Sexual Reproduction & Inheritance

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1 Sexual Reproduction &

2 Sexual Reproduction & Overview Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction Meiosis Genetic Diversity Mendel & The Laws of

3 Sexual Reproduction

4 Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Prokaryotes like bacteria often reproduce asexually Binary fission One cell (parent cell) replicates its DNA & divides to form two daughter cells Genes in the daughter cells are identical to the parent cell Pros: maintains the species Cons: no genetic variations

5 Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Many multicellular eukaryotes reproduce sexually by meiosis Diploid: having two sets of chromosomes one set from each parent Haploid: having only one set of chromosomes Fertilization: joining of two haploid cells (egg & sperm) to create a diploid cell (fertilized egg) Alteration of generations: life cycle in which the diploid and haploid stages alternate

6 Sexual Reproduction Meiosis Nuclear division process which results in four haploid cells being formed from a single diploid cell Reduction division Starts with a diploid germ cell Results in haploid gametes (eggs & sperm)

7 Sexual Reproduction Meiosis Stages

8 Sexual Reproduction Meiosis Video (Click image to play)

9 Sexual Reproduction Meiosis When fertilization occurs haploid gametes (egg & sperm) combine to restore the diploid state (fertilized egg)

10 Sexual Reproduction Meiosis Genetic diversity in the offspring result from Cross-over (Prophase I) Independent Assortment Random recombination of eggs & sperm

11 Sexual Reproduction Meiosis Genetic diversity in the offspring result from Cross-over (Prophase I) Independent Assortment Random recombination of eggs & sperm

12 Sexual Reproduction Meiosis Genetic diversity in the offspring result from Cross-over (Prophase I) Independent Assortment Random recombination of eggs & sperm

13

14 Gregor Mendel Demonstrated that traits in the garden pea were transmitted from parent to offspring plants in specific patterns Mendel s work lead to the Laws of that we still us today to predict traits in offspring

15 Mendel Pea Experiments Mendel identified 7 pea plant characteristics in the garden pea These characteristics had two contrasting traits Trait: a variation in the physical appearance of a heritable characteristic

16 Mendel Pea Experiments Garden peas self-pollinate producing offspring identical to the parent plant true-breeding plants Mendel produced hybrid plants by crossing two truebreeding varieties of garden pea plants Regardless of which plant contributed the pollen the ratios were the same

17 Mendel Pea Experiments Mendel concluded that expressed traits were dominant traits Dominant traits: inherited traits unchanged by hybridization Those traits not expressed (latent) were recessive traits Recessive traits: traits that disappear in the offspring of a hybridization

18 Mendel Pea Experiments Concluded that discrete copies of these inheritable characteristics were passed on to succeeding generations of peas We now call these copies genes contained on chromosomes

19 Chromosomes & Alleles Both parents contribute chromosomes to their offspring Chromosomes which carry the same series of genes are called homologous chromosomes

20 Chromosomes & Alleles Homologous chromosomes carry genes for a given characteristic at the same location Genes on homologous chromosomes which code for a different trait of a given characteristic are called alleles Dominant alleles are expressed; recessive alleles are hidden

21 Phenotype vs Genotype Phenotype: observable traits expressed by an organism Genotype: organism s underlying genetic makeup, consisting of both the physically visible and the nonexpressed alleles

22 Monohybrid Cross & Punnett Square Phenotypes & genotypes can be determined in a monohybrid cross (one involving only one trait) using of the Punnett square

23 Law of Segregation Paired unit factors (genes) must segregate equally into gametes such that offspring have an equal likelihood of inheriting either factor Two alleles of each gene searate during gamete formation

24 Law of Independent Assortment Genes do not influence each other with regard to sorting of alleles into gametes; every possible combination of alleles is equally likely to occur

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