A 2015 multi-site field study on the effects of seed treatment on soybean yield and Soybean Cyst Nematode reproduction

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1 A 2015 multi-site field study on the effects of seed treatment on soybean yield and Soybean Cyst Nematode reproduction Bruce Potter 1, Senyu Chen 2, Phil Glogoza 1, Dean Malvick 2, and Ryan Miller 1 Figure 1. Locations of 2015 study sites. Red - Southern varieties, Black - Northern varieties. The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is a serious pest of Minnesota soybean and has been managed with crop rotation and soybean varieties with resistance to SCN. This approach is becoming less effective, however, because SCN populations virulent on (able to reproduce on and damage) SCN resistant soybeans are increasingly widespread. Virulence on the PI resistance source is the most common, but numerous field populations virulent on Peking or both PI88788 and Peking resistance sources have been observed. The frequency of populations virulent SCN populations has increased in Minnesota. Based on field collected samples, the percentage of SCN populations virulent on PI88788 increased from 13.6% to 72.4 % between and surveys. Those virulent on Peking increased from 3.4% to 15% over the same period (Chen, et al. 2011). Therefore, effective chemical or biological complements to resistant varieties would be helpful to soybean growers SCN management programs. Seed applied pesticides for soybeans are being developed and marketed at an increasing rate. One of these is the bacterium Pasteuria nishizawae, a biological nematicide and a component of seed treatment, Syngenta Crop Protection. 1 University of Minnesota Extension 2 University of Minnesota Dept. of Plant Pathology 3 University of Minnesota Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Genetics The Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion Council funded a project to provide geographically and environmentally robust data on the potential efficacy of for SCN management. One objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of this new biological nematicide on soybean yield, including potential interactions with SCN host plant resistance, environment, and an

2 insecticide plus fungicide combination. A second objective was to determine if affects SCN reproduction. Here we report the results obtained in A detailed report on the 2014 project can be found here: soybean-clariva-seed-treatment.pdf Methods The study was located at 11 University of Minnesota Soybean Breeding Project sites throughout the soybean growing area of Minnesota. These sites varied by geography, soil type, long-term field histories, SCN populations and planting date. Based on site location, a northern or southern set of soybean varieties was used (Figure 1). At each site, a plot planter was used to plant four replications of each seed treatment on several soybean varieties. Individual treatment plots were 12-foot long. An exception was one of the SW MN sites where 30' plots were used. Plots were four 30- inch rows wide in the southern sites and one northern site and eight 10-inch rows wide in the remaining northern sites. The southern sites were planted from May 5 to May 28 and the northern sites from May 26 to June 6. An SCN susceptible variety (NK S22-F8 southern sites, NK S06-R9 northern sites) and a PI88788 SCN resistant variety (NK S22-S1 southern, NK S08-G1 northern) were planted at each site. For each variety, seed treatments in order of decreasing complexity and cost were: complete + Mertect fungicide,, Maxx + Vibrance fungicide (an insecticide/fungicide counterpart to without the ), Maxx, or untreated (Table 1). Syngenta Crop Protection supplied the treated and untreated seed for each variety. The treated and untreated seeds were of the same seed lot for each variety. Soil samples for fertility and SCN populations were taken from the center two rows of each plot at planting. SCN samples were also taken from the center two rows of each plot at soybean maturity. The SCN reproduction factor (Rf) was determined by dividing end of season SCN populations (Pf) by initial populations (Pi). Soybean aphid populations were scouted and treated for aphids when populations in any individual plots reached economic threshold. A plot combine was used to obtain yields from the center rows of each plot. The factorial design of this experiment (2 varieties x 5 seed treatments) allowed us to examine the contributions of both SCN resistance and seed treatments to soybean yield and SCN populations across multiple environments. The ILeVO comparison in the southern locations was analyzed separately. Results After the first week of May, the spring rains of 2015 created challenges to planting soybeans on a timely basis. SCN infestation uniformity was a challenge, particularly in the northern sites where the portion of the field where the trials were located had much lower SCN populations than expected. Because both seed treatments contained several fungicides and an insecticide, assigning yield benefits to a particular insect or disease was expected to be difficult.

