Development of the Sleep Quality Scale
|
|
- Pamela Atkins
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 J. Sleep Res. (2006) 15, Development of the Sleep Quality Scale HYERYEON YI 1, KYUNGRIM SHIN 2 and C H O L S H I N 1,3 1 Institute of Human Genomic Study, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 2 College of Nursing Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul and 3 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea Accepted in revised form 26 June 2006; received 22 December 2005 SUMMARY Sleep quality affects health and the overall quality of life. As the factors that influence sleep quality and their relative importance vary among individuals, a self-report method is essential. Although various questionnaires have been used to assess sleep quality, few all-inclusive assessment scales have been developed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop an instrument for measuring sleep quality and to study its validity and reliability. A Sleep Quality Scale (SQS) was developed using item analysis and factor analysis on items with content validity. SQS, composed of 28 items and six factors, accounted for 62.6% of the total variance. The difference of SQS score between insomniacs and normal subjects confirmed the construct validity (t ¼ )13.8, P ¼ 0.000). Concurrent validity was identified by the significant correlation of SQS with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (r ¼ 0.72, P ¼ 0.000). The Cronbach s alpha coefficient was 0.92 for internal consistency and the correlation coefficient was 0.81 for test retest reliability at a 2-week interval. The developed SQS was therefore confirmed to be a valid and reliable instrument for the comprehensive assessment of sleep quality. keywords reliability, sleep quality scale, validity INTRODUCTION Sleep is essential for restoration of the body and for maintaining energy (Shapiro and Flanigan, 1993; Spensely, 1993). As sleep quality affects health (Edell-Gustafsson et al., 2002; Ersser et al., 1999; Tynjala et al., 1999), daytime function (Alapin et al., 2000; Chesson et al., 2000) and quality of life (Carpenter and Andrykowski, 1998; Iliescu et al., 2003), the measurements of sleep quality are important in both clinical practice and research. Both subjective and objective methods have been used to assess sleep quality. Polysomnography, which is considered the gold standard, provides accurate information on the physiological indices of sleep quality by using electroencephalogram, electrooculogram and electromyelogram. However, it is expensive, needs technical training and also requires much time for testing and the interpretation of data. In addition, it is difficult to assess natural or usual sleep quality as a lot of equipment is Correspondence: Chol Shin, MD, PhD, FCCP, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 516, Gojan 1-dong, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea. Tel.: ; fax: ; shinchol@pol.net required for its operation. Actigraphy is another method for objective sleep monitoring that measures a person s sleep activity round the clock. Although it can measure sleep quality and quantity for a week or more (Sadeh et al., 1994), it is limited because it cannot distinguish between an awakened state without movement and true sleep (Menefee et al., 2000). On the other hand, self-report methods providing an assessment of the sleep quality experienced by the sleeper include the sleep diary, sleep log and sleep questionnaire. Although these methods do not provide information about the sleep structure, they attempt to measure both quantitative and qualitative aspects of sleep (Gentili et al., 1995). These subjective methods are easily administered, inexpensive, and applicable to large surveys. Sleep is a private experience that is influenced by many factors including age, sex, food, and physical and psychological health. Components of sleep quality and their importance differ according to individuals (Buysse et al., 1989), and thus a self-report-based evaluation is essential to measure sleep quality. Although various questionnaires have been used to assess sleep quality, they feature several limitations. First, there are few all-inclusive assessment scales. The previous scales include items that are unrelated to sleep quality, or they exclude essential items. There are also few questionnaires which provide a total score. Ó 2006 European Sleep Research Society 309
2 310 H. Yi et al. Therefore, we undertook this study to develop an instrument to measure comprehensively the sleep quality of adults, and subsequently to evaluate its validity and reliability. METHOD Instrument development A methodological design was used. A scale was developed according to the following process using classical test theory (Fig. 1). Definition of the concept No scale can be constructed to measure a concept until the nature of the concept has been delineated. Therefore, firstly sleep quality was defined through a literature review. Design of the scale Two procedures were used to generate items to fully reflect the concept of sleep quality. First of all, domains and their contents of sleep quality were identified by a literature review and then their contents were confirmed by an in-depth interview. These interviews were conducted with the consent of subjects visiting a sleep laboratory and a research institute. The subjects (32 males, 18 females) were 50 adults aged years. They comprised 17 subjects with insomnia symptoms, 17 with obstructive sleep apnea, six with snoring, two with narcolepsy, and eight good sleepers. The main interview questions were ÔHow is your sleep these days?õ, ÔWhat do you think a good sleep is?õ, and ÔWhat do you think of a poor sleep?õ. The interview took about min for each subject. The subjects underwent one or two interviews which were recorded and later transcribed. Content analysis of the interview data was conducted line-by-line and the results were confirmed by two nursing college professors with considerable experience of qualitative research. Review of items The constructed items were reviewed twice at a 2-week interval by six experts with an academic background in sleep research or clinical experience treating patients with sleep problems. The experts evaluated whether items were valid using a fourpoint ordinal rating scale, where 1 denotes an irrelevant item and 4 an extremely relevant item. The index of content validity (CVI), the most widely used qualification of content validity, indicates the proportion of items that received a rating 3 or 4 by the experts (Waltz and Bausell, 1981). Items with a CVI of at least 0.8 were selected according to Lynn s (1986) criteria. The experts also evaluated the itemsõ clarity, conciseness, and redundancy. In addition, they also identified whether essential items of sleep quality were excluded. The Korean language vocabularies of the items were revised to a sixth grade reading level and language usage was confirmed by consultation with a Korean literature scholar and four elementary school teachers. Pilot study A pilot study was conducted twice to evaluate the degrees of understanding concerning the sentences and vocabularies. As a reading level between the fifth and seventh grades is appropriate for most instruments used in the general population (Devellis, 2003), data for the first pilot study were gathered from sixth grade elementary school students, while data for the second pilot study were collected from the adults of the target population. The time required to complete the questionnaire was also surveyed. Field test Figure 1. Process of scale construction. This step requires the collection of data for item analysis and factor analysis. It has been reported that item analysis requires a sample size of about respondents (Spector, 1992) while factor analysis requires a sample that is 10 times larger than the number of items (Nunally, 1978). Data on the 46 items with content validity were collected by trained interviewers from community-dwelling adults aged years.
