1kg-32kg) Sexually dimorphic (males larger than females) Eat ripe fruit which is stored in their cheek pouches Arboreal quadrupeds Variety of social groups (monogamous, multi-male, multifemale) Cercopithecidae (Catarrhini) Long narrow nose & lose trunk Have tails Bilophodont teeth Colobinae Africa and Asia High cusps on their molar teeth Long tails and hindlimbs Short thumbs No cheek pouches Range body mass ( kg) Most are arboreal quadrupeds Eat leaves multi-chambered stomach Live in social troops (5-90 individuals) Hylobatids (catarrhini) Small bodied ( kg) Southeast asia Longer forearms relative to body size Brachiation (ability to swing from branch to branch) Gibbons: eat ripe fruit, leaves and invertebrates Hominidae (catarrhini) broad nose & short wide trunk no tails Y-5 molar Large bodied apes (orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees & humans) Orangutans only large bodies apes of asia Chimpanzees and gorillas equatorial areas of Sub Saharan Africa Body mass ranges from 42kg (chimps) 175kg (gorillas) Long arms, hands and feet Sexually dimorphic Quadrumanous climbing helps move through arboreal habitat Gorillas and chimps - knuckle-walking Gorillas folivorous in eastern Africa and eat fruit in western Africa Orangutans and Chimps fruits (frugivorous diet) Chimps hunt and eat 35 types of vertebrate animals Have the ability to made and use tools (termites, nuts) Orangutans lead solitary lives Gorillas (9-12 individuals) and chimps (50) are highly social Important research was carried out by Jane Goodall Gombe stream in Tanzania 4
5 Body Size The reason for the scaling difference on primates is that area and volume change at different rates as the linear dimensions of the animal increases Area increases by a function of a square ( 2 ) Volume increase by a function of a cube ( 3 ) If an animal doubles in size than the area x4 (2x2) and the volume x8 (2x2x2) Small animals lose more energy (heat loss) than large animals Effects of Body Size on Primate Life Size-related scaling applies to almost every ecological aspect of an organism Diet Small primates require more energy per unit of weight than a large-bodied primate Large primates can eat large amounts of low-quality foods such as leaves Small primates must eat small amounts of high quality foods such as insects Locomotion Small primates tend to leap more than large bodied primates Limitations imposed by branch size on an arboreal lifestyle Life history Larger animals tend to live longer than small animals (not to scale) Human are smaller than gorillas but humans have a greater life expectancy than gorilla Ecology and Behaviour Primate Habitats Most primates live in forest habitats such as the tropical rainforest The tropical rainforest gets about 3m of rainfall per year, is hot and humid, contains lots of life (2/3 of species are located there), Africa, Asia and Southeast Asia Some primates live in deserts to mountainous pine forests. Primate species occupy a specific ecological niche Primates in tropical Ecosystems Evolutionary ecology of primates is a result of complex bottom-up and top-down processes Bottom-up processes: Interactions between organisms involving physical or chemical factors such as temperature or nutrient availability Top-down processes: influence of consumers, such as predator, on prey Primates are dependent on plants and if there are changes that alter the plants there will be cascading effects on primates Ranging Patterns Movement is restricted to known areas Daily path length refers to the one-dimensional distance travelled by a primate during its daily active period Day range 2-D area used by a primate throughout months or years Core area most frequently used part of the home range 5
