LOW NORMAL HEART AND RESPIRATION RATES IN INDIVIDUALS PRACTICING THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION TECHNIQUE
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1 PAPER 30 LOW NORMAL HEART AND RESPIRATION RATES IN INDIVIDUALS PRACTICING THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION TECHNIQUE THOMAS J. ROUTT, B.S. Department of Psychology, Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington State College, Bellingham, Washington Research completed June Low levels of heart rate and respiratory rate occurred in subjects practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique during and outside of the period of the technique, suggesting greater relaxation and physiological efficiency.-editors Heart rate, respiration rate, skin resistance, heart rate variability, and finger-pulse volume were measured in 12 people regularly practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique and 12 nonmeditator control subjects before, during, and after the two groups meditated and relaxed, respectively. The meditators demonstrated significantly lower heart (p.001) and respiration (p =.002) rates than the controls throughout pretest, test, and posttest periods, as well as a significant increase in skin resistance during Transcendental Meditation (p =.017), which controls did not show during rest. No differences were found for heart rate variability or finger-pulse volume. The regular practice oftranscendental Meditation may reduce resting levels ofsympathetic activity. INTRODUCTION The Transcendental Meditation (TM) technique, as taught by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, is a process (7, pp ) that produces consistent, significant physiological changes characteristic of a rapidly produced state of "restful alertness" (18, 19, 20, 21). This state may result from an integrated neural response (20) that produces both mental alertness and a quiescence of the sympathetic nervous system (8, 19) and has been termed a distinct, fourth major state of consciousness ( 1, 17). There is some evidence that people who regularly practice the TM technique show low resting levels of sympathetic activity outside of meditation as well. Relatively low resting systolic (106 mm Hg) and diastolic (57 mm Hg) blood pressures (averaging 75 mm Hg) have been noted in meditators (20). Orme-Johnson (11) found lower levels of spontaneous skin resistance responses and more rapid skin resistance habituation in meditators than in nonmeditators and concluded that the regular practice of TM may stabilize the activity of the autonomic nervous system. Wallace et al. (17, 19, 20) have suggested that the regular practice of TM may reduce anxiety symptoms and alleviate a variety of psychosomatic disorders. The present study assessed relative levels of autonomic activity, by means of five physiological measures, in a group of meditators and a nonmeditating control group before, during, and after meditation and relaxation, respectively. METHOD SUBJECTS-Subjects were 24 undergraduates-eight males and four females in each of two groups. Twelve subjects, years of age (mean= 22.9 years), who had not been instructed in the TM technique (nonmeditators) comprised the control group. Twelve subjects, years old (mean = 22.6 years), were regular meditators, having received consistent and uniform instruction in the technique through an organization specializing in teaching it, as described by Forem (3). The meditators practiced TM twice daily for 20 minutes each time and had been meditating from three weeks to 29 months (mean= 13.1 months). None of the subjects had eaten a major meal for at least one hour prior to testing. APPARATUS-A Grass Instruments Co. model 7 polygraph recorded heart rate, respiration rate, skin resistance, heart rate variability, and finger-pulse volume. Heart rate and finger-pulse volume were measured by placing a Grass model PTTI photoelectric plethysmograph over the first phalanx of the left thumb. Measurements of heart rate variability were triggered from the digital plethysmograph through a Grass model 7P4C cardiotachograph preamplifier and recorded in mm pen deflection per beat. A strain gauge attached about the chest directly over the diaphram recorded respiration rate. Skin resistance was measured with two Grass 1 em, contoured, silver-silver 256
2 ROUTT PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY AND STABILITY: LOW NORMAL HEART AND RESPIRATION RATES-PAPER 30 TABLE 1 MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS OF FIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES FOR MEDITATORS AND CONTROLS MEDITATORS NONMEDITATOR CONTROLS (N = 12) (N=l2) MEASURE Pretest TM Posttest Pretest Relaxation Posttest (5 min) (16 min) (5 min) (5 min) (16 min) (5 min) Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Heart rate (beats/min) Respiration rate (breaths/min) Skin resistance (kilohms) Heart rate var. (mm/beat) Finger-pulse vol. (height in mm) chloride electrodes placed 5 em apart over the volar surfaces of the first phalanges of the second and fourth fingers of the left hand (current density = 31.8 I.A. amps/sq em). The contact medium was Grass electrode cream. Each subject was seated in a comfortable chair in a quiet, darkened, ventilated room separate from the polygraph and experimenter. PROCEDURE-Meditators were given the following instruction: "Rest quietly with your eyes closed until I ask you to begin meditation, and continue to sit quietly with your eyes closed after I ask you to come out of meditation." Nonmeditator control subjects were given identical instructions with the word relaxation substituted for meditation and were alsv told, "When I ask you to begin relaxation, that means relax as much as possible without any strain." Each subject sat quietly with eyes closed for minutes. During the last five minutes of this pretest period, resting measurements were taken. Each subject then meditated/relaxed for a 