Humulus Lupulus. Tiana Beich May 17, 2013 NFSC 345
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1 Humulus Lupulus Tiana Beich May 17, 2013 NFSC 345
2 Humulus Lupulus Abstract Humulus Lupulus, commonly referred to as hops, is a common flavoring and preservative for beer. Other than its main purpose in beer, it has other purported beneficial points. Three of theses purported benefits include: use as a mild sedative and anti-anxiety agent, digestive stimulate and sleep aid. Hops were first found by a naturalist name Pliny the Elder who informed the Romans of hops as a vegetable and later used them for the previously mentioned medicinal purposes. Although the research on hops and these medicinal purposes is fairly new they do indicate some potential benefits. In mice, hops as a mild sedative and anti-anxiety agent have been supported, but only when given at high dosages. Research on humans on this supposed benefit does not conclude the same outcome. Bitter compounds have been found to aid in digestion by stimulating ghrelin, which in turns activates digestive compounds. These bitter compounds are one of the main components in hops, which would indicate its effect on digestion by stimulating ghrelin. Hops, as a sleep aid is not effective alone. In commercial use, hops are combined with valerian when used as a sleep aid. There are many studies that indicate a positive effect on sleep when hops are combined with valerian. From a nutritional standpoint, hops do not seem to be beneficial as an anti-anxiety agent, but may be beneficial when used as a digestive stimulant to support digestive health. When combined with valerian, hops seem to be beneficial to aid in sleep with individuals who have mild insomnia. However, more research is needed to conclude a solid standpoint on the use of hops as a dietary supplement. Introduction and Background Humulus Lupulus, or commonly referred to as hops, is commonly used for flavoring beer. However, hops have multiple positive supposed benefits other than 1
3 making beer taste great. A naturalist called Pliny the Elder first described the plant as a vegetable to the Romans where it was consumed and used for various things like; making clothing and producing a brown dye. It was later used as a replacement for myrica gale, the ingredient in beer for preservation purposes. Hops are found in a climbing recurrent vine that can grow up to 35 feet tall (Zanoli & Zavatti, 2008). The word humulus is derived from the Anglo Saxon word hoppan, which means to climb. Lupulus refers to the particular species of hops that are used for beer making and dietary supplements. After a certain amount of height the hops will start to blossom at which period it is time to harvest. If the plant is allowed to grow fruit and ripen further, it will have no commercial use. These blossoms are referred to as female flowers that usually mature in late summer. The female flowers are also known as whole cone hops. These whole cone hops are the primary hop ingredient used for beer making and dietary supplements that contain hops. In the past, hops were used to treat and even cure many illnesses. Some include; filling pillows with hops to create a calming and sedative effect while sleeping, a remedy against hair loss, treatment of earache and headache and as a sleep aide (Koetter & Biendl, 2012). Today, the primary benefits include: mild sedation, including reducing anxiety and aiding in digestion. About eighteen percent of the US population suffers from the mental disorder of anxiety (Anxiety and Depression Association of America, 2012). With this prevalence it is important that we have remedies to help individuals live a more anxiety-free life. Digestive health is also very important and individuals may need help from naturally derived products. Another ailment that is affects about ten to twenty percent of the American population is insomnia (Cornu, et al., 2010). Insomnia can have multiple adverse effects on an individual, such as decreased work activity and moodiness. The targeted populations for use of hops are healthy adult individuals. Hops can be found in many different forms as a dietary supplement. One can take it as an extract or in a capsule pill form. The average dosage in the capsule pill form is two capsules per day, which equals about 620 mg of pure hop flowers. The average dosage of the hop extract is 0.5 to 1 milliliters per day. This paper will present the research related to hops and its effects to reduce anxiety and act as a digestive and/or sleep aid with the purpose of developing an evidence-based position about the supplementation of hops. 2