6 Territory an area actively defended by an individual or a group The distribution and abundance of food resources, the size and shape of the habitat, altitude, and the type of abundant predators can influence primate-ranging patterns In some groups when males reach maturity they leave their group. Sociality Before observing primate behaviour one must ensure that the primates are habituated this means the primates must become used to the presence of the human Primates have complex social lives Some primate social behaviours include: deception, female mate choice, homosexuality, kin recognition, spite, welfare, friendship, and sex for pleasure Social grooming Primates do not only groom one another when they are dirty They groom to establish and maintain alliances, reconcile conflict, and exchange for other resources such as food and sex. Dominance Hierarchies A social order sustained by aggression, affiliation, or other behaviour patterns Classifying primate social organization There are four classification schemes 1. Residence group composition sorting the group by age and sex 2. Mating systems mating patterns exhibited by individuals 3. Foraging coherence which individuals forage together in time and space 4. Female and male philopatry which animals stay and which animals leave a social group. Female philopatry is when the females stay in the birth place while the males emigrate (more common) Male philopatry is when the males stay in their birthplace while the females emigrate. Why do Primates Live in Groups? There are three main theories 1. Living in large groups may provide protection from predators. More eyes and ears mean better detection of predators. In some primates rather than fleeing due the presence of a predator they alert the group and mob the predator. 2. May have improved access to food. Resource defense active defense of a food resource by an individual or group. 3. Increased access to potential mates. Due to the high cost of infant rearing and production in females they must rely on the group to support her needs. Some group members also aide with infant rearing 6
7 There are also disadvantages in living within a group - Larger groups attract the attention of predators - Larger groups suffer from more intragroup competition for food than smaller groups - Smaller group size occurs because the cost of within-group competition outweigh the benefits of improved predator detection - There is a devastating effect of infectious diseases on group-living primates Conservation Primates are increasingly threatened by human activities such as habitat disturbance and hunting pressures. Effects of agriculture on primates agriculture have deleterious effects on primates by altering tropical forests. Humans slash and burn to clear the forest for agriculture. The ashes provide fertilization for the soil, which tend to be nutrient poor. Increase population of humans has increased the pressure on resident primates. Effects on Forest Fragmentation on Primates Larger forest fragments contain more primate species while smaller forest fragments causes the species to disappear due to increased predation. Effect of Hunting on Primates Hunting pressures on primates vary throughout the tropics. Some locals don t hunt primates due to cultural beliefs. Larger species have slower reproduction rates than small species, resulting in poorer population recovery Hunting primates in Africa is economical (bushmeat trade). Conservation Status of Primates International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red list of threatened species lists the global conservation status of plants and animals. 37 primate taxa a considered critically endangered and 57 are listed as endangered. 7
Suborder Haplorrhini
Suborder Haplorrhini Suborders split ~63 MYA Differences: Strepsirrhini Name means curved nose Retain enzyme that manufacture vitamin C Don t have a post-orbital plate Have a rhinarium, the wet & naked
More informationThe World of Primates
The World of Primates From mouse lemurs to gorillas, the Primates are an extremely diverse and successful Order of mammals. There is no single feature that makes an animal a primate, but rather a suite
More informationPrimate Studies. (Asst )Prof. Soumi Dey Dept. of Anthropology Haldia Govt. College
Primate Studies (Asst )Prof. Soumi Dey Dept. of Anthropology Haldia Govt. College Common Mammal Traits Fur (or body hair in Humans) Long gestation & live birth (relative to other types of organisms) Heterodontism
More informationA n t h r o p o l o g y
A n t h r o p o l o g y Appreciating Human Diversity Fifteenth Edition Conrad Phillip Kottak University of Michigan McGraw-Hill 2013 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. C H A P T E R THE PRIMATES
More informationPrimates share several behavioral and biological characteristics, which indicates that they evolved from a common ancestor.
