Summary. Summary. Sleep Consolidates Perceptual Learning. Time Course of Improvement. No improvement is seen until after sleep

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1 The Universe of Memory Processes encoding, consolidating, integrating, recalling, forgetting Known universe + declarative + complex cognitive procedural Procedural memory + dreaming Sleep Consolidates Perceptual Learning No improvement is seen until after sleep Improvement increases over days without intervening rehearsal Sleep is required within 3 hrs of training Sara Mednick Vipul Patel Beth Schirmer Dana Whidbee LaTanya James Improvement (ms) Time Course of Improvement No improvement is seen until after sleep Improvement increases over days without intervening rehearsal Sleep is required within 3 hrs of training Improvement requires both SWS and 7 Days

2 Pearson r-value Learning Across the Night p =.1 p =.5 Quartile No improvement is seen until after sleep Improvement increases over days without intervening rehearsal Sleep is required within 3 hrs of training Improvement requires both SWS and Performance deteriorates without sleep Naps can stop deterioration Naps with lead to improvement SWS Training Stabilize SWS Enhance Sleep Consolidates Motor Learning Sequence Matthew Walker Tiffany Brakefield Alexandra Morgan Learning Rate Saturates Rapidly # Sequences / 3 sec 2.75 seq./trial.29 seq./trial PM 1 AM => Improvement is seen after sleep Seen over 12, 24, or 48 hr if there is a night of sleep Is not seen after 12 hr without sleep, or after 48 hr with no sleep the first night Baseline Training Trials Post-training (lasting 12 mins)

3 Sleep 1 st 1 st 24-Hour Improvement Day 1 Day 2 Day 1 Day 2 S L E E P S L E E P n=1 S L E E P S L E E P 12hrs 1AM 12hrs 1AM 12hrs 12hrs 1AM = p<.5 = p<.5 Improvement is seen after sleep Seen over 12, 24, or 48 hr if there is a night of sleep Is not seen after 12 hr without sleep, or after 48 hr with no sleep the first night New sequence can produce interference Only affects overnight improvement Seen at 1 but not at 6 hr or 24 hr n=19 Interference With Sleep-Dependent Consolidation S L E E P S L E E P = 2 nd Seq. learned (Seq.2) = p<.5 = p<.5 No Interference at 6 Hr No Interference at 24 Hr n=1 S L E E P S L E E P n=11 S L E E P S L E E P 1AM 6hrs 4PM 21hrs = 2 nd Seq. learned (Seq.2) = 2 nd Seq. learned (Seq.2) = p<.5 = p< = p<.5 = p<.5

4 Improvement is seen after sleep Seen over 12, 24, or 48 hr if there is a night of sleep Is not seen after 12 hr without sleep, or after 48 hr with no sleep the first night New sequence can produce interference Only affects overnight improvement Seen at 1 but not at 6 hr or 24 hr Seen at 24 hr with reactivation, but effect only seen over next night n= Relabilization Following Retrieval S L E E P S L E E P = 2 nd Seq. learned (Seq.2) = p<.5 = p<.5 Sleep and Memory Disorders Dara Manoach Ed Pace-Schott Bob Malison Sequences/3 sec Schizophrenics Learn, but the don t Learn Day 1, Trial 15.3% Day 2, Trial Is Category Learning Sleep-Dependent? 1 % Correct 5 n=12; PD mild, medicated, no dementia Day 1 Day 2 Blocks (of 5 trials) Day 3 Control Parkinson s (Shohamy, Gluck et al) Associative Memory is Altered During Sleep Attention Randy O Reilly: Top-down biasing on posterior cortex tasks?? Semantic Priming paper thief right wrong (6 ms) wrong wrong (58 ms) (56 ms) Cindi Rittenhouse Jen Holmes Beth Schirmer Lauri Scott

