Index. sleep.theclinics.com. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.

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1 Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Accidents, risk of, with insufficient sleep, 318 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), comorbid with narcolepsy, Actigraphy, in narcolepsy diagnosis, 275 Alcohol, hypersomnias caused by, 200 Amphetamines, in hypersomnia treatment, 337 Animal models, of pathophysiology of narcolepsy, Antidepressants, hypersomnias caused by, 199 Antiepileptic drugs, hypersomnias caused by, 200 Antihistamines, hypersomnias caused by, Antihypertensive drugs, hypersomnias caused by, 200 Antipsychotics, hypersomnias caused by, 199 Anxiety, in narcolepsy, 272 Anxiolytics, hypersomnias caused by, 199 Apnea. See Obstructive sleep apnea. Appetite, comorbid dysregulation in narcolepsy, compulsive eating in Kleine-Levin syndrome, Armodafinil, in hypersomnia treatment, 337 Arousal, dopamine neurotransmission and, 184 regulatory mechanisms of sleep and, Autoimmune disorders, of nervous system, hypersomnia and, Autoimmunity, in pathophysiology of narcolepsy, Automatic behavior, in narcolepsy, 271 B Behavioral management, of hypersomnia, age considerations in, older adults, young adults, 326 cognitive-behavioral intervention for, 329 in context of parent disorder, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, idiopathic hypersomnia, 288, 327 narcolepsy, 327, sleep apnea, 327 unipolar and bipolar depression, options for, distracting technologies, 326 exercise, napping, 326 Sleep Med Clin 7 (2012) doi: /s x(12) X/12/$ see front matter Ó 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. sleep diaries, 325 sleep hygiene, 326 Behaviorally induced insufficient sleep syndrome, , consequences of sleep deprivation, neurobehavioral effects, physiologic effects, risk of accidents, 317 sleep architecture and physiologic sleepiness, 316 epidemiology of, factors affecting risk of and adaptation to insufficient sleep, in differential diagnosis of hypersomnias, management, 320 Biomarkers, of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias, basic sleep physiology and symptoms of, changes in other neurotransmitter systems in, discovery of hypocretin deficiency in, histamine and, hyprocretin involvement in symptomatic, hyprocretin ligand and narcolepsy phenotype, neurobiology of wakefulness, pathophysiology with normal hyprocretin levels, 238 Bipolar depression, behavioral management of, Brain injury, secondary neurogenic hypersomnia after traumatic, 257 Brainstem lesions, hypersomnia as a consequence of, Breathing disorders, sleep-related, in differential diagnosis of hypersomnias, C Caffeine, in hypersomnia treatment, 337 Cardiovascular disease, as consequence of hypersomnia in older adults, 373 Cataplexy, in narcolepsy, in children, 269 Central nervous system (CNS) hypersomnia Kleine-Levin syndrome. See Kleine-Levin syndrome. narcolepsy. See Narcolepsy. sleep.theclinics.com

2 392 Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), hypocretin measurement in, , Children. See Pediatrics. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders, behavioral management of, physical examination in patients with hypersomnia and, Civil liability, for inappropriate situational sleepiness, Cluster headaches, in narcolepsy, 297 Cognitive dysfunction, comorbid, in narcolepsy, Cognitive-behavioral intervention, for hypersomnia, 329 Comorbidities, associated with hypersomnia in older adults, medical factors and medications, sleep disorders, of CNS hypersomnia, in Kleine-Levin syndrome, 299 in narcolepsy, Compulsive eating, in Kleine-Levin syndrome, Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), in management of hypersomnia in sleep apnea, 327 Criminal liability, for inappropriate situational sleepiness, Cytokines, hypersomnia associated with immune system activation, D Daytime sleepiness. See Hypersomnia. Delayed sleep phase disorder, in children, Dementia, as consequence of hypersomnia in older adults, Depression, as consequence of hypersomnia in older adults, 373 behavioral management of unipolar and bipolar, Diabetes mellitus, comorbid, in narcolepsy, Diagnosis, differential. See Differential diagnosis. Diaries, sleep, in behavioral management of hypersomnia, 325 Differential diagnosis, of hypersomnias, behaviorally induced insufficient sleep syndrome, caused