Section 1: share several behavioral and biological characteristics, which indicates that they evolved from a common ancestor. K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out L What I Learned Essential Questions
More informationUnit 4 continued Primates and primate behavior
Unit 4 continued Primates and primate behavior 1 Primates Traits found across the primate order *Tendency towards erect posture *Highly prehensile hands and feet *Generalized dentition *Reliance on complex
More informationPrimate Behavioral Ecology Anthro 381. Nicole Hess, PhD
Primate Behavioral Ecology Anthro 381 Nicole Hess, PhD Day 1! Syllabus! Perry short film on Abby s group:!http://www.prehensileproductions.com/! Start next series of intro slides ( Why study? ) Why study
More informationTWO MAJOR GROUPS: PROSIMIANS NOT MANY SPECIES, LESS ADVANCED ANTHROPOIDS A TON OF SPECIES, MORE ADVANCED
PRIMATES TWO MAJOR GROUPS: PROSIMIANS NOT MANY SPECIES, LESS ADVANCED ANTHROPOIDS A TON OF SPECIES, MORE ADVANCED PROSIMIANS: RESEMBLE OTHER MAMMALS MORE THAN ANTHROPOID PRIMATES MORE SMELL DEPENDENT FOR
More informationANAT2009 Lecture Notes
Lecture 2 (25/07/16) Learning Outcomes To be able to explain the three adaptive trends which are characteristic of all primates. To be able to describe the range and major characteristics and give examples
More informationIntroduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 15 Primate sociality: Predators and living in groups Copyright Bruce Owen 2010 Most haplorrine, and
Introduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 15 Primate sociality: Predators and living in groups Copyright Bruce Owen 2010 Most haplorrine, and many strepsirrhine, primates are social: they live in
More informationBio 1M: The evolution of apes (complete) 1 Example. 2 Patterns of evolution. Similarities and differences. History
Bio 1M: The evolution of apes (complete) 1 Example Humans are an example of a biological species that has evolved Possibly of interest, since many of your friends are probably humans Humans seem unique:
More informationPrimate Observation Form (Use the back for continuations or additional observations)
Primate Observation Form (Use the back for continuations or additional observations) Observer: Zoo: Date of observation: Time observation began: Time observation ended: Common name of primate: Scientific
More informationCh. 5 - Primate Behavioral Ecology
Physical Anthropology Summer 2014 Dr. Leanna Wolfe Quiz #5 Ch. 5 - Primate Behavioral Ecology Matching the Mammalian Groups: 1. Eutheria a. Marsupials 2. Prototheria b. Placental Mammals 3. Metatheria
More informationWe are an example of a biological species that has evolved
Bio 1M: Primate evolution (complete) 1 Patterns of evolution Humans as an example We are an example of a biological species that has evolved Many of your friends are probably humans Humans seem unique:
More informationLecture 9: Primate Behavior - Ecology
Anthro 101: Human Biological Evolution Lecture 9: Primate Behavior - Ecology Prof. Kenneth Feldmeier feldmekj@lavc.edu Homework 2 Why do primates live in groups? Benefits of group life Costs of group life
More informationALL ABOUT PRIMATES! Gorilla World and Jungle Trails
ALL ABOUT PRIMATES! Gorilla World and Jungle Trails WHAT IS A PRIMATE? Primates are a taxonomical Order of related species that fall under the Class Mammalia Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia
More informationALL ABOUT PRIMATES! Gorilla World and Jungle Trails
ALL ABOUT PRIMATES! Gorilla World and Jungle Trails PRIMATE EVOLUTION The ancestors of primates show up in the fossil record around 85 to 65 million years ago. The first true primates fossil was discovered
More informationJurmain et al. Chapter 7. Primate Behavior
Jurmain et al. Chapter 7 Primate Behavior Primate Studies Primate studies often use an ecological approach to explain variation in primate behavior between different species and within a single species.
More informationPhylogenetics Lab: Character Descriptions
Phylogenetics Lab: Character Descriptions 1) Osseous Auditory Canal. 0= absent, 1= present. Does the organism have a bony auditory canal? This will look like a hole or opening in the skull behind the jaw
More informationarboreal arboreal crepuscular ( nocturnal
The information listed here should help you understand some of the terms that you may see on the red panda fact sheet and the red panda bag talking points. 1 Panda comes from the Nepali word ponya, which
More informationAccelerating Academic Achievement. chimpanzee
Accelerating Academic Achievement chimpanzee chimpanzee Accelerating Academic Achievement 2016-2017 3 Acceplerating Academic Achievement: Reading 2016-2017 Principal Investigator: Douglas Fuchs Research
More informationARE YOU SMARTER THAN AN ORANGUTAN? Take the Quiz...
