SYSTEMATIC REVIEW PROTOCOL
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1 Effectiveness of Silexan oral lavender essential oil compared to inhaled lavender essential oil aromatherapy on sleep in adults: a systematic review protocol Martha J. Greenberg 1,2 Jason T. Slyer 1,2 1 Pace University, College of Health Professions, New York, New York, USA, 2 The Northeast Institute for Evidence Synthesis and Translation (NEST): a Joanna Briggs Institute Center of Excellence Review objective: The objective of this review is to identify the effectiveness of Silexan oral lavender essential oil compared to inhaled lavender essential oil aromatherapy on sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep quality, disturbed sleep and anxiety in adult patients. Keywords Disturbed sleep; insomnia; lavender oil; Silexan; sleep JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep 2017; 15(4): Background T he inability to fall asleep (sleep latency), to stay asleep or wake too early before having got enough sleep (sleep duration) is referred to as insomnia. It is a recognized disorder clinically defined as the difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or nonrestorative sleep. 1(p.1373) It is a common problem affecting the adult population worldwide. In the United States (US), 10% of the adult population is affected by insomnia. 1 Europe has about 32,746 million people affected by insomnia, with the highest prevalence in France. 2 In a study across seven European countries (Czech Republic, France, Finland, Germany, England, the Netherlands and Italy) and Israel, the prevalence of insomnia was 24% in Eight Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites in Africa and Asia Agincourt (South Africa), Ifakara (Tanzania), Nairobi (Kenya), Navrongo (Ghana), FilaBavi (Vietnam), Matlab (Bangladesh), Purworejo (Indonesia) and Vadu (India) reported that 16.6% of adults had nocturnal sleep problems. 3 About 10 20% of the adult global population currently uses sleeping pills or tranquilizers to relieve insomnia and other sleep disorders. 4 Medications to aid sleeping are often sold over the counter, including antihistamines (e.g. diphenhydramine) or pain pills (e.g. acetaminophen). Since Correspondence: Martha J. Greenberg, mgreenberg@pace.edu There is no conflict of interest in this project. DOI: /JBISRIR antihistamines can cause lingering grogginess and have anti-cholinergic effects that may be contraindicated in a variety of health conditions, many healthcare providers prescribe sedative-hypnotic drugs or tranquilizers for sleep assistance. The most commonly prescribed drugs through the 1990s were benzodiazepines. Because of many problems associated with benzodiazepines, non-benzodiazepines (e.g. zolpidem and zaleplon) became popular in the early 1990s. Today, zolpidem is the 10th bestselling prescription drug worldwide 5 and the top-selling sleeping pill in the US with more than 26.5 million prescriptions written. 6 While prescribed sleeping medications can be useful in some cases, their use should be limited, particularly benzodiazepines, which are associated with dependence. 7 Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics such as zolpidem have adverse events similar to those of benzodiazepines, especially in older adults and show minimal improvement in sleep latency and duration. 10 While newer drugs are thought to cause fewer side effects than their benzodiazepine predecessors, the newer compounds can cause a myriad of serious problems such as confusion, aggression, hallucination, daytime drowsiness and dizziness leading to injury, 8 especially when used in combination with other antidepressant medications or alcohol. 6 The risk of falls in older adults increases with the number and types of drugs taken, with psychoactive drugs the most commonly reported as increasing fall risk and related injuries. 9,10 The use of zolpidem by adults aged 65 years and over was associated with JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports ß 2017 THE JOANNA BRIGGS INSTITUTE 961
2 almost two times the risk of fracturing a hip and may be associated with risks similar to those associated with benzodiazepine use in older patients. 8 Current clinical guidelines for older adults advocate that nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics be limited to short-term use (<90 days) only on a case-by-case basis. 10 Providers should refrain from prescribing antihistamines to older adults and educate patients on their lack of proven efficacy and potential for significant adverse effects. 10 Any type of benzodiazepines (short and intermediate acting) for treatment of insomnia should be avoided in adults aged over 65 years. 