16-minute test period and was then instructed to come out of meditation/relaxation. Each subject then continued to sit quietly with eyes closed for five minutes during the posttest period. Every two minutes recordings were made for one minute (chart speed= 10 mm/sec). Heart and respiration rates were obtained by visually counting the number of spikes occurring during two minutes, and finger-pulse volume was determined by the height of the spikes in mm. RESULTS Means and standard deviations for the two groups at each measurement period are given in table 1 and figs. 1 and 2. The combined values from pretest, test, and posttest periods of heart rate measurements were significantly lower for meditators than for the nonmeditating controls; the mean for meditators was 67.5 beats/min and the mean for nonmeditators was 78.4 beats/min (F = 14.4, df = 1/22, p.001). Similarly, the overall mean respiration rate for meditators was 13.4 breaths/min, compared with 15.8 breaths/min for nonmeditators (F = 12.2, df = 1/22, p =.002). In particular, the pretest resting levels of meditators were significantly lower than those of nonmeditators for both heart rate (F = 10.5, df = 1/22, p =.0038) and respiration rate (F = 5.59, df = 1/22, p =.027), as measured by tests for simple main effects (27). The difference in skin resistance between the two groups was neither significant over all measurement periods (F = 1.01, df = 1/22,p =.32), nor significant for the pretest measurement period (F = 2.85, df = 1/44, p =.098). While analysis of variance did not yield a significant groups x periods interaction (F = 2.43, df = 2/44, p =.10), a t-test comparing the mean skin resistance for pretest with the mean for meditation was significant ( t = 2.43, df = 11, p =. 0 17). A parallel comparison of pretest and test means for skin resistance in nonmeditators was not significant (t =.20, df = 11, p =.42). No significant differences were found between or within groups for heart rate variability or finger-pulse volume (table 1). DISCUSSION The significant increase in skin resistance during meditation is consistent with the findings of Wallace ( 17, 18, 19, 20), who observed increases in skin resistance during TM of greater magnitude and rapidity than increases encountered during sleep (4, 15). However, the magnitude of increase in skin resistance observed in this study was 257
3 SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION PROGRAM: COLLECTED PAPERS, VOL. I -c:: a -00 e :I: p.001 -c:: a -00..c::._, ] z CZl p.005 BEFORE DURING AFTER BEFORE DURING AFTER FIG. l. HEART RATE. Comparison of heart rate in meditators and nonmeditators before, during, and after TM (meditators) or relaxation ( nonmeditators). FIG. 2. RESPIRATION RATE. Comparison of respiration rate in meditators and nonmeditators before, during, and after TM (meditators) or relaxation (nonmeditators). less than that observed by Wallace. The slight reduction in mean heart rate of 1.4 beats/min during meditation (table 1) is in the same direction as that reported by Wallace ( 19, 20), who noted a decrease of 3 beats I min in heart rate over a longer period of TM. Thus, the present findings are consistent with previous reports of a reduction in sympathetic activity during TM. Control group means for both heart and respiration rates are in good accord with resting norms for this age group, and the mean values for the meditators in this study, while significantly lower, are not abnormally low (6;9; 12; 16,p. 67).Itmaybearguedthatitistenuous,if not invalid, to compare resting-level heart rates measured in different laboratories because of differences in experimental conditions ( 1 0). However, the present withinstudy findings of significantly different heart rates in two groups exposed to equivalent laboratory conditions suggest that the differences are not merely artifacts. Heart rate is determined primarily by the balance between the excitatory and inhibitory effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system (13). Wenger (22, 23, 24) has developed techniques for assessing the sympathetic and parasympathetic contributions to an individual's autonomic balance. Heart rate reflects the functioning of both branches of the autonomic nervous system (14, p. 36) and is a major indicator of autonomic balance (23, 24, 25, 26). The meditators' significantly low resting levels of heart rate suggest that people who practice the TM technique demonstrate relatively low resting levels of sympathetic activity, even outside of meditation. Since respiration rate is also one of the most reliable indicators of autonomic balance (24), the low respiration rates noted for the meditators support this interpretation. Orme-J ohnson ( 11) has made a similar argument to explain the relatively low resting levels of spontaneous skin resistance responses observed in meditators. Taken together, the low resting levels of heart rate, respiration, and spontaneous skin resistance responses suggest that the Transcendental Meditation technique increases the efficiency of the entire autonomic nervous system. It seems quite likely, as Wallace and Benson ( 19) and Orme-Johnson (11) have suggested, that the regular reduction of sympathetic activity brought about by TM stabilizes with continued practice and results in lower resting levels of physiology outside of meditation. The differences between groups in pretest heart and respiration rates found in the present study could be interpreted in this way. This conclusion is qualified, however, by the possibility that some meditators in this experiment may have inadvertently started meditating during the pretest period, in which case their pretest results may be more characteristic of TM than of resting levels outside of meditation. 258