by medical conditions, infectious disorders, 201 metabolic or endocrine disorders, neurologic causes, caused by medications and drugs, alcohol, 200 antidepressants, 199 antiepileptics, 200 antihistamines, antihypertensive drugs, 200 antipsychotics, 199 anxiolytics, 199 dopamine agonists, 200 hypnotics, 199 pain medications, 200 idiopathic, long sleeper, 193 narcolepsy, recurrent, Kleine-Levin syndrome, menstrual-related, sleep-related breathing disorders, Distracting techniques, in behavioral management of hypersomnia, 326 Dopamine, neurotransmission and arousal, 184 Dopamine agonists, hypersomnias caused by, 200 Driving, impaired due to inappropriate situational sleepiness, civil liability for, criminal liability for, in commercial motor vehicle drivers, legal context, in Europe, 361 in US, Drugs. See also Pharmacotherapy. inappropriate situational sleepiness due to, legal consequences of, E Eating, compulsive, in Kleine-Levin syndrome, Elderly patients. See Older adults. Endocrine disorders, comorbid, in narcolepsy, hypersomnia secondary to, Epilepsy, secondary neurogenic hypersomnia after, Epworth sleepiness scale, Examination, physical. See Physical examination. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). See Hypersomnias. Exercise, in behavioral management of hypersomnia, F Falls, in elderly patients with hypersomnia, Fibromyalgia, comorbid with narcolepsy, 297 G Geriatrics. See Older adults. H Hallucinations, in narcolepsy, 269 Headache syndromes, in narcolepsy,

3 393 Health-related quality of life. See Quality of life. Histamine, hypersomnia and insufficiency of, interaction with hypocretin in narcolepsy, 244 narcolepsy associated with decreased histaminergic neurotransmission, HLA typing, in narcolepsy diagnosis, 275 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), comorbid with narcolepsy, Hypersomnia, behavioral management of, age considerations in, cognitive-behavioral intervention for, 329 in context of parent disorder, options for, behaviorally induced insufficient sleep, comorbidities of central nervous system, in Kleine-Levin syndrome, 299 in narcolepsy, cognitive dysfunction, endocrine and metabolic dysregulation, headache syndromes, HIV/AIDS and other infections, psychiatric disorders, psychosocial, differential diagnosis, behaviorally induced insufficient sleep syndrome, caused by medical conditions, infectious disorders, 201 metabolic or endocrine disorders, neurologic causes, caused by medications and drugs, idiopathic, long sleeper, 193 narcolepsy, recurrent, Kleine-Levin syndrome, menstrual-related, sleep-related breathing disorders, idiopathic, , clinical features and diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, in children, challenges and opportunities, clinical assessment, consequences of daytime sleepiness in, delayed sleep phase disorder, factors predisposing to, idiopathic, 385 inadequate sleep hygiene, 382 narcolepsy, periodic hypersomnia, 382 prevalence, 379 in older patients, assessment, consequences of, demographic factors, etiology, 367 medical factors, prevalence, 366 sleep disorders and, treatment, 374 inappropriate situational sleepiness and the law, broad concepts, legal frameworks, medical conditions associated with, Kleine-Levin syndrome, , 215, 254, 299, clinical features, clinical variants, course of, demographics, 304 differential diagnosis, 308 historical note, laboratory tests, 306 pathophysiology, predisposing and precipitating factors, 304 treatment, measurement of excessive sleepiness, Epworth sleepiness scale, Karolinska sleepiness scale, 228 maintenance of wakefulness test, multiple sleep latency test, Osler test, 225 psychomotor vigilance testing, 225 Stanford sleepiness scale, 228 narcolepsy, clinical features, diagnostic classification, diagnostic tools, epidemiology, 264 neurochemistry and biomarkers of, basic sleep physiology and symptoms of, changes in other neurotransmitter systems in, discovery of hypocretin deficiency in, histamine and, hyprocretin involvement in symptomatic, hyprocretin ligand and narcolepsy phenotype, neurobiology of wakefulness, pathophysiology with normal hyprocretin levels, 238 pathophysiology, quality of life in,