3 Development of the Sleep Quality Scale 311 Selection of the final items The final items of the scale to measure sleep quality were selected by item analysis and factor analysis. Item analysis was conducted to identify the items that form an internally consistent scale. Item analysis shows the correlation between respective items and the summated scale score. The higher the coefficient for each item the more clear that the item belongs to the scale. Generally, a coefficient of less than 0.3 suggests that the item should be dropped from the scale (Anthoney, 1999; De Vaus, 2002; Fisher et al., 2001). Thus the items with an itemtotal correlation of less than 0.3 were deleted from the scale. Factor analysis was also used to reduce the number of items and sort out the meaning. Among the several methods used in the factor analysis, principal axis factoring and oblimin rotation were used to extract the factors. Factors of scale were selected by considering a scree test and the possibility of a theoretical interpretation. Items with a factor loading of ±0.4 or less, or with a difference between absolute values of factor loadings of 0.1 or less, were eliminated. Evaluation of validity and reliability The validity and reliability of a developed scale must be evaluated by the collection of additional data from large samples (Burns and Grove, 2001). Two convenience samples were used to evaluate the validity and reliability. The first sample, comprising 629 community-dwelling adults aged years, was used for construct validity, concurrent validity using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI; Buysse et al., 1989) and internal consistency reliability study. Data on the Sleep Quality Scale (SQS), PSQI, questions defining insomnia, sleep problems and demographic variables were collected from adults by trained interviewers. After the exclusion of 17 incomplete responses, data from 612 subjects, 47.9% male and 52.1% female, of mean age 36.2 years, were analyzed. Sample 2 comprised 110, 4-year university student subjects, 43.1% male and 56.9% female, with a mean age of 20.6 years. These subjects completed SQS twice at an interval of 2 weeks to confirm test retest reliability. in this sample was The correlation coefficient was produced between SQS and PSQI using sample 1. Construct validity The validity of the instrument can be tested by identifying the groups that are expected to have contrasting scores on the instrument. Samples are then selected from at least two groups that are expected to have opposing responses to the items in the instrument (Burns and Grove, 2001). As insomnia is a typical sleep disorder featuring the complaint of insufficient or poor sleep quality, the sleep quality of insomniacs was compared with that of normal subjects using sample 1. The presence and frequency of four insomnia symptoms Ôdifficulty in initiating sleepõ, Ôdifficulty in maintaining sleepõ, Ôearly morning awakeningõ, and Ônon-restorative sleepõ were assessed according to previous studies (Ohayon and Hong, 2002; Ohayon and Partinen, 2002). Insomnia was considered to be present when it had occurred three or more times a week over the previous month. In sample 1, there were 191 subjects with insomnia and 332 subjects without any of the following sleep problems: insomnia, snoring, obstructive sleep apnea, periodic limb movement disorder, and narcolepsy. Reliability The reliability of a measure denotes the consistency of measures obtained in the use of particular instruments and is an indication of the extent of random error in the measurement method (Burns and Grove, 2001). Two methods were used to test the reliability of SQS. Homogeneity testing examines the extent to which all the items in the instrument consistently measure the construct. The Cronbach s alpha coefficients, the statistical procedure used in this process, were computed using sample 1 to identify the internal consistency of SQS. Stability, meanwhile, is concerned with the consistency of repeated measures of the same attribute with the use of the same scale or instrument. The correlation coefficients were computed using sample 2 to identify the stability of SQS. Concurrent validity Concurrent validity can be tested by identifying the correlation between a new instrument and a previously validated instrument for measuring the same concept (Seong, 2002a). Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was chosen as the criterion because it is a scale that has been used widely to assess sleep quality and disturbances over a 1-month time interval. It consists of 19 items on seven component scores: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, use of sleep medicine, and daytime dysfunction. The possible score ranges from 0 to 21, with a higher score representing worsened sleep quality. The Cronbach s alpha coefficient of PSQI was reported at its inception as 0.83 (Buysse et al., 1989). The Cronbach s alpha coefficient of PSQI RESULTS Definition of sleep quality Sleep can be defined as a regular, recurrent, easily reversible state of the organism that is characterized by relative quiescence and by a large increase in the threshold of response to external stimuli relative to the waking state (Kaplan and Sadock, 1988). Quality is defined as the degree of excellence of a thing or a general excellence (Oxford English Reference Dictionary, 1995). That is, sleep quality means the degree of excellence in sleep. It has been measured by many researchers on the basis of this definition (Freedman et al., 1999; Hawkins and Shaw, 1992; De Koninck et al., 1983; Mayers et al., 2003; Shaver et al., 1991; Sickel et al., 1999). Based on a literature
4 312 H. Yi et al. review of previous questionnaires and studies, the domains of sleep quality were identified as sleep initiation, sleep maintenance, depth of sleep, dreams, getting up after sleep, condition after sleep, effect on daily life, sleep amount and satisfaction with sleep. comprising community-dwelling adults aged years by convenience sampling for item analysis and factor analysis. The analyses were based on 817 subjects, 49.3% male and 50.7% female, of mean age 38.9 years, after 198 incomplete data were excluded. Design of the scale Seventy-five items were generated in nine domains through the content analysis of interview data and literature review. The number of items in each domain was as follows: four items in sleep initiation, five in sleep maintenance, four in depth of sleep, three in dreams, six in getting up after sleep, 23 in condition after sleep, 23 in effect on daily life, three in sleep amount, and four in satisfaction with sleep. A four-point rating scale was used to avoid a neutral response. Review of items The index of content validity was calculated using the expertsõ ratings. Thirteen items had a CVI of under 0.8; 11 were excluded and two were revised. Five items were also excluded because of redundancy while a further two were added on the basis of the expertsõ opinion. This produced a total of 61 items. After 14 days, the content validity on the 61 items was reevaluated by the same experts, resulting in four items with a CVI of under 0.8 being excluded. A further 11 items with duplicated meanings were excluded after discussion among the experts, leaving 46 items in the preliminary scale. Pilot study The number of subjects in the first pilot study was five, sixth grade school students. It took min for them to complete a questionnaire. The five students were asked whether or not they understood the sentences and words in the questionnaire. All five completely understood the meaning of 43 items and four of them understood the meaning of two items. None of the students understood the meaning of the last item: actual sleeping time. Therefore, the following sentence was added to clarify the meaning: Ôactual sleeping timeõ is different from Ôtime spent lying in bedõ. The second pilot study was conducted with the other representative target population of 43 adults who visited an outpatient department of a hospital and a research institute. It also took min for them to complete the questionnaire. All of them understood the meaning of all items well. The following instruction was supplemented to ensure that the meaning of the response categories was clear: ÔfewÕ denotes none or 1 3 times a month, ÔsometimesÕ 1 2 times a week, ÔoftenÕ 3 5 times a week, and Ôalmost alwaysõ 6 7 times a week. Field test As the aim of this scale was to measure adult sleep quality, 1015 data sets were collected from the target population Selection of the final items A new item of sleep efficiency was calculated by using three items (time to go to bed, time to get up, actual sleeping time) before item analysis. This produced a total of 44 items. From the results of item analysis of 44 items, four items with an itemtotal correlation coefficient of under 0.3 were excluded to leave 40 items remaining. Factor analysis on these 40 items yielded six factors, including 28 items, which explained 62.6% of the total variance in Table 1. Factor 1 included 12 items and was termed the daytime dysfunction. It was composed of items representing symptoms resulting from poor sleep, which accounted for 30.8% of the