ARE YOU SMARTER THAN AN ORANGUTAN? Take the Quiz... BRACHIATION describes the way orangutans... Nope. Yes! Brachiation means that orangutans swing from tree limb to tree limb using only their arms Try
More informationWalking upright Specific changes in chewing design: teeth, jaws and skull. Homonoidea, Hominidae, Hominininae, Hominini, Hominina, Homo
Bio 1M: Hominins (complete) 1 Emergence Hominins refer to people and our upright ancestors Characterized by: Walking upright Specific changes in chewing design: teeth, jaws and skull Taxonomy Homonoidea,
More informationHIST 110 HISTORY OF CIVILIZATIONS. Week 1 & 2 October 2, Animals and Humans. Human Dynamism & Invasiveness
HIST 110 HISTORY OF CIVILIZATIONS Week 1 & 2 October 2, 2015 Animals and Humans Human Dynamism & Invasiveness WHAT IS IN THIS WORKBOOK Animals and Humans mammals, marsupials, monkeys and apes Differences
More informationIntroduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 12 Mating: Primate females and males Copyright Bruce Owen 2009 We want to understand the reasons
Introduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 12 Mating: Primate females and males Copyright Bruce Owen 2009 We want to understand the reasons behind the lifestyles of our non-human primate relatives
More informationChapter 7. Primate Sociality, Social Behavior, and Culture
Chapter 7 Primate Sociality, Social Behavior, and Culture Overview We study primates because we are a primate species and so by studying those species closest to ourselves we gain understanding. We use
More informationCircadian rhythm Size in Evolutionary Perspective Forest and Savanna
ConTenTs Introduction x Chapter 1: the general features of primates 1 Size Range and Adaptive Diversity Brachiation Distribution and Abundance Natural History of Primates Reproduction and Life Cycle Growth
More informationIntroduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 13 Mating: Primate females and males Copyright Bruce Owen 2010 We want to understand the reasons
Introduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 13 Mating: Primate females and males Copyright Bruce Owen 2010 We want to understand the reasons behind the lifestyles of our non-human primate relatives
More informationEvolutionary Forces. What changes populations?
Evolutionary Forces What changes populations? Forces of evolutionary change Natural selection traits that improve survival or reproduction accumulate in the population ADAPTIVE change Genetic drift frequency
More informationTayassu tajacu (Collared Peccary or Quenk)
Tayassu tajacu (Collared Peccary or Quenk) Family: Tayassuidae (Peccaries) Order: Artiodactyla (Even-toed Ungulates) Class: Mammalia (Mammals) Fig 1. Collared peccary, Tayassu tajacu. [http://a-z-animals.com/animals/collared-peccary/,
More informationEvolutionary Forces. What changes populations?
Evolutionary Forces What changes populations? 2007-2008 Forces of evolutionary change Natural selection traits that improve survival or reproduction will accumulate in the population adaptive change Genetic
More informationOrangutan Key Messages
Orangutan Key Messages 1) The orangutans are the largest arboreal animals in the world, and the only arboreal great apes. They are physically well adapted to life in the trees, with feet designed for climbing
More informationwater from several miles away.
by The elephant is the world s largest mammal. It can weigh between 3.5 and 6.5 tons (that s 7,000 to 13,200 pounds!) and grow up to 11 feet tall. To put that in some perspective, an average car weighs
More informationIntroduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 13 Mating: Primate females and males Copyright Bruce Owen 2008 As we have seen before, the bottom line
Introduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 13 Mating: Primate females and males Copyright Bruce Owen 2008 As we have seen before, the bottom line in evolution is reproductive success reproductive success:
More informationOrganism Project. Asian Elephant. Abby-Rose Mannes
Organism Project Asian Elephant Abby-Rose Mannes Asian Elephant Introduction I will be doing my Organism research project on the Asian Elephant, the Asian Elephants scientific name is Elephas Maximus.