5 Semantic Priming msec 3 1 Weak Strong Episodic Memories are NOT Replayed in (most) Dreams.1 PM.1.17 N Two-week dream journals Magdelena Fosse Roar Fosse Dream Sources & Episodic Replay Criterion Subjects Reports Elements All reports with content Elements with waking sources (1%) Episodic sources (4%) + conserved location (1%) + other conserved features (3%) + judged episodic replays (1-2%) New Experiences are Replayed at Sleep Onset Hypnagogic dreams April Malia Denise Maguire David Roddenberry Karen Emberger Laura Babkes Alpine Racer II Skiing imagery l 14 out of 16 players (88%) l 42% of first night reports contain skiing imagery l 3 out of 3 controls who only watched Kinesthetic imagery l 11 players (69%) l 1 control (33%)

6 Alpine Racer Images Delayed Onset Reporting I keep seeing all the places where I fall- like, hit the walls. It s kind of annoying; and then my legs fly up in the air. (SEC) I can sort of feel the motions of the game but more not really seeing it. (MLC) I envisioned myself skiing, and for a second there it felt like I was skiing backwards - something I used to attempt when I was younger. (CMD) Standard protocol Delayed onset REPORTS } REPORTS } Math problems Delayed Onset Reports "I felt as though I was falling downhill. And I was dreaming about like instructions to a young king or something." (JAV, rpt 4) "I felt like I was sort of sliding downhill again. And, um... there were instructions and a person and uh, I don't know." (JAV, rpt 6) "I was having a rather vivid image as though I was moving forward through some kind of a forest... I was moving forward very stiffly. Um, my entire upper body was incredibly straight... it felt almost as if I was moving forward on a conveyor belt, and, without my legs actually moving." (MAM, rpt 8) There was a squirrel making skiing motions Conclusion I used to glibly say that everyone knows sleep is involved in memory processing, except people studying sleep and people studying memory. This has changed,but often begrudgingly. If I could convince you of one thing today, it would be that the cutting edge of memory research is now bound up with the question of sleep. This is not the only place where exciting memory research is occurring, but it represents an area where finding questions are being answered that we didn t even know to ask. And this is the best kind of place to be. Improvement (ms) 1 Daytime Overnight interval (h)

7 Training Improvement Correlates with Early SWS and Late SWS 1 v = SWS 1 x 4 4 Improvement (ms) r =.89 p < SWS 1 x 4 Naps, SWS, & Fatigue and Napping Overtraining on TDT Dan Luskin Sara Mednick Neha Pathak Alicia Levin Improvement (ms) (n=28) -SWS - no nap 6 nap 9 nap (n=13) (n=2) +SWS - (n=13) (n=17) +SWS + Big Ones l How are episodic and other declarative memories processed during sleep? l What roll do emotions play in regulating sleep-dependent memory processes? l How are associative memory networks altered, both temporarily and more permanently during sleep? l What roll does sleep play in the development of hippocampus-independent memories? l How are emotionally charged memories selectively reactivated prior to sleep onset? l And what about dreams? Dreams l How does dreaming (and/or the biological processes subserving it) affect memory systems? l What classes of memories are activated during dreaming? Why aren t t episodic memories reactivated? Does a failure of this suppression contribute to PTSD? l How are memories selected and how are associated memories subsequently used to construct a dream? l What function(s) are the brain pursuing during dreaming? What happens when we sleep on a problem? How dependent is the maintenance of our larger memory systems on these brain processes which produce dreaming?

8 The Chemistry and Physiology of the Brain Change Across the Night I/ II III IV A Good Night s Sleep Sleep onset SWS sleep Stage 2 N 11 PM 1 AM 3 AM 5 AM 7 AM Sleep Physiology EEG Stage 2 Stage 4 Neuromodulation Varies Across the -Sleep Cycle Active Quiet SWS EOG Stage 1 Stage 2 EMG Stage 4 2 sec ACh NE 5-HT Ach: acetylcholine NE: norepinephrine (noradrenalin) 5HT: serotonin Regional Activation in Sleep Hippocampal-Neocortical Dialog Neocortex Hippocampus

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