variance. Factor 2 included four items which accounted for 10.8% of the variance. It was termed restoration after sleep, which seemed to measure the primary function of sleep. Factor 3 included four items which accounted for 8.1% of the variance. It was termed difficulty in falling asleep and was composed of items about sleep initiation. Factor 4 included three items which accounted for 5.3% of the variance. It was termed difficulty in getting up. Factor 5 included three items which accounted for 3.9% of the variance. It was termed satisfaction with sleep and was associated with the level of overall gratification and sufficient sleeping time. Factor 6 included two items which accounted for 3.7% of the variance. It was associated with awakening during sleep and was termed difficulty in maintaining sleep. The correlation coefficients between these factor scores ranged from 0.15 to 0.63 (Table 2). Evaluation of validity and reliability Concurrent validity Table 3 shows that SQS was strongly correlated with PSQI (r ¼ 0.72, P ¼ 0.000). All the subscales were positively correlated with the PSQI total score. Construct validity Table 4 showed that the total score of the insomniacs was significantly higher than that of the normal subjects (t ¼ )13.89, P ¼ 0.000). All subscales had significant differences between the two groups. Reliability The SQS homogeneity was high with a Cronbach s alpha coefficient of The Cronbach s alpha coefficients of the subscales ranged from 0.61 to 0.90: daytime dysfunction, 0.90; restoration after sleep, 0.84; difficulty in falling asleep, 0.80;
5 Development of the Sleep Quality Scale 313 Table 1 Rotated factor matrix of Sleep Quality Scale items (n ¼ 817) Items F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 Difficulty in thinking due to poor sleep 0.78 ) ) )0.10 Difficulty in concentrating due to poor sleep 0.75 ) )0.03 Increase of mistakes due to poor sleep )0.02 )0.06 )0.04 )0.03 Irritated feeling due to poor sleep ) Decrease of interest in work or others due to poor sleep 0.69 ) ) )0.03 Getting tired easily at work due to poor sleep 0.69 ) Sleepiness that interferes with daily life ) )0.05 Painful life due to poor sleep )0.06 ) Decrease of desire due to poor sleep ) Increase of forgetfulness due to poor sleep )0.05 ) Headache due to poor sleep 0.59 ) ) Decrease of appetite due to poor sleep ) Relief of fatigue after sleep ) )0.05 Regaining vigor after sleep ) )0.03 ) Clear-headed feeling after sleep ) Refreshed feeling of body after sleep ) )0.04 Difficulty in getting back to sleep after nocturnal awakening 0.00 ) ) Never falling asleep after awakening during sleep ) )0.03 Difficulty in falling asleep Tossing and turning sleeplessly Wish for more sleep after getting up )0.01 )0.01 ) Difficulty in getting up after sleep )0.04 )0.04 Feeling unlikely to sleep after sleep )0.03 Satisfaction with sleep ) )0.04 Deep sleep ) ) Enough sleep time ) Waking up easily due to noise ) ) Waking up during sleep Eigenvalue Variance Cumulated variance Entries in bold indicate where P-value is unnecessary. Table 2 Correlations between factor scores in SQS (n ¼ 817) Daytime dysfunction Restoration after sleep Difficulty in falling asleep Difficulty in getting up Satisfaction with sleep Restoration after sleep 0.35 (P ¼ 0.000) Difficulty in falling asleep 0.43 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.30 (P ¼ 0.000) Difficulty in getting up 0.45 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.40 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.19 (P ¼ 0.000) Satisfaction with sleep 0.30 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.61 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.43 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.32 (P ¼ 0.000) Difficulty in maintaining sleep 0.32 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.25 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.63 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.15 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.37 (P ¼ 0.000) difficulty in getting up, 0.74; satisfaction with sleep, 0.71; and difficulty in maintaining sleep, The correlation coefficient for the 2-week interval test retest reliability was 0.81 (P ¼ 0.000) and the correlation coefficients of the subscales were daytime dysfunction, 0.72 (P ¼ 0.000); restoration after sleep, 0.74 (P ¼ 0.000); difficulty in falling asleep, 0.56 (P ¼ 0.000); difficulty in getting up, 0.62 (P ¼ 0.000); satisfaction with sleep, 0.70 (P ¼ 0.000); and difficulty in maintaining sleep, 0.68 (P ¼ 0.000). DISCUSSION The SQS was developed systematically and was confirmed to be a valid and reliable instrument for the comprehensive assessment of sleep quality. It measures sleep quality of the previous month and provides a global score. The scale is composed of 28 items and six factors, including daytime dysfunction, restoration after sleep, difficulty in falling asleep, difficulty in getting up, satisfaction with sleep, and difficulty in maintaining sleep. It is a four-point Likert scale (few ¼ 0, sometimes ¼ 1, often ¼ 2, almost always ¼ 3). Scores on items in factors 2 and 5 have to be reversed before all the scores are summed. The range of score is from 0 to 84, with a higher score indicating a lower sleep quality. Although the names of SQS factors and number of items were a little different from those of previous questionnaires or scales, the SQS items themselves were similar. Compared with PSQI, the present scale included more items about restorative
6 314 H. Yi et al. Table 3 Correlations between SQS and PSQI (n ¼ 612) PSQI Daytime dysfunction Use of sleeping medication Sleep disturbances Habitual sleep efficiency Subjective sleep quality Sleep latency Sleep duration Total score Total Score 0.72 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.67 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.51 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.33 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.33 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.42 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.22 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.44 (P ¼ 0.000) Daytime dysfunction 0.61 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.56 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.38 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.26 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.23 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.35 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.18 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.49 (P ¼ 0.000) Restoration after sleep 0.48 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.48 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.38 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.23 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.22 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.26 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.16 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.24 (P ¼ 0.000) Difficulty falling asleep 0.59 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.50 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.57 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.22 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.40 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.37 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.24 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.17 (P ¼ 0.000) Difficulty getting up 0.48 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.46 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.27 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.23 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.12 (P ¼ 0.003) 0.19 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.11 (P ¼ 0.007) 0.49 (P ¼ 0.000) Satisfaction with sleep 0.58 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.56 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.39 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.33 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.29 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.30 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.14 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.30 (P ¼ 0.000) Difficulty maintaining sleep 0.39 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.33 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.28 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.17 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.31 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.43 (P ¼ 0.000) 0.13 (P ¼ 0.001) 0.05 (P ¼ 0.190) functions after sleep, difficulty in getting up and various daytime dysfunctions because of poor sleep. However, sleep efficiency, an important concept of sleep quality (A kerstedt et al., 1994a; Bliwise, 1992), was excluded because of an itemtotal correlation of under 0.3. It is likely that sleep efficiency was a less sensitive concept to measure sleep quality over a 1- month period because it was calculated from items about rough sleep time for the previous 1 month. That is, it is considered as an appropriate concept to measure sleep quality only of the previous night. On