10 Since there are prescribed and over-the-counter use of sleeping pills by older adults, especially during hospitalization, with concomitant adverse effects, it is important to identify safer sleep aid regimens or treatments for this population. One such nonpharmacologic sleep aid is lavender essential oil, which can be delivered orally or by aromatherapy. Aromatherapy is documented as an integrative therapy and tool of holistic nursing and is defined as the therapeutic use of essential oils from plants for the enhancement of physical, emotional and spiritual wellbeing. Aromatherapy is administered through cutaneous (e.g. massage), oral (e.g. pill or tea) or nasal (e.g. electronic diffuser, nasal inhaler and cotton balls infused with oil placed near the head while sleeping or resting) routes. There are over 200 species of lavender (Lavenula) reported to exist. Its essential oil is produced by steam-distillation of the flowering heads and leaves of the plant. Key active constituents of the oil are linalyl acetate and linalool. The true mode of action of fragrance aromatherapy remains somewhat speculative with effects being attributed to physiologic (amygdala) and psychologic (associations to an aroma) responses. 13 Animal studies report a possible sedative effect as linalool acts on gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) pathways, inhibiting binding of GABA and a depressant effect on neurotransmission. 11 Lavandula angustifolia essential oil has anxiolytic properties that may improve sleep and reduce anxiety in animals and humans, without the potential for adverse reactions or side effects of conventional hypnotics and anxiolytics Studies have found that inhaled lavender improved sleep duration in benzodiazepine-withdrawing patients, 15 hospitalized elderly patients 16 and middle-aged women with insomnia. 14 Inhaled lavender was also found to improve sleep quality in patients with ischemic heart disease. 17 Oral lavender essential oil was found to improve the duration and quality of sleep without causing sedative side effects in patients with subsyndromal anxiety. 18 Silexan is an oral, patented active substance produced from the essential oil of L. angustifolia (true lavender) flowers. Dosage ranges from 80 to 160 mg of the Silexan supplement containing approximately 35% linalool and 51% linalyl acetate. 12 Silexan has been shown to have a beneficial effect on anxiety and disturbed sleep. 14 A search of MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), the Joanna Briggs Institute Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews identified two review articles. 19,20 One review included seven studies of Silexan use conducted prior to The studies included in this review compared the use of Silexan to another drug or placebo and conclude that Silexan was more effective than placebo and as effective as lorazepam in patients with anxiety disorders. 14 A critical appraisal of the methodological quality of this review revealed no comprehensive, systematic search process to identify studies for inclusion and no appraisal of the methodological quality of the included studies. Another review included 15 randomized trials published prior to 2010 that evaluated the use of any form of lavender aromatherapy preparation on anxiety. 20 Seven of the included studies showed some benefit of lavender over the control (placebo, paroxetine or lorazepam) for outcomes measured. No studies were included in these reviews that compared the effects of Silexan with inhaled lavender essential oil aromatherapy. The current systematic review aims to synthesize the best available evidence on the effectiveness of Silexan oral lavender essential oil compared with inhaled lavender essential oil aromatherapy on sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep quality, disturbed sleep and anxiety in adult patients. Silexan is a new formulation (circa 2010) currently being produced in Germany and researched there and in Europe. It is not readily available worldwide, but inhaled lavender is. If lavender essential oil aromatherapy can be shown to be as effective as Silexan, the use of aromatherapy may be promoted in markets where Silexan is not available to improve sleep an anxiety in adult patients. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports ß 2017 THE JOANNA BRIGGS INSTITUTE 962
3 Inclusion criteria Types of participants The current review will consider studies that include all adult patients, aged 18 years and over, regardless of comorbidities or setting. Studies that include children under the age of 18 years and pregnant and/or lactating women will be excluded. Type of intervention The current review will consider studies that evaluate the use of Silexan oral lavender essential oil therapy of any dosage and duration. Comparator The current review will consider studies that use inhaled lavender essential oil aromatherapy of any dosage and duration as a comparator. Outcomes The current review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep quality and disturbed sleep as measured by valid and reliable tools measuring sleep disturbance such as the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The PSQI is a 19-item self-reported questionnaire that evaluates sleep quality over the past month and produces seven sleep components related to sleep routines, including period of sleep, sleep disruption, sleep latency, habitual sleep efficiency, use of sleep medicine, daytime dysfunction due to sleepiness and overall sleep quality. 