4 394 Hypersomnia (continued ) neurophysiology and neurochemistry, as a consequence of brainstem lesions, associated with immune system activation, dopamine neurotransmission and arousal, 184 due to hypocretin (orexin) insufficiency, 183 histamine insufficiency and, regulatory mechanisms of arousal and sleep, pharmacotherapy of, amphetamines, 337 armodafinil, caffeine, 338 indications, measuring efficacy of stimulants, methylphenidate, 337 modafinil, physical examination of patient with, general, 206 in circadian rhythm disorders, in Kleine-Levin syndrome, 215 in narcolepsy and other central hypersomnias, in obstructive sleep apnea, in parasomnias, 215 in recurrent hypersomnias, 215 in secondary hypersomnia, 216 in sleep-related movement disorders, 215 primary and secondary neurogenic, clinical spectrum, 249 epidemiology and classification, pathophysiology and diagnostic pitfalls, 250 primary, behaviorally induced insufficient sleep syndrome, idiopathic, Kleine-Levin syndrome and recurrent, 254 narcolepsy, secondary, after stroke, after traumatic brain injury, 257 epilepsy and, infectious/autoimmune disorders of nervous system and, neuromuscular disorders and, 259 parkinsonism and, restless legs syndrome and, 258 Hypersomnolence. See Hypersomnia. Hypnotics, hypersomnias caused by, 199 Hypocretin, deficiency of, and postnatal cell death of hypocretin neurons, hypersomnia due to, 183 in idiopathic hypersomnia, 238 in narcolepsy pathophysiology, , 266 cause of deficiency, 266 I from deficiency to clinical symptoms, 267 ligand deficiency and narcolepsy phenotype, deficiency and narcoleptic phenotype, sleep regulation and, pathophysiology of narcolepsy with normal levels of, 238 in nondeficient primary hypersomnia, 238 involvement in symptomatic narcolepsy, role in Kleine-Levin syndrome, 308 Idiopathic hypersomnia, , changes in other neurotransmitter systems in, clinical features, , decreased histaminergic neurotransmission in, diagnosis, 253 differential diagnosis, 253 epidemiology, 252, hypocretin and, 238 in children, 385 in differential diagnosis of hypersomnias, pathophysiology, 253 predisposing factors, treatment, , behavioral, 288, 327 Immune system activation, hypersomnia associated cytokines and, Inappropriate situational sleepiness, and the law, broad concepts, legal frameworks, civil liability for, criminal liability for, legal context in Europe, 361 legal context in the US, medical conditions associated with, drugs, 357 in healthcare workers, 355 insufficient sleep, 355 narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, Infectious disorders, hypersomnia secondary to, 201, Insufficient sleep. See Behaviorally induced insufficient sleep. Intoxication, inappropriate situational sleepiness due to, legal consequences of, K Karolinska sleepiness scale, 228

5 395 Kleine-Levin syndrome, , 215, 254, 299, clinical features, behavioral symptoms, 305 cognitive symptoms, 305 end of episodes, 306 mental symptoms, 305 onset of episodes, 305 physical signs symptoms, 306 clinical variants, comorbidities with, 299 course of, demographics, 304 differential diagnosis, 308 historical note, in children, 383 in differential diagnosis of hypersomnias, laboratory tests, 306 pathophysiology, contribution of neuroimaging studies, 308 mood disorder and, neuropathologic data, 308 recurrence, 308 role of hypocretins, 308 physical examination in patients with, 215 predisposing and precipitating factors, 304 treatment, L Legal issues, inappropriate situational sleepiness and the law, broad concepts, legal frameworks, civil liability for, criminal liability for, legal context in Europe, 361 legal context in the US, medical conditions associated with, drugs, 357 in healthcare workers, 355 insufficient sleep, 355 narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, Liability, for inappropriate situational sleepiness, civil, criminal, Long sleep, idiopathic hypersomnia with, 284 in differential diagnosis of hypersomnias, 193 M Maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT), Medical conditions. See also Comorbidities. differential diagnosis of hypersomnias caused by, infectious disorders, 201 metabolic or endocrine disorders, neurologic causes, Medications. See Pharmacotherapy. Medicolegal issues. See Legal issues. Memory complaints, in narcolepsy, 271 Menstrual related hypersomnias, differential diagnosis, in Kleine-Levin syndrome, 307 Metabolic disorders, hypersomnia secondary to, Metabolic dysregulation, comorbid, in narcolepsy, Methylphenidate, in hypersomnia treatment, 337 Migraine headaches, in narcolepsy, Modafinil, in treatment of hypersomnia, after