the other hand, a factor should include at least three items for meaningful interpretation according to Zwick and Velicer (1986). The sixth factor of this scale was composed of only two items relating to awakening during the night. This factor was selected because sleep fragmentation produced disruption of nocturnal sleep (Roehrs et al., 1994) and sleep continuity was closely reflected in sleep quality (A kerstedt et al., 1994b). Thus it will be necessary to construct more items related to awakening during sleep in future study. When a scale is developed, its validity and reliability must be evaluated. The construct validity of several questionnaires has been studied by factor analysis. The Post-sleep Inventory was composed of 29 items originally. Factor analysis yielded seven factors, including only 26 items, with a total variance of 54.5% (Webb et al., 1976). The Sleep Questionnaire consisted of 55 items when it was developed, but factor analysis produced seven factors, comprising 41 items, which explained 71.7% of the total variance (Domino et al., 1984). The Verran Snyder-Halpern Sleep Scale (VSH Sleep Scale) was reduced from eight items to seven items by factor analysis and these items accounted for 60% of the variance (Snyder- Halpern and Verran, 1987). SQS was made up of items with construct validity confirmed by factor analysis. Six factors composed of 28 items of SQS explained 62.6% of the total variance. This surpassed the criterion for total variance of 60% as set by social science (Chai, 2003), and therefore was considered to be sufficient to account for sleep quality. In contrast, PSQI was composed of items that were based on empirical and clinical experiences, rather than statistical analysis, so the present result could not be compared with the total variance of PSQI. PSQI was validated instead using the group differences among good sleepers, poor sleepers with depression, disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep, and disorders of excessive somnolence (Buysse et al., 1989). Other studies have also validated their sleep questionnaire by comparing with different subject populations (Domino et al., 1984; Webb et al., 1976). The construct validity of SQS was also examined using the known-group technique. From the result, the total score (t ¼ )13.89, P ¼ 0.000) and scores of the subscales discriminated between the subjects with insomnia and the normal subjects. Thus construct validity was confirmed in a similar manner to that of the previous scales or questionnaires. In addition, the concurrent validity of SQS was studied by using PSQI as the criterion. The correlation result (r ¼ 0.72, P ¼ 0.000) confirmed the validity of SQS as a scale to
7 Development of the Sleep Quality Scale 315 Table 4. Comparison of SQS scores between insomniacs and normal subjects (n ¼ 523) Insomniacs (n ¼ 191), Mean ± SD Normal subjects (n ¼ 332), Mean ± SD t-value P-value Total score 31.1 ± ± 9.06 ) Daytime dysfunction 8.2 ± ± 3.96 ) Restoration after sleep 7.8 ± ± 3.10 ) Difficulty in falling asleep 2.9 ± ± 1.51 ) Difficulty in getting up 4.7 ± ± 1.78 ) Satisfaction with sleep 5.7 ± ± 2.35 ) Difficulty in maintaining sleep 1.8 ± ± 1.23 ) measure sleep quality. This was a similar result to the correlation coefficient of 0.71 between the Korean Sleep Scale A and VSH Sleep Scale (Oh et al., 1998). Although there are no absolute criteria to evaluate validity, the validity of SQS as an instrument to measure sleep quality was confirmed to be high according to the criteria ( ) suggested by Seong (2002b). Reliability was tested in two ways. First of all, the Cronbach s alpha coefficient for homogeneity was 0.92, indicating a high degree of internal consistency. Burns and Grove (2001) suggested that a slightly lower coefficient ( ) indicated an instrument that would reflect more richly the fine discriminations in the levels of the construct. This result was higher than that of the Sleep Questionnaire (Cronbach s alpha coefficient 0.76) and that of PSQI (Cronbach s alpha coefficient 0.83). Test retest reliability was also examined for consistency of repeated measures. The correlation coefficient of 0.81 confirmed the good stability of the instrument. The correlation coefficient for PSQI after an interval of 28.2 days (range 1 265) in all groups, including the normal subjects, depressives, disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep, and disorders of excessive somnolence, was 0.85 (Buysse et al., 1989). The correlation coefficient for PSQI after an interval of 19 days (range 3 44) in nursing home residents was 0.82 (Gentili et al., 1995). The correlation coefficient for the Sleep Questionnaire after an interval of 10 weeks in the normal subjects was 0.79 (Domino et al., 1984). This result was similar to the above results although the test intervals differed in the previous studies. On the other hand, it was a little lower than the correlation coefficient of 0.90 for PSQI in patients with insomnia at a 2-day interval in the study of Backhaus et al. (2002). This was presumably because of the short interval of the PSQI test. In summary, SQS was developed using item analysis and factor analysis on items with content validity. The construct validity and concurrent validity were confirmed. The internal consistency reliability and test retest reliability were acceptably high. SQS can also be used to assess sleep quality easily and rapidly and can provide assistance in planning interventions for sleep problems. In addition, it can be utilized in sleep research. Future studies should be conducted for further validation and standardization of the scale in various clinical settings, including obstructive sleep apnea and narcolepsy patients, and with a diverse range of age groups, including the elderly. The ability of the scale to discriminate among the levels of sleep quality needs to be confirmed through further research. REFERENCES Åkerstedt, T., Hume, K., Minors, D. and Waterhouse, J. The subjective meaning of good sleep, an intraindividual approach using the Karolinska sleep diary. Percept. Mot. Skills, 1994a, 79: Åkerstedt, T., Hume, K., Minors, D. and Waterhouse, J. The meaning of good sleep: a longitudinal study of polysomnography and subjective sleep quality. J. Sleep Res., 1994b, 3: Alapin, I., Fichten, C. S., Libman, E., Creti, L., Bailes, S. and Wright, J. How is good and poor sleep in older adults and college students related to daytime sleepiness, fatigue, and ability to concentrate? J. Psychosom. Res., 2000, 49: Anthoney, D. Understanding Advanced Statistics: A Guide for Nurses and Health Care Researchers. Churchill Livingstone, London, Backhaus, J., Junghanns, K., Broocks, A., Riemann, D. and Hohagen, F. Test retest reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in primary insomnia. J. Psychosom. Res., 2002, 53: Bliwise, N. G. Factors related to sleep quality in healthy elderly women. Psychol. Aging, 1992, 7: Burns, N. and Grove, S. K. The Practice of Nursing Research. Conduct, Critique & Utilization, 4th edn. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F. 3rd, Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R. and Kupfer, D. J. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res., 1989, 28: Carpenter, J. S. and Andrykowski, M. A. Psychometric evaluation of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. J. Psychosom. Res., 1998, 45: Chai, S. I. Methodology of Social Science Survey. Hak Hyun Sa, Seoul, Chesson, A. Jr, Hartse, K., Anderson, W. M., Davila, D., Johnson, S., Littner, M., Wise, M. and Rafecas, J. Practice parameters for the evaluation of chronic insomnia. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Sleep, 2000, 23: De Koninck, J., Gagnon, P. and Lallier, S. Sleep positions in the young adult and their relationship with the subjective quality of sleep. Sleep, 1983, 6: De Vaus, D. A. Surveys in Social Research, 5th edn. Allen & Unwin, Australia, Devellis, R. F. Scale Development: Theory and Application, 2nd edn. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, Domino, G., Blair, G. K. and Bridges, A. Subjective assessment of sleep by sleep questionnaire. Percept. Mot. Skills, 1984, 59: Edell-Gustafsson, U. M., Kritz, E. I. K. and Bogren, I. K. Selfreported sleep quality, strain and health in relation to perceived