3 We used a conservative (alpha = 0.05) level to detect significant differences in yield and SCN reproduction. Using a less conservative alpha value did not change interpretations of yield differences. Yield In 2015, 5 of 11 sites showed a significant yield difference by variety. In the south, these differences were the SCN resistant variety out yielding the susceptible in sites with SCN present. In the north, at a single site in Swift County with a low SCN population, the SCN resistant variety yielded less than the susceptible. As expected, there was an interaction between varietal yield differences and site where resistant varieties were most likely to yield more as compared with susceptible varieties in SCN infested sites. Similar to results obtained in 2014, significant yield responses to any seed treatment compared to the untreated controls, were not common in In 2015, varieties with seed treatments yielded significantly more than untreated seeds at only one site (Table 2). When yield data were normalized and analyzed across all sites, an interaction between variety and seed treatment on yield was observed (Table 3). The resistant varieties showed a yield response to all seed treatments but the susceptible varieties did not. The addition of extra fungicides or did not increase yield over Maxx, the base fungicide+insecticide combination (Figure 2). Stand differences between seed treatments were not observed. At the time sites received insecticide applications, individual plots were at or above economic threshold but significant differences in aphid populations by seed treatments were not observed. However, the possibility that the yield responses to seed treatments were due to seed/seedling pathogens or insects cannot be ruled out because there was not a treatment with insecticide alone or fungicide without insecticide. SCN populations SCN populations are extremely variable within fields, even within relatively small areas, and these data were no exception. However, some consistent trends were observed. The SCN resistant variety significantly (alpha=0.05) reduced nematode reproductive rates as compared to the susceptible at 6 of the 11 sites where SCN was detected. Seed treatments did not change SCN reproduction compared to untreated seed. Summary Results were similar to those observed in Variety selection has an impact on yield and SCN reproduction. Where seed treatments yielded more than the untreated variety, the addition of Vibrance fungicide, nematicide, or Mertect fungicide did not increase yield above that of Maxx (the base fungicide plus insecticide) and all seed treatment combinations yielded similar. Other work ILeVO, Bayer CropScience, seed treatment has shown field efficacy against soybean sudden death syndrome and is labeled for SCN control. At the southern locations, this study was expanded in 2015 to

4 look at the potential yield and SCN reproduction effects of ILeVO. These results were analyzed separately because a different variety was used. None of the study sites had sudden death syndrome symptoms and no significant responses to ILeVO for yield or SCN reproduction were observed. References: Chen, S. (ed.), J. Kurle, D. Malvick, B. Potter, and J. Orf Soybean Cyst Nematode Management Guide. University of Minnesota Extension Publ. St. Paul, MN. 26pp. ( Products are mentioned for illustrative purposes only. Their inclusion does not mean endorsement and their absence does not imply disapproval. 2016, Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. The University of Minnesota Extension is an equal opportunity educator and employer. Untreated Apron Maxim Vibrance Mertect Thiamethoxam Mefoxanam Fludioxonil Sedaxane P. nishizawae Thiabendazole Maxx * Maxx w/ Vibrance * + Mertect * Table 1. Seed treatment combinations used in both northern and southern locations. SCN Yield Bu/acre Bu/acre Bu/acre Bu/acre Bu/acre Variety Pi Maxx + + Site North/South rating* Prob(F) None Maxx Vibrance Mertec Becker South Lamberton( Non-infested) South Lamberton (Infested) South Fairfax South Waseca (Non-infested) South Waseca (infested) South Danvers North Calloway North TRF North Gary North Downer North *SCN Pi rating (eggs): 1= <50 2 = = > > SCN Pf/Pi (Reproductive Factor) = SCN final egg density (plot)/initial SCN egg density (replicate mean) Table 2. Effect of seed treatments on soybean yield.

5 Yield SCN Reproduction Multi-site Factorial ANOVA P(f) / P(i) * 2015 p (F) p (F) SITE VARIETY (SCN RES.) < SEED TRT SITE * VARIETY (SCN RES.) < SITE * SEED TRT VARIETY (SCN RES. ) * SEED TRT SITE* VARIETY (SCN RES.) * SEED TRT * final SCN egg population / initial SCN egg population (replication mean) 1 Untreated yield less than seed treatments, all of which yielded similar Table 3. Factorial Analysis of Variance for variety (SCN resistance) and seed treatment effect on soybean yield and SCN reproduction. 110 ab a abc ab 100 d cd bcd d bcd abcd YEILD (% mean yield) & SEM SCN RESISTANT VARIETIES SCN SUSCEPTIBLE VARIETIES Untreated Maxx Maxx + Vibrance Untreated + Mertect Maxx Maxx + Vibrance + Mertect Figure 2. Effect of seed treatment on soybean yield. Yield significantly different (p = 0.05) when letters above bars are different.

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