stroke, 255 after traumatic brain injury, 257 idiopathic, , 287 narcolepsy, 251 Monoamines, hypersomnia and, Mood disorders, in Kleine-Levin syndrome, in narcolepsy, 272 Mortality, increased risk related to hypersomnia in older adults, 374 Movement disorders, sleep-related, physical examination in patients with hypersomnia and, 215 Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), , 274, 286 N Napping, in behavioral management of hypersomnia, 326 in older adults with hypersomnia, 373 Narcolepsy, clinical features, , anxiety, 272 cataplexy, in children, 269 decreased vigilance, automatic behavior, and memory complaints, 271 disturbed nocturnal sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness, general aspects, 267 hallucinations, 269 mood disorders, 272 obesity, other psychiatric symptoms, 272 psychosocial consequences, sleep paralysis, 270 comorbidities with, cognitive dysfunction, endocrine and metabolic dysregulation, headache syndromes, HIV/AIDS and other infections, psychiatric disorders, psychosocial,

6 396 Narcolepsy (continued ) diagnostic classification, diagnostic tools, 251, clinical approach, CSF hypocretin-1 measurements, multiple sleep latency test, 274 nocturnal polysomnography, 274 other, 275 epidemiology, 195, 250, 264 in children, in differential diagnosis of hypersomnias, , 251 inappropriate situational sleepiness due to, legal consequences of, neurochemistry and biomarkers of, basic sleep physiology and symptoms of, changes in other neurotransmitter systems in, discovery of hypocretin deficiency in, histamine and, hyprocretin involvement in symptomatic, hyprocretin ligand and narcolepsy phenotype, neurobiology of wakefulness, pathophysiology with normal hyprocretin levels, 238 pathophysiology, , 251, animal models, as a hypocretin deficiency syndrome, 265 autoimmunity and, cause of hypocretin deficiency, 265 from hypocretin deficiency to clinical symptoms, 266 physical examination in patients with, quality of life in, considerations in developing indicators of, 342 measurement of, selected instruments for, 343 review of studies on, with nonpharmacologic management, treatment, 196, 251 behavioral management, 327 use of multiple sleep latency test to assess, Nervous system, hypersomnia and infectious/ autoimmune disorders of, Neurochemistry, and biomarkers of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias, basic sleep physiology and symptoms of, changes in other neurotransmitter systems in, discovery of hypocretin deficiency in, histamine and, hyprocretin involvement in symptomatic, hyprocretin ligand and narcolepsy phenotype, neurobiology of wakefulness, pathophysiology with normal hyprocretin levels, 238 and neurophysiology of hypersomnia, as a consequence of brainstem lesions, associated with immune system activation, dopamine neurotransmission and arousal, 184 due to hypocretin (orexin) insufficiency, 183 histamine insufficiency and, regulatory mechanisms of arousal and sleep, Neurogenic hypersomnias. See Hypersominias. Neuroimaging studies, in Kleine-Levin syndrome, 308 Neurologic disorders, hypersomnia secondary to, Neuromuscular disorders, hypersomnia and, 259 Neurophysiology, and neurochemistry of hypersomnia, as a consequence of brainstem lesions, associated with immune system activation, dopamine neurotransmission and arousal, 184 due to hypocretin (orexin) insufficiency, 183 histamine insufficiency and, regulatory mechanisms of arousal and sleep, Neurotransmitter system, change in, in narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia, O Obesity, in narcolepsy, Obstructive sleep apnea, CPAP for, in behavioral management of hypersomnia in, 327 in differential diagnosis of hypersomnias, inappropriate situational sleepiness due to, legal consequences of, 355 physical examination in patients with hypersomnia and, cardiopulmonary, 212 demographics, 206 dental, imaging, in specific syndromes, 214 nasal, nasopharyngeal endoscopy, 213 neck, neurologic, oropharyngeal, vital signs,