8 316 H. Yi et al. working conditions in females. Scand. J. Caring Sci., 2002, 16: Ersser, S., Wiles, A., Taylor, H., Wade, S., Walsh, R. and Bentley, T. The sleep of older people in hospital and nursing homes. J. Clin. Nurs., 1999, 8: Fisher, M., King, J. and Tague, G. Development of a self-directed learning readiness scale for nursing education. Nurse Educ. Today, 2001, 21: Freedman, N. S., Kotzer, N. and Schwab, R. J. Patient perception of sleep quality and etiology of sleep disruption in the intensive care unit. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 1999, 159: Gentili, A., Weiner, D. K., Kuchibhatla, M. and Edinger, J. D. Test retest reliability of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index in nursing home residents. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 1995, 43: Hawkins, J. and Shaw, P. Self-reported sleep quality in college students: a repeated measures approach. Sleep, 1992, 15: Iliescu, E. A., Coo, H., McMurry, M. H., Meers, C. L., Quinn, M. M., Singer, M. A. and Hopman, W. M. Quality of sleep and health related quality of life in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 2003, 18: Kaplan, H. I. and Sadock, B. J. Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry, 5th edn. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Lynn, M. R. Determination and quantification of content validity. Nurs. Res., 1986, 35: Mayers, A. G., Van Hooff, J. C. and Baldwin, D. S. Quantifying subjective assessment of sleep and life-quality in antidepressanttreated depressed patients. Hum. Psychopharmacol., 2003, 18: Menefee, L. A., Cohen, M. J., Anderson, W. R., Doghramiji, K., Frank, E. D. and Lee, H. Sleep disturbance and nonmalignant chronic pain: a comprehensive review of literature. Pain Med., 2000, 1: Nunally, J. C. Psychometric Theory, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, Oh, J. J., Song, M. S. and Kim, S. M. Development and validation of Korean Sleep Scale A. J. Kor. Acad. Nurs., 1998, 28: Ohayon, M. M. and Hong, S. C. Prevalence of insomnia and associated factors in South Korea. J. Psychosom. Res., 2002, 53: Ohayon, M. M. and Partinen, M. Insomnia and global sleep dissatisfaction in Finland. J. Sleep Res., 2002, 11: Oxford English Reference Dictionary. Oxford University Press, Oxford, Roehrs, T., Merlotti, L., Petrucelli, N., Stepanski, E. and Roth, T. Experimental sleep fragmentation. Sleep, 1994, 17: Sadeh, A., Sharkey, K. M. and Carskadon, M. A. Activity-based sleep-wake identification: an empirical test of methodological issues. Sleep, 1994, 17: Seong, T. J. Validity and Reliability. Hakjisa, Seoul, 2002a. Seong, T. J. Educational Evaluation. Hakjisa, Seoul, 2002b. Shapiro, C. and Flanigan, M. Function of sleep. BMJ, 1993, 306: Shaver, J. L., Giblin, E. and Paulsen, V. Sleep quality subtypes in midlife women. Sleep, 1991, 14: Sickel, A. M., Moore, P. J., Adler, N. E., Williams, D. R. and Jackson, J. S. The differential effects of sleep quality and quantity on the relationship between SES and health. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci., 1999, 896: Snyder-Halpern, R. and Verran, J. A. Instrumentation to describe subjective sleep characteristics in healthy subjects. Res. Nurs. Health, 1987, 10: Spector, P. E. Summated Rating Scale Construction: An Introduction. SAGE Publications, Newbury Park, Spensely, S. M. Sleep inquiry: a look with fresh eyes. Image J. Nurs. Sch., 1993, 25: Tynjala, J., Kannas, L., Levalahti, E. and Valimaa, R. Perceived sleep quality and its precursors in adolescents. Health Promot. Int., 1999, 14: Waltz, C. W. and Bausell, R. B. Nursing Research: Design, Statistics and Computer Analysis. F. A. Davis, Philadelphia, PA, Webb, W. B., Bonnet, M. and Blume, G. A post-sleep inventory. Percept. Mot. Skills, 1976, 43: Zwick, W. R. and Velicer, W. F. Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components retain. Psychol. Bull., 1986, 99:
Review of self-reported instruments that measure sleep dysfunction in patients suffering from temporomandibular disorders and/or orofacial pain
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2015 Review of self-reported instruments that measure sleep dysfunction in
More informationExcessive Daytime Sleepiness Associated with Insufficient Sleep
Sleep, 6(4):319-325 1983 Raven Press, New York Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Associated with Insufficient Sleep T. Roehrs, F. Zorick, J. Sicklesteel, R. Wittig, and T. Roth Sleep Disorders and Research
More informationSleep Insomnia Severity Index (SISI) Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory. POMS Vigor subscale
Physical GLOBAL HEALTH PROMIS completed already Sleep PROMIS-Sleep Sleep Insomnia Severity Index () Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory 8 items 7 items 18 items Vigor Vigor subscale 6 items 1 Sleep- PROMIS
More informationTowards a valid, reliable measure of sleep effort
J. Sleep Res. (2005) 14, 401 407 Towards a valid, reliable measure of sleep effort NIALL M. BROOMFIELD and COLIN A. ESPIE Department of Psychological Medicine, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, University of Glasgow,
More informationReliability and Validity of the Chinese Translation of Insomnia Severity Index and Comparison with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
ORIGINAL PAPER Reliability and Validity of the Chinese Translation of Insomnia Severity Index and Comparison with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Shapour BA 1, Gang CK 2 1 Complementary Medicine Research
More informationThe Relation of Internet Addiction, Insomnia and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Korean College Students
, pp.91-98 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijunesst.2016.9.1.10 The Relation of Internet Addiction, Insomnia and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Korean College Students Shin Mee-Kyung Korea Nazarene University,
More informationPsychometric Evaluation of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in Cancer Patients
140 Journal of Pain and Symptom Management Vol. 27 No. 2 February 2004 Original Article Psychometric Evaluation of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in Cancer Patients Susan L. Beck, PhD, APRN, FAAN,
More informationIndex. sleep.theclinics.com. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.
Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Actigraphy, 475, 485, 496 Adolescents, sleep disorders in, 576 578 Adults, sleep disorders in, 578 580 Advanced sleep phase disorder, 482 Age,
More informationSLEEP PROBLEMS OF SERVICE USERS OF ELDER CARE IN HONG KONG - THE USE OF THE CANTONESE VERSION PITTSBURGH SLEEP QUALITY INDEX Alice M.L. Chong, PhD.
IFA 11th Global Conference on Ageing 28 May June 1 2012, Prague SLEEP PROBLEMS OF SERVICE USERS OF ELDER CARE IN HONG KONG - THE USE OF THE CANTONESE VERSION PITTSBURGH SLEEP QUALITY INDEX Alice M.L. Chong,
More informationHealth Behavioral Patterns Associated with Psychologic Distress Among Middle-Aged Korean Women
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Health Behavioral Patterns Associated with Psychologic Distress Among Middle-Aged Korean Women Hye-Sook Shin 1, PhD, RN, Jia Lee 2 *, PhD, RN, Kyung-Hee Lee 3, PhD, RN, Young-A Song 4,
More informationTHE SLEEP DIAGNOSIS LIST (SDL): A QUESTIONNAIRE FOR SCREENING GENERAL SLEEP DISORDERS
THE SLEEP DIAGNOSIS LIST (SDL): A QUESTIONNAIRE FOR SCREENING GENERAL SLEEP DISORDERS Sweere Y 1, Kerkhof GA 2, De Weerd AW 1, Kamphuisen HAC 1, Kemp B 1 & Schimsheimer RJ 1 1 Centre for Sleep and Wake
More informationStudy on sleep quality and associated psychosocial factors among elderly in a rural population of Kerala, India
International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health George S et al. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2018 Feb;5(2):526-531 http://www.ijcmph.com pissn 2394-6032 eissn 2394-6040 Original Research
More informationSleep is that golden chain that ties health and our bodies together. Thomas Dekker, English dramatist ( ).
Sleep Sleep is that golden chain that ties health and our bodies together. Thomas Dekker, English dramatist (1572-1632). Without adequate sleep people become irritable, have lowered resistance to illness,
More informationInsomnia can be characterized not only by difficulty initiating
Scientific investigations The Flinders Fatigue Scale: Preliminary Psychometric Properties and Clinical Sensitivity of a New Scale for Measuring Daytime Fatigue associated with Insomnia Michael Gradisar,
More informationA Profile of Sleeping Habits among College Students-A Cross-sectional Study
International Journal of Advances in Health Sciences (IJHS) ISSN 2349-7033 Vol2, Issue3, 2015, pp379-383 http://www.ijhsonline.com Original Article A Profile of Sleeping Habits among College Students-A
More informationPittsburgh Insomnia Rating Scale University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, All Rights Reserved.
Pittsburgh Insomnia Rating Scale University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 2001. All Rights Reserved. Name ID# Date A. Overall sleep quality: Consider the quality of your sleep
More informationPerception of sleep in the elderly
Norwegian Journal of Epidemiology 1998; 8 (2): 183-187 183 Perception of sleep in the elderly Ståle Pallesen, Inger Hilde Nordhus and Geir Høstmark Nielsen Departement of Clinical Psychology, University
More informationBeyond Sleep Hygiene: Behavioral Approaches to Insomnia
Beyond Sleep Hygiene: Behavioral Approaches to Insomnia Rocky Garrison, PhD, CBSM Damon Michael Williams, RN, PMHNP-BC In House Counseling Laughing Heart LLC 10201 SE Main St. 12 SE 14 th Ave. Suite 10
More informationDaytime Alertness in Patients with Chronic Insomnia Compared with Asymptomatic Control Subjects
Sleep I ():54-60, Raven Press, Ltd., New York 988 Association of Professional Sleep Societies Daytime Alertness in Patients with Chronic Insomnia Compared with Asymptomatic Control Subjects Edward Stepanski,
More informationA COMPARISON OF THE PITTSBURGH SLEEP QUALITY INDEX, A NEW SLEEP QUESTIONNAIRE, AND SLEEP DIARIES. Kevin J. Sethi, B.S.