More informationLab 6 Primate Behavior
Lab 6 Primate Behavior Lab 4 Primate Behavior Today s Class: - Quiz - Lab & Lecture - Review Taxonomy - Review Taxonomy - Cladogram Homo Pan Gorilla Pongo Hylobatidae Cercopithecoidea Atelidae Cebidae
More informationFILM SESSIONS. Film session I - Behaviour of Communication (September 30)
FILM SESSIONS Film session I - Behaviour of Communication (September 30) 1. Talking to Strangers (60 min.) 1 This film surveys some of the general communication signals used by animals from diverse taxa,
More informationChapter 21.2 Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change
Beak depth of Beak depth Colonie High AP Biology Chapter 21.2 Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change Populations Evolve! Natural selection acts on individuals differential survival survival of the fittest differential
More informationCLASSIFICATION OF THE ORDER PRIMATE
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ORDER PRIMATE INTRODUCTION: Primates are a diverse group of animals represented by humans, monkeys, prosimians and apes. They share some common characteristics such as large brain
More informationMammalogy Prelim 2 11/20/2008 Name: Page 1 of 6
Mammalogy Prelim 2 11/20/2008 Name: Page 1 of 6 This is a closed book test you may not use notes, textbook, other people, or references to answer these questions. You must turn in the exam at the end of
More informationEutherian Mammals Hamadryas Baboon
ANIMAL 1 REPRODUCTION Eutherian Mammals Hamadryas Baboon Hamadryas Baboons form social hierarchies that involve the formation of troops, bands, clans and harems. A harem is the smallest unit and usually
More informationHumans: What Makes Them Unique? by Pedro Suarez and Mateo Perez
Humans: What Makes Them Unique? by Pedro Suarez and Mateo Perez Bipedalism Our knees are structured so they can extend and lock to form a straight line, which means that we can use the heel-strike/toe-release
More information1 Introduction. The primate order
1 Introduction The primate order Primates, members of the Order Primates, are one of many living orders of mammals. A perusal of any major reference book on living mammals (e.g., Nowak 1999) easily demonstrates
More informationSpecial Educational Needs (SEN) HANDS-ON REPTILES
Special Educational Needs (SEN) HANDS-ON REPTILES General points about this talk: This is a fun interactive talk which includes the opportunity to touch some reptiles. This talk generally lasts 30 minutes
More informationEvolutionary Forces. What changes populations?
Evolutionary Forces What changes populations? 2007-2008 Forces of evolutionary change Natural selection traits that improve survival or reproduction will accumulate in the population adaptive change Genetic
More informationNEWT WORLD * NEWT WORLD * NEWT WORLD
. NEWT WORLD * NEWT WORLD * NEWT WORLD Newts are a kind of water-breeding salamander. Newts evolved from other salamanders about 60 million years ago. Today newts are found in the temperate parts of North
More informationLaura Garzel, DVM, MS
Nonhuman Primates Laura Garzel, DVM, MS New World vs Old World Primates Old World Asia and Africa Ischial callosities and cheek pouches Infraorder Catarrhini Narrow nose, nostrils angled down, elongated
More informationM00/410/H(3) Name BIOLOGY HIGHER LEVEL PAPER 3. Number. Friday 12 May 2000 (morning) 1 hour 15 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE BACCALAURÉAT INTERNATIONAL BACHILLERATO INTERNACIONAL M00/410/H(3) BIOLOGY HIGHER LEVEL PAPER 3 Friday 12 May 2000 (morning) Name Number 1 hour 15 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES!
More informationWild Discover Zone ELEPHANT RESERVE
Wild Discover Zone ELEPHANT RESERVE This activity is designed to engage all ages of Zoo visitors. Your duty as an excellent educator and interpreter is to adjust your approach to fit each group you interact
More informationHow Organisms Evolve Chapters The Theory of Evolution. The Theory of Evolution. Evolution can be traced through the fossil record.
How Organisms Evolve Chapters 14-15 The Theory of Evolution Evolution is the process of change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms from one generation to the next. The inherited traits
More informationAmong all organisms, humans are : Archaea... Bacteria... Eukaryotes... Viruses... Among eukaryotes, humans are : Protists... Plants... Animals...
Among all organisms, Archaea..... Bacteria....... Eukaryotes... Viruses... Campbell & Reece, page 679 Among eukaryotes, Protists..... Plants........ Animals..... Fungi. Campbell & Reece, page 4 Among animals,
More informationIntroduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 17 Mating: Sexual selection Copyright Bruce Owen 2011 Sexual selection: selection that favors traits
Introduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 17 Mating: Sexual selection Copyright Bruce Owen 2011 Sexual selection: selection that favors traits that increase male success in mating Sexual selection
More informationLab Exercise: Dem Bones (Adapted from France, D.L. 2004: Lab Manual and Workbook for Physical Anthropology, 5 th Edition)
ANTHR 1-L: Biological Anthropology Lab Mitchell Name: Lab Exercise: Dem Bones (Adapted from France, D.L. 2004: Lab Manual and Workbook for Physical Anthropology, 5 th Edition) INTRODUCTION Forensic physical
More informationElephants. Elephants LEVELED BOOK N. Visit for thousands of books and materials.