21 Each sleep element produces a score ranging from 0 to 3, with 3 indicating the greatest dysfunction. The sleep element scores are added to give a global sleep quality score, ranging from 0 to 21. The higher the score, the greater the indication of poor sleep quality during the prior month. Based on the literature, a global score of >5 is classified as a poor sleeper and a score of 5, a good sleeper. The current review will also consider studies that include the outcome of anxiety as measured by valid and reliable tools such as the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), 22 the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) 23 or the Becks Anxiety Inventory (BAI). 24 The STAI is a commonly used measure of trait and state anxiety. It is a 40-item unidimensional scale that can be used in clinical settings to diagnose anxiety and to distinguish it from depressive syndromes. Half of the items measure situational or state anxiety (STAI-S) and the other half measure underlying or trait anxiety (STAI-T). Responses to STAI-S items indicate intensity of feeling on a 1 4 scale, from not at all through somewhat, moderately so, to very much so. The STAI-T items question how you generally feel and the response scale indicates frequency: almost never, sometimes, often and almost always. The HAMA is a 14-item scale that measures the severity of anxiety symptoms, each defined by a series of symptoms and measures both psychic anxiety (mental agitation and psychological distress) and somatic anxiety (physical complaints related to anxiety). Each item is scored on a scale of 0 (not present) to 4 (severe), with a total score range of 0 56, where <17 indicates mild severity, mild-to-moderate severity and moderate-to-severe. The BAI is a 21-item scale, with scores for each item ranging from 0 to 3. Each item is descriptive of subjective, somatic or panic-related symptoms of anxiety. The BAI is a valid and reliable scale that has been found to discriminate well between anxious and nonanxious diagnostic groups in a variety of clinical populations. Types of studies The current review will consider both experimental and epidemiological study designs, including randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies, before and after studies, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, case-control studies and analytical cross-sectional studies for inclusion. Descriptive and qualitative studies will be excluded from this review. Search strategy The search strategy aims to find both published and unpublished studies. A three-step search strategy will be utilized in this review. An initial limited search of MEDLINE and CINAHL will be undertaken followed by analysis of the text words contained in the title and abstract, and of the index terms used to describe the article. A second search using all identified keywords and index terms will then be undertaken across all included databases. Third, the reference list of all identified reports and articles will be searched for additional studies. Studies published in English will be considered for inclusion in this review. Studies published between 2010 and the present date will be considered for inclusion in this JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports ß 2017 THE JOANNA BRIGGS INSTITUTE 963
4 review, as Silexan is a new formulary that was formulated in and first appeared in clinical studies in ,25 This timeframe was selected to capture all studies evaluating the use of Silexan on sleep and anxiety-related sleep disturbances. The databases to be searched include: PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and EMBASE. The search for unpublished studies will include: ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis and New York Academy of Medicine. Initial keywords to be used will be: Silexan, lavender oil, sleep, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep quality, disturbed sleep and anxiety. Assessment of methodological quality Papers selected for retrieval will be assessed by two independent reviewers for methodological validity prior to inclusion in the review using standardized critical appraisal instruments from the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-MAStARI) (Appendix I). Any disagreements that arise between the reviewers will be resolved through discussion or with a third reviewer. Data extraction Data will be extracted from papers included in the review by two independent reviewers using the standardized data extraction tool from JBI-MAStARI (Appendix II). The data extracted will include specific details about the interventions, populations, study methods and outcomes of significance to the review question and specific objectives. Reviewers will attempt to contact study authors to seek missing data or provide clarity in reported results. Data synthesis Quantitative data will, where possible, be pooled in statistical meta-analysis using JBI-MAStARI. All results will be subject to double data entry. Effect sizes expressed as odds ratio (for categorical data) and weighted mean differences (for continuous data) and their 95% confidence intervals will be calculated for