A COMPARISON OF THE PITTSBURGH SLEEP QUALITY INDEX, A NEW SLEEP QUESTIONNAIRE, AND SLEEP DIARIES Kevin J. Sethi, B.S. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS August
More informationBrief Report: Sleep in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Brief Report: Sleep in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders Lisa J. Meltzer, PHD Department of Pediatrics and Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania and The Children s
More informationDrug Review Rozerem (ramelteon)
Drug Review Rozerem (ramelteon) Introduction 1 Ramelteon is a melatonin receptor agonist with affinity for MT 1 and MT 2 and selectivity over the MT 3 receptor. The activity at the MT 1 and MT 2 receptors
More informationSummary of the SDIS Development & Psychometric Qualities Content Validation
Summary of the SDIS Development & Psychometric Qualities This was a national study undertaken over a four year time period at some of the most highly respected sleep clinics in the USA and some of the
More informationThe Relation of Internet Addiction and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Korean College Students
, pp.248-252 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2015.103.53 The Relation of Internet Addiction and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Korean College Students Mee-Kyung Shin Korea Nazarene University, Department
More informationStudy «CLIMSOM & Sleep Quality»
Study «CLIMSOM & Sleep Quality» 211 Actigraphic Measures 1. Contextof the Study 1 out of 5 suffer from insomnia. The environment is one of the most influential factors on sleep (noise, temperature and
More informationSleepiness: Its Measurement and Determinants
Sleep, 5:S128-S134 1982 Raven Press, New York Sleepiness: Its Measurement and Determinants T. Roth, T. Roehrs, and F. Zorick Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
More informationSLEEP & SOCIETY. Seminar Sleep, Cognition & Health. 21 October Hannah Hofmann & Amelie Reichenbecker
21. October 2015 SLEEP & SOCIETY Seminar Sleep, Cognition & Health Hannah Hofmann & Amelie Reichenbecker AGENDA 1. History of Sleep 2. Sleep & Cultural Differences Study 1: Sleep in America: Role of racial/ethnic
More informationSleepiness, Napping and Health Risk in the Elderly
Sleepiness, Napping and Health Risk in the Elderly ANNE B. NEWMAN, MD, MPH PROFESSOR OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH 8th Annual Bedside to Bench Conference Sleep, Circadian Rhythms,
More informationBehavioral Treatment and Sleep. The Effects of Regularizing Sleep-Wake Schedules on Daytime Sleepiness
Sleep, 19(5):432-441 1996 American Sleep Disorders Association and Sleep Research Society Behavioral Treatment and Sleep The Effects of Regularizing Sleep-Wake Schedules on Daytime Sleepiness *Rachel Manber,
More informationDiscrepancy between subjective and objective sleep in patients with depression
PCN Psychiatric and Clinical Neurosciences 1323-13162003 Blackwell Science Pty Ltd 573June 2003 1114 Subjective and objective sleep K. Tsuchiyama et al. 10.1046/j.1323-1316.2003.01114.x Original Article259264BEES
More informationThe St. Mary's Hospital Sleep Questionnaire: A Study of Reliability
Sleep. 4(1):93-97 1981 Raven Press. New York Short Report The St. Mary's Hospital Sleep Questionnaire: A Study of Reliability Brian W. Ellis, Murray W. Johns, Richard Lancaster, Polikarpos Raptopoulos,
More informationNational Sleep Disorders Research Plan
Research Plan Home Foreword Preface Introduction Executive Summary Contents Contact Us National Sleep Disorders Research Plan Return to Table of Contents SECTION 5 - SLEEP DISORDERS SLEEP-DISORDERED BREATHING
More informationFactor Analysis of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in Breast Cancer Survivors
620 Journal of Pain and Symptom Management Vol. 45 No. 3 March 2013 Brief Methodological Report Factor Analysis of the Pittsburgh Quality Index in Breast Cancer Survivors Julie L. Otte, PhD, RN, Kevin
More informationIs It Insomnia, Is It Hypersomnia, Is It Both? W. Vaughn McCall, MD, MS Wake Forest University Health Sciences
Is It Insomnia, Is It Hypersomnia, Is It Both? W. Vaughn McCall, MD, MS Wake Forest University Health Sciences W. Vaughn McCall, MD, MS Disclosures Research/Grants: Mini-Mitter Co.; National Institute
More informationPatterns of Sleepiness in Various Disorders of Excessive Daytime Somnolence
Sleep, 5:S165S174 1982 Raven Press, New York Patterns of Sleepiness in Various Disorders of Excessive Daytime Somnolence F. Zorick, T. Roehrs, G. Koshorek, J. Sicklesteel, *K. Hartse, R. Wittig, and T.
More informationThe Van Dream Anxiety Scale: A Subjective Measure of Dream Anxiety in Nightmare Sufferers
The Van Dream Anxiety Scale: A Subjective Measure of Dream Anxiety in Nightmare Sufferers Mehmed Y. A arg n, M.D., Hayrettin Kara, M.D., Mustafa Bilici, M.D., Ali Sava illi, M.D., Metin Telci, M.D., mit
More informationOverview of epidemiology of sleep and obesity risk
Overview of epidemiology of sleep and obesity risk Sanjay R. Patel MD, MS Director, Center for Sleep and Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Visiting Professor of Medicine University of Pittsburgh What is
More informationHealthy Sleep Tips Along the Way!
Women and Sleep What You Will Learn The Benefits and Importance of Sleep States and Stages of the Sleep Cycle Unique Physiology of Women s Sleep Common Disorders in Women that Affect Sleep Women s Role
More informationSweet Dreams: The Relationship between Sleep Health and Your Weight
Sweet Dreams: The Relationship between Sleep Health and Your Weight Jason C. Ong, PhD Associate Professor Department of Neurology Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg
More informationPrediction of sleep-disordered breathing by unattended overnight oximetry
J. Sleep Res. (1999) 8, 51 55 Prediction of sleep-disordered breathing by unattended overnight oximetry L. G. OLSON, A. AMBROGETTI ands. G. GYULAY Discipline of Medicine, University of Newcastle and Sleep
More informationSleep in College Students. Author: Daniel Taylor Department and College Affiliation: Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences
Sleep in College Students Author: Daniel Taylor Department and College Affiliation: Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences Sleep in College Students 2 Bio: Daniel J. Taylor received his
More informationThe Insomnia Severity Index: Psychometric Indicators to Detect Insomnia Cases and Evaluate Treatment Response
THE INSOMNIA SEVERITY INDEX The Insomnia Severity Index: Psychometric Indicators to Detect Insomnia Cases and Evaluate Treatment Response Charles M. Morin, PhD; Geneviève Belleville, PhD; Lynda Bélanger,
More informationIndex SLEEP MEDICINE CLINICS. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis, for Kleine-Levin syndrome,
165 SLEEP MEDICINE CLINICS Index Sleep Med Clin 1 (2006) 165 170 Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Academic performance, effects of sleepiness in children on, 112 Accidents,
More informationDevelopment and Validation of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures for Sleep Disturbance and Sleep-Related Impairments
PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOMES OF SLEEP DISTURBANCE Development and Validation of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures for Sleep Disturbance and Sleep-Related Impairments Daniel J. Buysse, MD 1,2 ; Lan Yu, PhD
More informationSleep quality and more common sleep-related problems in medical students
Sleep Medicine 6 (2005) 269 275 Original article Sleep quality and more common sleep-related problems in medical students Marlit Veldi a,b, *, Anu Aluoja a, Veiko Vasar a a Ear Clinic of Tartu University
More informationEffects of the sleep quality of chronic stroke outpatients on patterns of activity performance and quality of life
Sleep Hypn. 2019 Sep;21(3):228-232 http://dx.doi.org/10.5350/sleep.hypn.2019.21.0190 Sleep and Hypnosis A Journal of Clinical Neuroscience and Psychopathology ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effects of the sleep quality
More informationThe Role of Dispositional Mindfulness in Age-Dependent Sleep Changes. Master s Thesis. Presented to
The Role of Dispositional Mindfulness in Age-Dependent Sleep Changes Master s Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Department of Psychology Jutta
More informationDescription of Sleep Quality and Behaviors in Baccalaureate Nursing Students. Literature Review and Methods. Nicole Cebulko.