Elephants A Reading A Z Level N Leveled Book Word Count: 693 LEVELED BOOK N Elephants Written by Kira Freed Visit www.readinga-z.com for thousands of books and materials. www.readinga-z.com Elephants Photo
More informationBehavioral Animal Adaptations. Survival of organisms
Behavioral Animal Adaptations Survival of organisms ANIMAL BEHAVIOR BEHAVIOR = anything an animal does in response to a stimulus in its environment What is a stimulus for bears beginning to hibernate?
More informationAssessment Schedule 2017 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of evolutionary processes leading to speciation (91605)
NCEA Level 3 Biology (91605) 2017 page 1 of 5 Assessment Schedule 2017 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of evolutionary processes leading to speciation (91605) Evidence Statement Q1 Evidence Achievement
More informationSo what is a species?
So what is a species? Evolutionary Forces New Groups Biological species concept defined by Ernst Mayr population whose members can interbreed & produce viable, fertile offspring reproductively compatible
More informationPrimates and primate behavior
Primates and primate behavior 1 Midterm 25 multiple choice questions 10 true/false questions 5 short answer questions Note: short answers will be similar to ones on study guide -you are allowed a 3x5 note
More informationSexual selection and the evolution of sex differences
Sexual selection and the evolution of sex differences Males and females have the same genes. Why do the sexes often look and act so differently? Why is the male often insanely ornamented? (Or simply insane?)
More informationPARTS OF AN ELEPHANT TRUNK EAR EYE TAIL LEG HOOF TUSK
PARTS OF AN ELEPHANT TRUNK EAR EYE TAIL LEG HOOF TUSK Elephants 1. Match the descriptions to the pictures. 1. 2. 3. A. High up, near tall mountains (Asia). B. Here, it hasn t rained for months (Africa).
More informationElephants. Ending a z visit for thousands of books and materials. Word Count: 693. A Reading A-Z Level N Leveled Book
Elephants A Reading A-Z Level N Leveled Book Word Count: 693 Ending a z visit www.readingo-z.com for thousands of books and materials. www.readinga-z.com Elephants Photo Credits: Front cover: Fritz Kocher/123RF;
More informationANIMAL BITES. Lesson Plan. Skullduggery, Inc. 624 South B Street Tustin, CA (800) FAX (714)
ANIMAL BITES Lesson Plan Skullduggery, Inc. 624 South B Street Tustin, CA 92680 (800) 336-7745 FAX (714) 832-1215 OBJECTIVE The Kit utilizes teeth and mandible fragment replicas to give students a unique
More informationMECHANISMS AND PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION
MECHANISMS AND PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION Evolution What is it again? Evolution is the change in allele frequencies of a population over generations Mechanisms of Evolution what can make evolution happen? 1.
More informationBIOPSYCHOLOGY 8e John P.J. Pinel
BIOPSYCHOLOGY 8e John P.J. Pinel Thinking about the Biology of Behaviour: From Dichotomies to Relations and Interactions There is a tendency to think in simple dichotomies when explaining behaviour: Is
More informationDaily Skill Builders:
Daily Skill Builders: Reading Grades 4 5 By patricia McFadden COPYRIGHT 2007 Mark Twain Media, Inc. ISBN 978-1-58037-412-5 Printing No. CD-404071 Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers Distributed by Carson-Dellosa
More informationTitle. Evolution of maternal investment strategies for the Strawberry Poison-Dart Frog, Dendrobates pumilio, based on environmental risk factors
Title Evolution of maternal investment strategies for the Strawberry Poison-Dart Frog, Dendrobates pumilio, based on environmental risk factors Author Richard Pashkow: rpashkow@mail.usf.edu Abstract The
More informationThe Origin of Species. Mom, Dad There s something you need to know I m a MAMMAL!