7 397 Older adults, hypersomnia in, assessment, consequences of, cardiovascular disease, 373 dementia, depression, 373 falls, functional outcomes, 372 mortality, 374 napping, 373 demographic factors, etiology, 367 medical factors, prevalence, 366 sleep disorders and, treatment, 374 Orexin, hypersomnia due to, 183 Osler test, 225 P Pain medications, hypersomnias caused by, 200 Paralysis, sleep, in narcolepsy, 270 Parasomnias, physical examination in patients with hypersomnia and, 215 Parkinsonism, secondary neurogenic hypersomnia after, Pediatrics, hypersomnia in children, challenges and opportunities, clinical assessment, consequences of daytime sleepiness in, delayed sleep phase disorder, factors predisposing to, idiopathic, 385 inadequate sleep hygiene, 382 narcolepsy, cataplexy in, 269 periodic hypersomnia, 382 prevalence, 379 Periodic hypersomnia, in children. See Kleine-Levin syndrome. Periodic limb movement disorder, physical examination in patients with hypersomnia and, 215 Pharmacotherapy, associated with hypersomnia in older adults, differential diagnosis of hypersomnias caused by, alcohol, 200 antidepressants, 199 antiepileptics, 200 antihistamines, antihypertensive drugs, 200 antipsychotics, 199 anxiolytics, 199 dopamine agonists, 200 hypnotics, 199 pain medications, 200 of hypersomnia, amphetamines, 337 armodafinil, caffeine, 338 indications, measuring efficacy of stimulants, methylphenidate, 337 modafinil, for hypersomnia after stroke, 255 for hypersomnia after traumatic brain injury, 257 for idiopathic hypersomnia treatment, , 287 for narcolepsy treatment, 251 Physical examination, of patients with hypersomnia, general, 206 in circadian rhythm disorders, in Kleine-Levin syndrome, 215 in narcolepsy and other central hypersomnias, in obstructive sleep apnea, in parasomnias, 215 in recurrent hypersomnias, 215 in secondary hypersomnia, 216 in sleep-related movement disorders, 215 Polysomnography, nocturnal, in diagnosis of narcolepsy, 274 Primary neurogenic hypersomnias, behaviorally induced insufficient sleep syndrome, idiopathic. See Idiopathic hypersomnia. Kleine-Levin syndrome and recurrent, 254 narcolepsy. See Narcolepsy. Psychiatric symptoms, in narcolepsy, 272, Psychomotor vigilance testing, 225 Psychosocial comorbidities, of narcolepsy, , Psychosocial management, of narcolepsy, quality of life with, Q Quality of life, in narcolepsy, considerations in developing indicators of, 342 measurement of, selected instruments for, 343 review of studies on, with nonpharmacologic management, R Recurrent hypersomnia, in differential diagnosis of hypersomnias,

8 398 Recurrent (continued) Kleine-Levin syndrome, , 308 menstrual-related, physical examination in patients with, 215 REM behavior disorder, physical examination in patients with hypersomnia and, 215 Restless legs syndrome, physical examination in patients with hypersomnia and, 215 secondary neurogenic hypersomnia after, 258 S Secondary hypersomnia, physical examination in patients with, 216 Secondary neurogenic hypersomnias, after stroke, after traumatic brain injury, 257 epilepsy and, infectious/autoimmune disorders of nervous system and, neuromuscular disorders and, 259 parkinsonism and, restless legs syndrome and, 258 Sexuality, disinhibition of, in Kleine-Levin syndrome, 303, 305 Short sleep, idiopathic hypersomnia with, 284 Sleep, basic neurophysiology of, behaviorally induced insufficient, disturbed nocturnal, in narcolepsy, regulatory mechanisms of arousal and, sufficiency and insufficiency of, Sleep apnea. See Obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep hygiene, in behavioral management of hypersomnia, 326 in children, hypersomnia due to inadequate, 383 Sleep-related disorders, breathing disorders in differential diagnosis of hypersomnias, delayed sleep phase disorder in children, in older adults, hypersomnia associated with, movement disorders, physical examination in patients with hypersomnia and, 215 sleep paralysis in narcolepsy, 270 Sleepiness scales, objective and subjective measurement with, Epworth sleepiness scale, Karolinska sleepiness scale, 228 maintenance of wakefulness test, multiple sleep latency test, Osler test, 225 psychomotor vigilance testing, 225 Stanford sleepiness scale, 228 Stanford sleepiness scale, 228 Stimulants. See Pharmacotherapy. Stroke, secondary neurogenic hypersomnia after, T Tension headaches, in narcolepsy, 297 Traumatic brain injury, secondary neurogenic hypersomnia after, 257 Treatment, of hypersomnia. See Pharmacotherapy, Behavioral management, and individual disorders. U Upper airway resistance syndrome, in differential diagnosis of hypersomnias, V Vigilance, decreased, in narcolepsy, 271 W Wakefulness, neurobiology of, Weight, comorbid endocrine and metabolic dysregulation in narcolepsy, Working hours, effect on sleep,