Description of Sleep Quality and Behaviors in Baccalaureate Nursing Students Literature Review and Methods Nicole Cebulko Spring 2010 The Ohio State University Nursing Honors Abstract Sleep is a critical
More informationClinical Trial Synopsis TL , NCT#
Clinical Trial Synopsis, NCT#00492011 Title of Study: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study to Evaluate the Ability of Ramelteon 1 mg, 4 mg, and 8 mg to Alleviate the Insomnia
More informationADMS Sampling Technique and Survey Studies
Principles of Measurement Measurement As a way of understanding, evaluating, and differentiating characteristics Provides a mechanism to achieve precision in this understanding, the extent or quality As
More informationAssessing Functional Status and Qualify of Life in Older Adults
Assessing Functional Status and Qualify of Life in Older Adults Cathy Alessi, MD Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center; VA Greater Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Disclosures
More informationMaking a psychometric. Dr Benjamin Cowan- Lecture 9
Making a psychometric Dr Benjamin Cowan- Lecture 9 What this lecture will cover What is a questionnaire? Development of questionnaires Item development Scale options Scale reliability & validity Factor
More informationValidity and Reliability of the Brief Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scale With Turkish Children
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247782343 Validity and Reliability of the Brief Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction
More informationEffectiveness of Web-Based Multimedia Mental Health Educational Program on Anxiety, Depression, Self Concept and School Adjustment in Adolescents
IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.10 No.5, May 2010 59 Effectiveness of Web-Based Multimedia Mental Health Educational Program on Anxiety, Depression, Self Concept
More informationQuality of sleep in patients with chronic kidney disease
Nephrol Dial Transplant (2004) 19: 95 99 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfg423 Original Article Quality of sleep in patients with chronic kidney disease Eduard A. Iliescu, Karen E. Yeates and David C. Holland Department
More informationSilent Partners: The Wives of Sleep Apneic Patients
Sleep 10(3):244-248, Raven Press, New York 1987, Association of Professional Sleep Societies Silent Partners: The Wives of Sleep Apneic Patients Rosalind D. Cartwright and Sara Knight Rush-Presbyterian-St.
More informationEvaluating the Reliability and Validity of the. Questionnaire for Situational Information: Item Analyses. Final Report
Evaluating the Reliability and Validity of the Questionnaire for Situational Information: Item Analyses Final Report Submitted By: Susan M. Havercamp, PhD Florida Center for Inclusive Communities, UCEDD
More informationAn International Study of the Reliability and Validity of Leadership/Impact (L/I)
An International Study of the Reliability and Validity of Leadership/Impact (L/I) Janet L. Szumal, Ph.D. Human Synergistics/Center for Applied Research, Inc. Contents Introduction...3 Overview of L/I...5
More informationTHE ROLE OF COGNITIVE PROCESSES IN SLEEP DISTURBANCE: A COMPARISON OF JAPANESE AND ENGLISH UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 2002, 30, 259 270 Printed in the United Kingdom DOI: 10.1017/S1352465802003028 THE ROLE OF COGNITIVE PROCESSES IN SLEEP DISTURBANCE: A COMPARISON OF JAPANESE AND
More informationFEP Medical Policy Manual
FEP Medical Policy Manual Effective Date: October 15, 2018 Related Policies: 2.01.18 Diagnosis and Medical Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Polysomnography for Non-Respiratory Sleep Disorders
More informationCase Studies of Chronic Insomnia Patients Participating in Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
online ML Comm BRIEF COMMUNICATION pissn 2093-9175 / eissn 2233-8853 Sleep Med Res 2012;3:45-49 Case Studies of Chronic Insomnia Patients Participating in Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
More informationTreating Insomnia in Primary Care. Judith R. Davidson Ph.D., C. Psych. Kingston Family Health Team
Treating Insomnia in Primary Care Judith R. Davidson Ph.D., C. Psych. Kingston Family Health Team jdavidson@kfhn.net Disclosure statement Nothing to disclose A ruffled mind makes a restless pillow. ~ Charlotte
More informationNumber of Items. Response Categories. Part V: Specific Behavior Scales-Sleep Scales. Based on past month
Part V: Specific Behavior Scales-Sleep Scales Based on past month First 4 items ask for time or amount of sleep 41. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Sleep quality Sleep latency Sleep duration Habitual
More informationCorrelation between Severity of Atopic Dermatitis and Sleep Quality in Children and Adults
Severity of AD and Sleep Quality pissn 1013-9087ㆍeISSN 2005-3894 Ann Dermatol Vol. 28, No. 3, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.5021/ad.2016.28.3.321 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Correlation between Severity of Atopic Dermatitis
More informationPolysomnography (PSG) (Sleep Studies), Sleep Center
Policy Number: 1036 Policy History Approve Date: 07/09/2015 Effective Date: 07/09/2015 Preauthorization All Plans Benefit plans vary in coverage and some plans may not provide coverage for certain service(s)
More informationIowa Sleep Disturbances Inventory (ISDI)
Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences Publications 1-1-2010 Iowa Sleep Disturbances Inventory (ISDI) Erin Koffel University of Iowa Copyright 2010 Erin Koffel Comments For more information on the
More informationBehavioral Sleep Medicine W 12:50p 3:50p, HPNP G103 CLP 7934 Section 03A4
Behavioral Sleep Medicine W 12:50p 3:50p, HPNP G103 CLP 7934 Section 03A4 Fall 2013 Instructor: Office hours: Christina McCrae, PhD, CBSM Department of Clinical & Health Psychology HPNP, Room 3139 csmccrae@phhp.ufl.edu
More informationCITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG. Psychosocial Factors and Depression: The Mediating Role of Sleep
CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG Psychosocial Factors and Depression: The Mediating Role of Sleep A Report Submitted to Department of Applied Social Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
More informationDATA GATHERING METHOD
DATA GATHERING METHOD Dr. Sevil Hakimi Msm. PhD. THE NECESSITY OF INSTRUMENTS DEVELOPMENT Good researches in health sciences depends on good measurement. The foundation of all rigorous research designs
More informationINSOMNIAS. Stephan Eisenschenk, MD Department of Neurology
INSOMNIAS INSOMNIAS General criteria for insomnia A. Repeated difficulty with sleep initiation, duration, consolidation or quality. B. Adequate sleep opportunity, persistent sleep difficulty and associated
More informationMind Wandering, Sleep Quality, Affect and Chronotype: An Exploratory Study
Mind Wandering, Sleep Quality, Affect and Chronotype: An Exploratory Study Richard Carciofo 1,2, Feng Du 1 *, Nan Song 3, Kan Zhang 1 1 Key Laboratory of Behavorial Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese
More informationSleep Disturbances in Midlife Women: Kathryn A. Lee. Are there Ethnic or Class Differences, or Is it All Just Hormonal?
Sleep Disturbances in Midlife Women: Are there Ethnic or Class Differences, or Is it All Just Hormonal? Kathryn A. Lee School of Nursing, UCSF Research supported by NIH grants #NR02247, NR03969, and Supplement
More informationNo Rest For the Weary: Some Common Sleep Disorders
No Rest For the Weary: Some Common Sleep Disorders Student Activity 3G Activity Introduction: It seems Mom does know best ; sleep has been proven to be essential to our health and well-being. In order
More informationWhat is a sleep center? Mercy Sleep Centers Staff Mercy Sleep Center Clive What is a sleep evaluation? Mercy Sleep Center Ames
Mercy Sleep Center What is a sleep center? A sleep center is a medical facility dedicated to diagnosing and treating patients with sleep-related problems. Mercy Sleep Center is staffed by board certified/eligible
More informationIndividual Planning: A Treatment Plan Overview for Individuals Sleep Disorder Problems.