The Origin of Species Mom, Dad There s something you need to know I m a MAMMAL! 2007-2008 So what is a species?!! Biological species concept "! defined by Ernst Mayr "! population whose members can interbreed
More informationMonkeys and Prosimians: Social Learning
Monkeys and Prosimians: Social Learning D. M. Fragaszy and J. Crast, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA ã 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction In this chapter, we highlight examples
More informationMultiple choice questions (1 pt each)
Ant1050 Midterm Exam Fall 2009 Name: 1 Abbreviations involving time: ky, thousands of years; my, millions of years; kya, thousands of years ago; mya, millions of years ago. Multiple choice questions (1
More informationStructural Adaptations to Climbing in the Gibbon Hand
Structural Adaptations to Climbing in the Gibbon Hand RICHARD N. VAN HORN Oregon Regional Primate Research Center In the past, the unusual features of the gibbon hand have been viewed as structures whose
More informationIntroduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 13 Mating: males and sexual selection Copyright Bruce Owen 2008 Male reproductive strategy basics:
Introduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 13 Mating: males and sexual selection Copyright Bruce Owen 2008 Male reproductive strategy basics: Males are not forced to invest a lot in their offspring,
More informationThe Origin of Species (Ch. 14) Mom, Dad There s something you need to know I m a MAMMAL!
The Origin of Species (Ch. 14) Mom, Dad There s something you need to know I m a MAMMAL! 2007-2008 That mystery of mysteries Darwin never actually tackled how new species arose Both in space and time,
More informationThe Origin of Species
The Origin of Species Macroevolution: the origin of new taxonomic groups Speciation: the origin of new species 1- Anagenesis (phyletic evolution): accumulation of heritable changes 2- Cladogenesis (branching
More information4. Compare and contrast and give specific examples of kinesis and taxis. 5. What is the relationship between migration and genetic control?
AP Biology Chapter 51 Guided Reading Name 1. How do behavioral ecologists define behavior? 2. What is the focus of: a. Proximate questions of behavior? b. Ultimate questions of behavior? 3. Define the
More informationNatural History of Primates Page 1-3 Who are Primates Old World vs New World. - Toque Macaque- Macaca sinica Page 4
Primate Families Content: Natural History of Primates Page 1-3 Who are Primates Old World vs New World The Mystery of Madagascar Page 3 Primates in Sri Lanka - Toque Macaque- Macaca sinica Page 4 - Grey
More informationEvidence for evolution in Darwin s time came from several sources: 1. Fossils 2. Geography 3. Embryology 4. Anatomy
Evidence for evolution in Darwin s time came from several sources: 1. Fossils 2. Geography 3. Embryology 4. Anatomy 1 Fossils in different layers of rock (sedimentary rock strata) have shown: Evidence
More informationCetacean Social & Reproductive Systems
Cetacean Social & Reproductive Systems Group Living Benefits Reduced predation risk Enhanced detection/ capture of prey Improved reproduction Reduced harassment Larger prey Costs Share food Increased competition
More informationThe function or adaptive value of signals has been broken down into the following classes:
Communication notes.doc 1 Communication and signals an action on the part of one animal that alters the behavior of another (Wilson 1975). The essence of communication is the relationship between signaler
More informationEvolution of Populations. AP Biology
Evolution of Populations 2007-2008 Doonesbury - Sunday February 8, 2004 Review of Darwin s Influence Geology Thomas Hutton Charles Lyll - Biology Jean Baptist Lamark - Tendency toward Perfection - Use
More informationInformation for Parents/Carers SCIENCE TARGETS - A YEAR 1 SCIENTIST
SCIENCE TARGETS - A YEAR 1 SCIENTIST Working scientifically (Y1 and Y2) I can ask simple scientific questions. I can use simple equipment to make observations. I can carry out simple tests. I can identify
More informationthebiotutor.com A2 Biology OCR Unit F215: Control, genomes and environment Module 4.3 Animal behaviour Notes & Questions
thebiotutor.com A2 Biology OCR Unit F215: Control, genomes and environment Module 4.3 Animal behaviour Notes & Questions Andy Todd 1 Explain the advantages to organisms of innate behaviour. Behaviour o
More information1 1. WHAT IS INTERACTION?
UNIT 3. INTERACTION 1 1. WHAT IS INTERACTION? 1. All WHAT living IS beings INTERACTION? interact with their environment and with living beings to survive. Interaction enables living beings to receive and
More information2014 National Curriculum Science Band 1
2014 National Curriculum Science Band 1 ask simple questions and recognise that they can be answered in different ways (Year 1 variety of common animals including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and
More informationAño Nuevo. Karen Pihl
Año Nuevo Karen Pihl What to Bring. Bring warm clothes and rain gear. No umbrellas. Shoes for mud. Bring binoculars, cameras. You will need money to park ($5.00) and to cross the San Mateo Bridge ($3.00).