4 Discussion Individuals use hops for several different reasons. The main reasons that people utilize hops as a dietary supplement is due to it supposed mild sedative activity and antianxiety natures, its helpfulness with digestion and as an aid to sleep. Although these are not all reasons why people take hops, all are not supported by scientific evidence. There are several compounds within hops, which account for the medicinal purposes. Some of these compounds include: resins, tannins, and flavonoids. Sedative Activity and Anti-Anxiety (Zanoli & Zavatti, 2008) (Koetter & Biendl, 2012) The first use of hops as a mild sedative originated from the inspection of the hoppickers and their sleepiness and fatigued demeanor. The theory is that the hop-pickers were transmitting the hop resin on their hands to their mouths, which would then create symptoms of fatigue and sleepiness. In a study by Stocker, individuals were treated with 250 milligrams daily of lipophilic hops for five days. This study concluded with a lack of a recognizable sedative effect on humans. This may be partially due to the bioavailability of the form of hops being used and the short time of the study. Some studies in mice have found a sedative effect when mice were treated with hop extract injections. One such study includes Bravo who injected mice with one millimeter of ether extract and found a reduction in spontaneous motor activity. A few limiting factors to this study were the use of an extract that is injected at a high dosage. Another study conducted by Schiller et al indicated a reduced locomotor activity in rats treated with mg/kg of ethanolic and CO2 hop extracts. Although many studies claim that the active sedative component in hops is unknown, a study done by Hansel and Wagner indicated their theory that the active compound is a volatile alcohol, 2-methyl-3- butene-2-ol. This compound increases with storage, but is still only found in minute quantities in commercial hop products used for supplementation, which may indicate the lack of a sedative property when consumed by humans as a dietary supplement. Digestive Aid (Koetter & Biendl, 2012) (Zanoli & Zavatti, 2008) (Ehrenberg, 2011) Hops are used all over the world for digestive aid. They are used in Japan to activate the gastric system, in England to stimulate appetite and even in the United States 3
5 to relieve gastric distress. In one study conducted by Kurasawa et al, the consumption of dried hop extract showed an increase in gastric juice volume. This increase in gastric volume was seen without an affect on stomach acidity. This study indicated that the hops only had an effect if taken by mouth and showed no effect if injected directly into the stomach. Due to this finding it is thought that the bitterness in hops has some essential effect on signaling the brain to indicate to the stomach that it is time to secrete gastric juices. This is also known as the cephalic phase of digestion, which starts before a product even enters the stomach. Torosyan and Mardzhanyan concluded that providing an aqueous solution of hops to patients with chronic hypo secretion stimulated gastric secretions. The use of hops is also popular in many aperitifs and digestifs, which are liquors drunken before or after dinner to increase appetite and aid in digestion. The use of hops in such beverages is in part due to their bitter flavor. When we ingest bitter compounds our body secretes the hunger hormone ghrelin, which stimulates appetite. As ghrelin is stimulated so is your stomach to start the digestion process. (Ehrenberg, 2011) Sleep Aid (Cornu, et al., 2010) (Head & Kelly, 2009) (Zanoli & Zavatti, 2008) (Koetter & Biendl, 2012) (Juanez, 2012) The use of hops as a sleep aid steams from the previously mentioned story of the sleepy hop-pickers. The yellow resin on the female flowers is called lupulin. Lupulin contains many compounds such as: bitter acids, volatile oils and polyphenols. However, the research does not indicate that hops alone are effective as a sleep aid. In a randomized placebo-controlled trial done by Cornu et al where participants were given two capsules per day for a month of either the dietary supplement or olive oil there was no effect on sleep quality or the sleep-wake cycle. Most of the research conducted to determine the efficacy of hops is in combination with other sedative herbs. There are some positive research studies that indicate hops combined with valerian is an effective sleep aid. One such pilot study had thirty participants consume a formula with 500 mg valerian and 120 mg hops at bedtime. The participants included in this study had mild to moderate insomnia. The group took the formula for two weeks and was re-examined, at which time the formula was deemed effective at reducing the effects of insomnia including; average sleep time and wake time. 4