COURSES ARTICLE - THERAPYTOOLS.US Individual Planning: A Treatment Plan Overview for Individuals Sleep Disorder Problems. Individual Planning: A Treatment Plan Overview for Individuals Sleep Disorder Problems.
More informationParticipant ID: If you had no responsibilities, what time would your body tell you to go to sleep and wake up?
What does your sleep look like on a typical week? Total Sleep Time: Bedtime:, Sleep onset latency:, Number of Awakenings:, Wake time after sleep onset:, Rise time:, Out of bed:, Naps:? Notes: Is your sleep
More informationsleep latencies Arousal and sleepiness in insomnia patients the tendency to fall asleep
Arousal and sleepiness in insomnia patients Sleepiness the tendency to fall asleep Elke De Valck, Raymond Cluydts, Sandra Pirrera Department of Cognitive and Physiological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit
More informationThe Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of the Medical Outcomes Study-Sleep Scale in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
online ML Comm ORIGINAL ARTICLE pissn 2093-9175 / eissn 2233-8853 Sleep Med Res 2011;2:89-95 The Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of the Medical Outcomes Study-Sleep Scale in Patients with
More informationIntroducing the College Sleep Questionnaire: A new pilot-tested formative assessment of student sleep.
Introducing the College Sleep Questionnaire: A new pilot-tested formative assessment of student sleep. Lisa Broek, M.A., Birdie Cunningham, M.A., Caitlin Kelly, B.S., J. Roxanne Prichard, Ph.D. ACHA 2014,
More informationSleep habits and their consequences: a survey. Umar A. Khan, Sara N. Pasha, Sarah K. Khokhar, Asim A. Rizvi
1 Original Article Sleep habits and their consequences: a survey Umar A. Khan, Sara N. Pasha, Sarah K. Khokhar, Asim A. Rizvi Department of Medicine, Shifa International Hospital and Shifa College of Medicine,
More informationSleep and Ageing. Siobhan Banks PhD. Body and Brain at Work, Centre for Sleep Research University of South Australia
Sleep and Ageing Siobhan Banks PhD Body and Brain at Work, Centre for Sleep Research University of South Australia Health and Active Ageing, 22 nd September 2015 Sleep and Aging How does sleep change as
More informationHow is Sleep Quality and Noise Sensitivity of Residents Living in Proximity to Largest Wind Farm of Iran?
J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci., 6(4)49-54, 2016 2016, TextRoad Publication ISSN: 2090-4274 Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences www.textroad.com How is Sleep Quality and Noise Sensitivity
More informationNovember 24, External Advisory Board Members:
November 24, 2010 To: Fred W. Turek, Ph.D. Charles E. & Emma H. Morrison Professor of Biology Director, Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology Northwestern University RE: External Advisory Board Report
More informationTHE ANALYSES TO DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLEEPING PROBLEMS AND THE HEALTH OUTCOMES OF THE ELDER PEOPLE
THE ANALYSES TO DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLEEPING PROBLEMS AND THE HEALTH OUTCOMES OF THE ELDER PEOPLE A study submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
More informationThe Bengali Adaptation of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS) e-issn: 2320 1959.p- ISSN: 2320 1940 Volume 4, Issue 2 Ver. I (Mar.-Apr. 2015), PP 12-16 www.iosrjournals.org The Bengali Adaptation of Edinburgh
More informationORIGINAL ARTICLE. Validation of the Snore Outcomes Survey for Patients With Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Validation of the Snore Outcomes Survey for Patients With Sleep-Disordered Breathing Richard E. Gliklich, MD; Pa-Chun Wang, MD, MSc ORIGINAL ARTICLE Objective: To develop and validate a self-reported outcomes
More information2013 Supervisor Survey Reliability Analysis
2013 Supervisor Survey Reliability Analysis In preparation for the submission of the Reliability Analysis for the 2013 Supervisor Survey, we wanted to revisit the purpose of this analysis. This analysis
More informationFEP Medical Policy Manual
FEP Medical Policy Manual Effective Date: January 15, 2018 Related Policies: 2.01.18 Diagnosis and Medical Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Diagnosis and Medical Management of Obstructive
More informationDevelopment of self efficacy and attitude toward analytic geometry scale (SAAG-S)
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 55 ( 2012 ) 20 27 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NEW HORIZONS IN EDUCATION INTE2012 Development of self efficacy and attitude
More informationMeasuring Perceived Social Support in Mexican American Youth: Psychometric Properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support
Marquette University e-publications@marquette College of Education Faculty Research and Publications Education, College of 5-1-2004 Measuring Perceived Social Support in Mexican American Youth: Psychometric
More informationPrevalence and Determining Factors related to Depression Among Adult Women in Korea
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing (2004) Vol. 34, No. 8 Prevalence and Determining Factors related to Depression Among Adult Women in Korea Kyung Rim Shin, EdD, RN, FAAN 1, Chol Shin, MD, PhD, FCCP
More informationBy Hui Bian Office for Faculty Excellence
By Hui Bian Office for Faculty Excellence 1 Email: bianh@ecu.edu Phone: 328-5428 Location: 1001 Joyner Library, room 1006 Office hours: 8:00am-5:00pm, Monday-Friday 2 Educational tests and regular surveys
More informationSleep Disorders. Sleep. Circadian Rhythms
Sleep Disorders Sleep The Sleep Wakefulness Cycle: Circadian Rhythms Internally generated patterns of bodily functions that vary over a ~24-hour period Function even in the absence of normal cues 2 Circadian
More informationWhat Is the Moment of Sleep Onset for Insomniacs?
Sleep, 6(1): 10-\5 1983 Raven Press, New York What Is the Moment of Sleep Onset for Insomniacs? Peter Rauri and Elaine Olmstead Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, U,S,A, Summary: Subjective
More informationSLEEP HABITS OF HEALTHY YOUNG ADULTS: USE OF A SLEEP QUESTIONNAIRE
Brit. J. prev. soc. Med. (1971), 25, 236-241 SLEEP HABITS OF HEALTHY YOUNG ADULTS: USE OF A SLEEP QUESTIONNAIRE M. W. JOHNS, T. J. A. GAY, M. D. E. GOODYEAR, AND J. P. MASTERTON Department of Surgery,
More informationP08 Reversible loss of consciousness. E365 Aviation Human Factors
P08 Reversible loss of consciousness E365 Aviation Human Factors Need to sleep Sleep is a natural state of rest for the body and mind that involves the reversible loss of consciousness. You sleep to not
More informationCHAPTER 3 METHOD AND PROCEDURE
CHAPTER 3 METHOD AND PROCEDURE Previous chapter namely Review of the Literature was concerned with the review of the research studies conducted in the field of teacher education, with special reference
More informationReliability and Validity checks S-005
Reliability and Validity checks S-005 Checking on reliability of the data we collect Compare over time (test-retest) Item analysis Internal consistency Inter-rater agreement Compare over time Test-Retest
More informationEFFICACY OF MODAFINIL IN 10 TAIWANESE PATIENTS WITH NARCOLEPSY: FINDINGS USING THE MULTIPLE SLEEP LATENCY TEST AND EPWORTH SLEEPINESS SCALE
EFFICACY OF MODAFINIL IN 10 TAIWANESE PATIENTS WITH NARCOLEPSY: FINDINGS USING THE MULTIPLE SLEEP LATENCY TEST AND EPWORTH SLEEPINESS SCALE Shih-Bin Yeh 1 and Carlos Hugh Schenck 2,3 1 Department of Neurology
More informationISSN X Journal of Educational and Social Research Vol. 2 (8) October 2012
The Investigation of Czech Lower Secondary School Pupils Toward Science Subjects Milan Kubiatko Doi:10.5901/jesr.2012.v2n8p11 Institute for Research in School Education, Masaryk University, Brno,Czech
More information