4 ROUTT PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY AND STABILITY: LOW NORMAL HEART AND RESPIRATION RATES-PAPER 30 An alternative interpretation could be that people who choose to begin TM exhibit lower resting levels of sympathetic activity to begin with. Because practical considerations precluded the random assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups, such an interpretation cannot be entirely ruled out. However, the interpretation that the observed pretest differences between groups are due to meditation seems likely because the relatively quiescent sympathetic activity of the meditator group is consistent with evidence from clinical studies in which the TM program has been shown to be a beneficial therapy in the treatment of diseases asssociated with chronic sympathetic hyperactivity, such as hypertension (2) and bronchial asthma ( 5). A longitudinal study is now planned that will monitor several autonomic variables in prospective meditators before and after they begin the TM technique and will compare these data over time with data for a matched nonmeditating group not inclined to begin the practice. SUMMARY An integrated physiological response characterized by a general quiescence of the sympathetic nervous system occurs during the practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique. There is some evidnce that those who regularly practice TM show low resting levels of sympathetic activity outside of meditation as well. In this study normal resting heart and respiration rates averaging 78.4 beats/min and 15.8 breaths/min, respectively, were observed in 12 nonmeditating control subjects, while significantly lower yet not abnormally low heart and respiration rates averaging 67.5 beats/min and 13.4 breaths/min, respectively, were found in 12 regular meditators. The possibility exists, however, that some normal resting (pretest) results for the meditation group represent meditation rather than rest outside of meditation. The meditators also showed a significant rise in skin resistance during meditation, while control subjects showed no significant change in skin resistance during relaxation. Therefore, the regular practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique may reduce resting levels of sympathetic activity. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank Professor Lowell T. Crow for his advice and support in this research, Corbin Ball for his competent technical assistance, and Sally Boice and Lanna Dietz for their assistance in the data analysis. REFERENCES 1. BANQUET, J-P Spectral analysis of the EEG in meditation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 35: BENSON, H., and WALLACE, R. K Decreased blood pressure in hypertensive subjects who practiced meditation. Supplement II to Circulation 45 and 46: FOREM, J Transcendental Meditation: Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and the Science of Creative Intelligence. New York: Dutton. 4. HAWKINS, D. R.; PURYEAR, H. B.; WALLACE, C. D.; DEAL, W. B.; and THOMAS, E. S Basal skin resistance during sleep and dreaming. Science 136: HONSBERGER, R., and WILSON, A. F Transcendental Meditation in treating asthma. Respiratory Therapy 3: HURTADO, A.; FRAY, W. W.; KALTREIDER, N. L.; and BROOKS, W. D Studies of total pulmonary capacity and its subdivisions: V. Normal values in female subjects. Journal of Clinical Investigations 13: MAHARISHI MAHESH YOGI The science of being and art of living. (Rev. ed.) Los Angeles: International SRM Publications. 8. MARZETTA, B. R.; BENSON, H.; and WALLACE, R. K Combatting drug dependence in young people: A new approach. Medical Counterpoint 4: 13-18, MONTOYE, H. 1.; WILLIS, P. W., III; and CUNNINGHAM, D. A Heart rate response to submaximal exercise: Relation to age and sex. Journal ofgerontology 23: NORMAN, A., and MELVILLE, C. H The comparability of cross-laboratory resting heart rate: A reply to Elliot. Psychophysiology 9: ORME-JOHNSON, D. W Autonomic stability and Transcendental Meditation. Psychosomatic Medicine 35: REICHERT, E., and PHAM, Q. T La ventilation et les equivalents respiratoires chez l'homme sain au repos. Compte Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie 158: ROTHE, C. F Control of the cardiovascular system. In Physiology, ed. E. E. Selkurt, p Boston: Little, Brown. 14. STERNBACK, R. A Principles of psychophysiology. New York: Academic Press. 15. TART, C. T Patterns of basal skin resistance during sleep. Psychophysiology 4: TORONTO, A. F Structure and function of the heart. Boston: Heath. 17. WALLACE, R. K The physiological effects oftran:, scendental Meditation: A proposed fourth major state of consciousness. Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles. 18. WALLACE, R. K Physiological effects of Transcendental Meditation. Science 167: WALLACE, R. K., and BENSON, H The physiology of meditation. Scientific American 226: WALLACE, R. K.; BENSON, H.; and WILSON, A. F A wakeful hypometabolic physiologic state. American Journal of Physiology 221: WALLACE, R. K.; BENSON, H.; WILSON, A. F.; and GARRETT, M. D Decreased blood lactate during Transcendental Meditation. Federation Proceedings 30: WENGER, M. A The measurement of individual differences in autonomic balance. Journal of Psychosomatic 259
5 SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION PROGRAM: COLLECTED PAPERS, VOL. I Medicine 3: WENGER, M. A The stability of measurement of autonomic balance. Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine 4: WENGER, M. A A further note on the measurement of autonomic balance. Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine 5: WENGER, M. A., and ELLINGTON, M The measurement of autonomic balance in children: Method and normative data. Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine 5: WENGER, M. A., and CULLEN, T. D Studies of autonomic balance in children and adults. In Handbook of Psychophysiology, ed. N. S. Greenfield and R. A. Sternbach, p New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. 27. WINER, B. J Statistical principles in experimental design. New York: McGraw-Hill. 260
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