analysis. Heterogeneity will be assessed statistically using the standard Chi-square and also explored using subgroup analyses based on the different study designs included in this review. Where statistical pooling is not possible, the findings will be presented in narrative form including tables and figures to aid in data presentation where appropriate. References 1. Taylor JR, Vazquez CM, Campbell KM. Pharmacologic management of chronic insomnia. South Med J 2006;99(12): Gindin J, Shochat T, Chetrit A, Epstein S, Cen Israel Y, Levi S, et al. Insomnia in long-term care facilities: a comparison of seven European countries and Israel: the services and health for elderly in long term care study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014;62(11): Stranges S, Tigbe W, Gómez-Olivé FX, Thorogood M, Kandala NB. Sleep problems: an emerging global epidemic? Findings from the INDEPTH WHO-SAGE study among more than 40,000 older adults from 8 countries across Africa and Asia. Sleep 2012;35(8): Global Industry Analysts, Inc. Sleeping pills A global market report [Internet] [Cited 11 Oct 2016]. Available from: Report.asp. 5. Sleeping pills without regrets. Harv Health Lett 2004; 29(10): Saul S. Some sleeping pill users range far beyond bed. New York Times [Cited 11 Oct 2016]. Available from: pagewanted=all#. 7. Antai-Otong D. Risks and benefits of non-benzodiazepine receptor agonists in the treatment of acute primary insomnia in older adults. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2006;42(3): Sleeping pills: are they worth the risk? Consum Rep 2006;71(9): Beers R, Berkow R. Merck manual of geriatrics. West Point, PA: Merck & Co; American Geriatrics Society 2012 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society updated Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2012;60(4): Huang L, Abuhamdah S, Howes MJ, Dixon CL, Elliot MS, Ballard C, et al. Pharmacological profile of essential oils derived from Lavandula angustifolia and Melissa officinalis with anti-agitation properties: focus on ligand-gated channels. J Pharm Pharmacol 2008;60(11): Hudson R. The value of lavender for rest and activity in the elderly patient. Complement Ther Med 1996;4(1): Kirk-Smith M. The psychological effects of lavender II: scientific and clinical evidence. Int J Aromather 2003; 13(2 3): Lewith GT, Godfrey AD, Prescott P. A single-blinded randomized pilot study evaluating the aroma of Lavandula angustifolia as a treatment for mild insomnia. J Altern Complement Med 2005;11(4): Hardy M, Kirk-Smith M, Stretch DD. Replacement of drug treatment for insomnia by ambient odor. Lancet 1995; 346(8976):701. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports ß 2017 THE JOANNA BRIGGS INSTITUTE 964
5 16. Hudson R. The value of lavender for rest and activity in the elderly patient. Complement Ther Med 1995; 4(1): Moeini M, Khadibi M, Bekhradi R, Mohmoudian SA, Nazari F. Effect of aromatherapy on the quality of sleep in ischemic heart disease patients hospitalized in intensive care units of heart hospitals of the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 2010; 15(4): Kasper S, Gastpar M, Müller WE, Volz HP, Möller HJ, Dienel A, et al. Silexan, an orally administered Lavandula oil preparation, is effective in the treatment of subsyndromal anxiety disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2010;25(5): Kasper S. An orally administered lavandula oil preparation (Silexan) for anxiety disorder and related conditions: an evidence based review. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2013;17(Suppl 1): Perry R, Terry R, Watson LK, Ernst E. Is lavender an anxiolytic drug? A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Phytomedicine 2012;19(8 9): Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI): a new instrument for psychiatric research and practice. Psychiatr Res 1989;28(2): Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene R, Vagg PR, Jacobs GA. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; Hamilton M. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. Br J Med Psychol 1959;3(2): Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol 1988;56(6): Woelk H, Schläfke S. A multi-center, double-blind, randomised study of the lavender oil preparation Silexan in comparison to lorazepam for generalized anxiety disorder. Phytomedicine 2010;17(2):94 9. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports ß 2017 THE JOANNA BRIGGS INSTITUTE 965
6 Appendix I: Appraisal instruments MAStARI appraisal instrument JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports ß 2017 THE JOANNA BRIGGS INSTITUTE 966
7 JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports ß 2017 THE JOANNA BRIGGS INSTITUTE 967
8 JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports ß 2017 THE JOANNA BRIGGS INSTITUTE 968
9 Appendix II: Data extraction instruments MAStARI data extraction instrument JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports ß 2017 THE JOANNA BRIGGS INSTITUTE 969
10 JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports ß 2017 THE JOANNA BRIGGS INSTITUTE 970
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