Genetically distinct Glossina fuscipes fuscipes populations in the Lake Kyoga region of Uganda and its relevance for Human Africa trypanosomiasis
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1 Genetically distinct Glossina fuscipes fuscipes populations in the Lake Kyoga region of Uganda and its relevance for Human Africa trypanosomiasis Richard Echodu, Mark Sistrom, Chaz Hyseni, John Enyaru, Loyce Okedi, Serap Aksoy, Adalgisa Caccone 32 nd ISCTRC Conference 11 th September 2013, Khartoum, Sudan
2 Trypanosomiasis control No vaccine against trypanosomes Treatment is costly and sometimes ineffective Treatment of infected humans and animals Vector control best option for control Various techniques have been successful but not useful for areawide application
3 Introduction Ecological and genetic data are important in understanding population dynamics, thus help determine the appropriate scale at which control can be effective (Ouma et al. Solano et al. Beadell et al.2010, Echodu et al. 2011, Hyseni et al etc) Insights into the patterns of dispersion Identifying barriers to gene flow Predicting fly movements Assessing re-invasion risks from neighboring sites Define the spatial extent, temporal stability, and size of the population targeted for control.
4 Epidemiology of HAT & Glossina fuscipes fuscipes distribution in Uganda T. b. gambiense Source: Maina, 2010 Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
5 Beadell et al. (2010) PLOS Neglected Diseases
6 Specific objective Determine the level of differentiation and gene flow of G. f. fuscipes between and within the Lake Kyoga region.
7 Tsetse collections
8 Methods We visited a total of 49 sites, 23 of which yielded a total of 2918 tsetse flies with an average of 127 per site. Microsatellites genotyping 1221 tsetse flies (collected /2010) from 23 sites 18 microsatellite loci Mitochondrial DNA 489 flies (collected /2010). 570bp COI
9 Phylogenetic relationships A total of 57 haplotypes, including 15 new ones
10 Measures of genetic differentiation
11 Population Structure of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes
12 Exploring migration patterns along latitudinal or longitudinal directions KZ KK KB Uganda AR MF O KR G MS MY KF JN SS KA Y NA KT OC PD AM IGG KL BV OT MK PT BU T B Lake Victoria BKD BK BN T OK B ND North-South Transact Microsatellite mtdna cluster Total Number No. from No. from No. mixed Code cluster of migrant Northern Southern zone Total East-West Transact Code Microsatellite cluster mtdna cluster Total Number of migrant No. from Northern No. from Southern No. mixed zone Total
13 Implications for Gff vector control and future directions Hyseni et al. 2012
14 Effective population size (Ne) of the different population. NEESTIMATOR 1.3 (Peel et al. 2004). Momentum Based Temporal, Waples 1989, Bayesian approach TM3, Berthier et al. (2002), iterations & a NeMAX of Population N0. of generation Microsatellite data Mitochondria data MBT 95% CI TM3 95% CI MBT 95% CI BU infinity ,000 inf. (113.8-inf.) ( ,000) OK infinity infinity ,000 inf. (1.9-inf.) (0-20,000) BN infinity ,000 inf. (9.4-inf.) (0-20,000) MK infinity ,000 inf. (0.6-inf.) (0-20,000) MS infinity ,000 inf. (2.7-inf.) (0-20,000) JN 0-13 infinity infinity , (0.5-inf.) 91.5 ( ) UGT/OT , (6.4-inf.) (0-20,000)
15 Temporal variation in genetic diversity
16 Conclusions We identified three main genetic clusters with northern, Southern and western distributions in concordance with previous studies of Beadell et al. (2009). We find a narrow contact zone between northern and southern genetic clusters with migration between clusters. New admixture areas Karuma, Kafu, Namutumba besides MS, JN and BN All admixed sampling localities are along the path of major rivers; the Mpologoma River, the Kafu River, and the Nile River that drain into and out of Lake Kyoga. Large estimates of effective population size are indicative of the temporal stability of G. f. fuscipes populations.
17 Implications for Gff vector control This study highlights the importance of on-going monitoring of Gff in Uganda to provide quantitative information on population densities and dispersal rates to inform efficient control strategies into the future. Geographically close sampling sites exchange migrants more frequently than geographically distant sites Local scales control are unlikely to produce long-lasting results due to re-invasion from adjacent areas, and that in the absence of continued control.
18 Acknowledgements National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) grant RO1AI068932, Fogarty International Center awards D43TW and R03TW008755
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