Sleep, circadian rhythms, and cognitive function. Rebecca M. C. Spencer, PhD Associate Professor of Psychological & Brain Sciences

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1 Sleep, circadian rhythms, and cognitive function Rebecca M. C. Spencer, PhD Associate Professor of Psychological & Brain Sciences

2 Current funding: Disclosures University of Massachusetts National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung & Blood Institute (NIH R01 HL111695) National Institute on Aging (NIH R01 AG040133) Other financial relationships: Past funding from: Avery Dennison, Jawbone Conflicts of interest: National Institute on Aging and University of Massachusetts funds contributed directly to the work presented in this talk.

3 Significance Sleep impairments are prevalent in normal aging Cognitive impairments (e.g., long-term memory, executive functions) are prevalent as well Sleep Cognition Sleep Efficiency Total Sleep Time Z-score Age Age

4 Significance Sleep impairments are prevalent in normal aging Cognitive impairments (e.g., long-term memory, executive functions) are prevalent as well Parallel trajectories with aging and evidence from young adults suggest that age-related changes in sleep and cognition may be related If so, sleep may be a target for improving cognitive function in older adults.

5 Chronotype changes with age State-of-the-art knowledge Percent evening-type Percent morning-type a b c d Age (yrs) 0

6 State-of-the-art knowledge Shift in chronotype affects performance Alertness Alertness Young adult Older adult Peak alertness: Reaction time Inhibitory control Working memory Recognition memory Performance is more equated when individuals are tested at their preferred time with respect to chronotype (see Schmidt et al., 2007)

7 State-of-the-art knowledge Sleep also contributes to cognitive performance Young adult decay consolidate Older adult decay?

8 State-of-the-art knowledge Sleep benefits cognition in young adults SLEEP WAKE

9 State-of-the-art knowledge Sleep benefits cognition in young adults pre post Accuracy (%) Wake Sleep

10 State-of-the-art knowledge Sleep benefits cognition in young adults Correlations between slow wave sleep (SWS) and change in declarative memory over sleep Parahippocampal gyrus activity during SWS Recall accuracy (%) SWS (%)

11 Declarative memories State-of-the-art knowledge

12 Mood regulation and emotional processing State-of-the-art knowledge

13 Procedural/skill memories State-of-the-art knowledge

14 State-of-the-art knowledge Sleep contributes to cognitive performance Young adult decay consolidate REM N Older adult decay? REM SWS SWS N1 Do changes in sleep change the function of sleep on cognition? N2 N1

15 State-of-the-art knowledge Is sleep-dependent cognitive processing reduced with age? it depends Consolidation of declarative memories largely preserved % of studies preserved reduced absent Consolidation of procedural memories Is reduced n=7 n=13 n=2 Consolidation of positive memories is preserved negative memories is absent Declarative/ SWS-dependent Procedural/ n2-dependent Emotional/ REM-dependent

16 Knowledge gaps What are the implications of the deficit in procedural memory consolidation? What activities of daily living benefit from sleep in older adults? Decisionmaking? Temporal judgments (scheduling, remembering lists)? What underlies changes in sleep s benefit on memory? Changes in a sleep stage? Neural basis of storage?

17 Research opportunities Would an intervention to improve sleep (CBT, nap intervention) improve cognitive processing? What is the relationship between the changes in circadian rhythms and sleep (and sleep stages)? How does the quality of sleep stages change with aging?

18 Thank you. Cognition & Action Lab Cognition & Action Lab

19 State-of-the-art knowledge Is sleep-dependent cognitive processing reduced with age? it depends Absent Reduced Spared Declarative Procedural Emotional 9 9 neg pos

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