Airway Anatomy. Soft palate. Hard palate. Nasopharynx. Tongue. Oropharynx. Hypopharynx. Thyroid cartilage
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2 Airway Anatomy Hard palate Soft palate Tongue Nasopharynx Oropharynx Hypopharynx Thyroid cartilage
3 Airway Anatomy Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Trachea Cricothyroid membrane
4 Airway Anatomy Vallecula Epiglottis True vocal cords False vocal cords Pyriform sinus Cuneiform cartilage (arytenoids) Corniculate cartilage (arytenoids)
5 Airway Anatomy Trachea Carina Bronchi
6 Airway management tools Chin lift / jaw thrust (most basic) BVM Airway adjuncts: oral, nasal Non visualized advanced airways (supraglottic) Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) Laryngeal Tube (ie. King LT) E T Combitube (dual lumen) Endotracheal intubation (by various means) Cricothyrotomy (most advanced) CONTINUUM IN WHICH ALL ARE IMPORTANT
7 Airway management Visualization axis
8 Maintaining airway? no Airway manuevers, Adjuncts yes yes Now maintained? no Intubate Protecting airway? no Coma cocktail successful? yes yes Ventilating / oxygenating adequately? yes Deterioration / airway compromise likely? yes no yes Coma cocktail, supp. O2 successful? BVM, intubate Consider intubation vs. close observation Rapid transport no no no Supp. O2, Observe, Transport
9 Difficult airways
10 Difficult BVM MOANS Mask Seal Facial hair, deformity, blood Obesity / Obstruction Age Cancer, lesions, excess tissue >55, higher risk of poor BMV No teeth Teeth keep face from caving in during BMV Stiff / Snoring Lung resistance issues (edema, COPD)
11 Difficult Intubation LEMON Look externally Evaluate ideal 3 fingers in open mouth (mouth opening size) 3 fingers chin to hyoid (size of tongue in relation to pharynx) 2 fingers hyoid to thyroid cartilage (larynx in relation to tongue base) Mallampati score
12 LEMON Mallampati Best Worst
13 LEMON Obstruction Known issues (hematomas, cancers, etc) Muffled voice, stridor, or difficulty swallowing Neck mobility Inability to line up axis will make more difficult
14 Failed airway Definition: 1. unable to intubate by multiple attempts or: 2. failure to intubate and oxygenation cannot be maintained Need to decide which situation is in place: Can t intubate, can ventilate go with the basics Can t intubate, can t ventilate go with the cricothyrotomy
15 Review of intubation Setup for intubation (already being ventilated with BVM) Stylet Endotracheal tubes (multiple sizes) Average male: 8.5 mm average female: 7.5 mm (8.0 and 7.0 commonly used in EMS) Laryngoscope and blades (curved and straight, multiple sizes) check light Syringe for inflation of balloon Suction Alternate airway devices Verification method (colorimetric, capnograph, stethoscope) Securing device
16 Steps of intubation 1. Laryngoscope in left hand, loose grip with fingers 2. Position the airway (initially sniffing position if possible) 3. Open the mouth with right hand 4. Insert blade on far right side 5. Swing to the midline, moving tongue to the left 6. Upward pressure in the direction of the handle to expose the vocal cords (no levering) 7. Keep visual contact with vocal cords while obtaining ET tube
17 Steps of intubation 8. Insert tube from right corner of mouth (bevel horizontal) 9. Rotate 90 degrees (bevel vertical) and insert through the vocal cords at midline until balloon passes completely through 10. Remove laryngoscope 11. Remove stylet (hold your tube!) 12. Inflate balloon with 7 10 ml of air 13. Ventilate and verify the tube by multiple means 14. Secure the tube
18 Intubations
19 Verification of tube placement Auscultation (stomach first?) bilateral to check depth Chest rise Esophageal detection device Colorimetric ETCO2 device Continuous waveform capnography ( the most reliable method ) Record depth at teeth (average 21 cm in females, cm in males)
20 Laryngoscopy techniques Cormack Lehane grading system
21 Laryngoscopy techniques BURP manuever (similar but different from Sellick s manuever or cricoid pressure) Backward Upward Rightward (patient s right) Pressure Tends to improve the Cormack Lehane grade Assistant may provide too much pressure, so you can guide them
22 Laryngoscopy techniques Intubating stylets (Bougie) Using laryngoscope, insert flexible stylet between vocal cords (grade 2) or above the arytenoids (grade 3) Slide ETT over the stylet into the trachea while keeping laryngoscope in place
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