More informationBy Zara. Asian Elephant
By Zara Asian Elephant Introduction The scientific name for the Asian Elephants is Elephas Maximus. They are currently endangered, and is fastly decreasing because of deforestation and making room for
More informationLesson Seven Paleoecology: Determining the Diet of Ancient Animals
Lesson Seven Paleoecology: Determining the Diet of Ancient Animals Summary Paleoecology, or the study of ancient ecosystems and how plants and animals interacted, includes many disciplines. One component
More informationINTRODUCTION. common name: scientific name: Tursiops truncatus
INTRODUCTION The animal I have chosen for this task is the bottlenose dolphin. First thing you would think is what a bottlenose dolphin looks like well it has two flippers on the underside toward the head
More informationNew LEAP 2025 Science Grades 3-8 & Biology Assessments Overview
New LEAP 2025 Science Grades 3-8 & Biology Assessments Overview Objectives and Agenda Objectives: 1. Teachers will learn about and be able to communicate key features of the new LEAP 2025 science assessments.
More informationAssessment Schedule 2013 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of evolutionary processes leading to speciation (91605)
NCEA Level 3 Biology (91605) 2013 page 1 of 6 Assessment Schedule 2013 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of evolutionary processes leading to speciation (91605) Assessment Criteria Evidence Achievement
More informationIdentification of Mammal Skulls
Identification of Mammal Skulls Mammalian teeth are heterodont. That is, they are different as you move from front to rear in the tooth row. This contrasts with the homodont condition of most toothed vertebrates.
More informationSwadesh wordlist, categorised by semantic field.
Swadesh wordlist, categorised by semantic field. 1. big adjective 2. long adjective 3. wide adjective 4. thick adjective 5. heavy adjective 6. small adjective 7. short adjective 8. narrow adjective 9.
More informationTypes of behaviors that are elicited in response to simple stimuli
Lecture 19: Animal Behavior I. Background A. Animal behavior reflects and arises from biological properties 1. Exhibited behavior defends on the physiological systems and processes unique to a given organism
More informationScience curriculum: Reception. Working Scientifically - Skills. Plants and Animals
Science curriculum: Working Scientifically - Skills Reception Plants and Animals Identify and name common plants (green plants, wild plants and trees, deciduous and evergreen) Label parts of a plant Identify
More informationTypes of Mating Systems
The Human Mating System Note: this is the stereotypical EP view (e.g., Buss) Types of Mating Systems Random Monogamy Polygyny: variance in male reproductive success > variance in female reproductive success
More informationIndex 297. Vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) , See also Monkey; Old World monkey Virunga National Park 159
Index Africa ix-x, 62, 64, 67, 75, 95-100, 152, 159, 161, 217, 237-238, 245-248, 253-255, 276, 279, 288 See also entries for individual countries Aging xiii, 2, 95, 191-193, 195, 197-199, 201, 205, 207-208,
More informationCategorizing: Delineating the Phenomena
Categorizing: Delineating the Phenomena http://philosophy.ucsd.edu/faculty/wuthrich/ 12 Scientific Reasoning Acknowledgements: Bill Bechtel Individuals and categories The basics Categorizing letters The
More informationChapter 12: Marine Mammals. By: Da Lynne Cousar, Megan Dudenbostel, Kyle Nemeth, Matt Boyle, and Steven Miller
Chapter 12: Marine Mammals By: Da Lynne Cousar, Megan Dudenbostel, Kyle Nemeth, Matt Boyle, and Steven Miller Four different kinds of Marine Mammals Cetaceans- includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises
More informationLearning the Skills of Research: Animal Behavior Exercises in the. Laboratory and Field
Learning the Skills of Research: Animal Behavior Exercises in the Laboratory and Field Elizabeth M. Jakob and Margaret Hodge, Editors [Sample Lab Exercise, Student Version] Exercise 6 (Student): The Collection
More informationPerception. Chapter 8, Section 3
Perception Chapter 8, Section 3 Principles of Perceptual Organization The perception process helps us to comprehend the confusion of the stimuli bombarding our senses Our brain takes the bits and pieces
More information