6 Abourashed et al found that dried hops bind serotoninergic 5-HT receptors and melatoninergic ML receptors. These two receptors have been proven to decrease sleep disturbances and regulate the sleep cycle. Another study by Schmitz and Jackel confirms the effectiveness of the valerian-hop combination by comparing it in a double blind study with benzodiazepine, a commonly prescribed sleep aid. Vonderheid-Guth et al studied commercially available valerian and hop combination. In this study young adults were examined using quantitative topographical electroencephalography, which indicated a noticeable effect of the central nervous system within four hours. However, this study used high dosages of the components of the mixture, including 1500 mg valerian and 360 mg hops. Another study by Morin et al also concluded an improvement of sleep. This study contained 184 participants with mild insomnia. These patients consumed 83.8 mg hops with 374 mg valerian for twenty-eight days. The experiment was recorded through participant diaries and polysomnographic assays. It was concluded that the combination improved sleep without any lingering effects. Safety Concerns and Risks (Zanoli & Zavatti, 2008) Like any herb, allergic reactions are one of the most risky safety concerns, especially in sensitive people. Some safety concerns that were observed in hop processing workers indicate a risk of bronchial irritation. Vanhoecke et al have done research to determine toxicity by giving mg/kg of hop extracts to mice for 4 weeks. There were no indications of major organ damage during this study. Also, due to the supposed sedative effects of hops one safety concern is the use during the daytime and it is recommended that one take hops during the evening or at bedtime. Conclusion Hops have been used for many different purposes over the centuries. The general population may only classify hops as an ingredient in beer, but it has many other purported benefits. Three of the main benefits include; a sedative and anti-anxiety effect, a digestive stimulate and a sleep aid. Although hops have been used for medicinal purposes their efficacy has not been wildly researched until recently. The use of hops as 5
7 a mild sedative and anti-anxiety agent has been proven through studies on mice. However, the research on the effectiveness on humans is scarce and non conclusive. The use of hops as a digestive aid can be attributed to its bitter compounds. These bitter compounds activate the release of ghrelin, which in turn stimulates hunger and the digestive system. There is positive research to indicate both the presence of bitter compounds in hops and the effects of bitter compounds on digestion. One of the main reasons that individuals consume hops as a dietary supplement is as a sleep aid. However, to be an effective sleep aid hops must be combined with other sedative herbs, most commonly valerian. The research states that combined with valerian, hops can be as effective as traditional prescribed sleep aid medications. Related to the purported benefits, the main safety concerns may include taking hops during the day due to sedative effects. Another major safety concern is persons having an allergic reaction, which should be evaluated on an individual basis. Based on the literature it may be concluded that hops do not have a sound effect as an anti-anxiety agent. However, as a digestive and sleep aid it may be effective based on the individual. As a nutrition professional, recommendations to take this dietary supplement may be recommended for individuals who need digestive help. Such individuals may include patients on chemotherapy who may have a decreased appetite. Also, in combination with valerian it seems effective for patients with mild insomnia. Due to the lack of evidence of toxicity it appears safe for healthy adult individuals who take the recommended dosages. More research on this topic is needed to conclude a more solid standing for or against the use of the supplement. 6
8 References Anxiety and Depression Association of America. (2012). Facts & Statistics. Retrieved April 23, 2013, from Anxiety and Depression Association : adaa/press- room/facts- statistics Cornu, C., Remontet, L., Baron- Noel, F., Nicolas, A., Feugier- Favier, N., Roy, P., et al. (2010). A dietary supplement to improve the quality of sleep: a randomized placebo controlled trial. BioMed Central Complementary & Alternative Medicine, Ehrenberg, R. (2011, January 19). Bitter Flavors Boost Hunger Hormones. Science News. Head, K. A., & Kelly, G. S. (2009). Nutrients and Botanicals for Treatment of Stress: Adrenal Fatugue, Neurotransmitter Imblanace, Anxiety, and Restless Sleep. Alternative Medicine Review, 123. Juanez, J. C. (2012). Hops (Humulus Lupulus L.) and Beer: Benefits on the Sleep. Sleep Disorders & Therapy. Koetter, U., & Biendl, M. (2012). Hops (Humulus lupulus): A Review of its Historic and Medicinal Uses. The Journal of the American Botanical Council (87), Zanoli, P., & Zavatti, M. (2008). Pharmacognostic and pharmacological profile of Humulus lumupus L.. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (116),
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