Chapter 11. The respiratory system. Glossary. Anthony Wheeldon

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1 Chapter 11 The respiratory system Anthony Wheeldon Glossary Accessory muscles Muscles not normally involved in respiration that can be utilised to increase inspiration. Acid base balance The mechanisms by which the body maintains arterial blood ph between 7.35 and Alveolar minute ventilation The amount of air reaching the respiratory portion of the lungs each minute. Anatomical dead space The portion of the airway not involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (also referred to as the conducting zone). Aorta First major blood vessel of arterial circulation. Emerges from the left ventricle of the heart. Apex The tip or highest point of a structure. Apneustic centre Area of the pons (brainstem), which influences inspiration. Arytenoid cartilage Cartilage tissue involved in the production of the voice. Aspiration The inhalation of solid or liquid substances. c11.indd 1

2 Asthma A chronic inflammatory disorder of the lungs. It causes the bronchi and bronchioles to become inflamed and constricted. As a result, airflow becomes obstructed, often resulting in a characteristic wheeze. Bronchial artery Artery that delivers oxygenated blood from the aorta to the bronchi and bronchioles. Bronchial tree The lower respiratory tract. Bronchial veins Veins that carry deoxygenated blood from the bronchi and bronchioles to the superior vena cava. Bronchiole Section of the lower respiratory tract found beyond the tertiary bronchus. Cardiac notch The space between the right and left lung occupied by the heart and its major blood vessels. Carotid artery Major artery supplying the brain, stems from the aorta. Cartilage Type of connective tissue that contains collagen and elastic fibres. Cartilage can stand up to both tension and compression. Cerebrospinal fluid Fluid found within the brain and spinal cord. Chemoreceptors Sensory cells sensitive to specific chemicals. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease An umbrella term that encompasses chronic bronchitis, emphysema and chronic asthma respiratory diseases which obstruct airflow. Cilia Hair like extensions to the plasma membrane. Clavicle Anatomical term for the collarbone. Conducting zone Section of the airways which plays no part in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (also referred to as anatomical dead space). Corniculate cartilage Cartilage tissue involved in the production of the voice. Cricoid cartilage Ring of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx (voice box). Cricothyroid ligament Tissue that connects the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage, the main structures found in the larynx (voice box). Cuneiform cartilage Cartilage tissue involved in the production of the voice. Diaphragm Concave respiratory muscle that separates the lungs and the abdomen. c11.indd 2

3 Diffusion The passive movement of molecules or ions from a region of high concentration to low concentration until a state of equilibrium is achieved. Embolism Blockage of a blood vessel by a foreign substance or blood clot. Epiglottis Leaf shaped piece of cartilage that sits atop the larynx. Ethmoid bone Sponge like bone found in the skull. Forms part of the nasal septum. Expectorate To cough up and spit out mucus or sputum. Expiratory reserve volume The potential capacity for exhalation beyond a normal breath out. External respiration The process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the lungs and blood. Fauces The opening into the pharynx from the oral cavity. Glossopharyngeal nerve Cranial nerve IV nerve that communicates with tongue and pharynx. Also transmits information on oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. Goblet cells Mucus secreting cells found in epithelial tissue. Hypothalamus Region of the diencephalon area of the brain. Responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis. Hypoxaemia A reduced amount of oxygen within arterial blood. Hypoxia A reduced amount of oxygen within the tissues. Hypoventilation Decreased ventilation lack of air entering the alveoli. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) The potential capacity for inspiration beyond a normal breath in. Intercostal nerves Nerves that link the respiratory centre in the brainstem with the intercostal muscles. Intercostal spaces The anatomical spaces found between the ribs. Internal respiration The process by which oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide within the tissues. Intrapulmonary pressure The pressure exerted by all the gases present within the lungs. Laryngopharynx The lower section of the pharynx (throat). Larynx The physiological term for the voice box. Limbic system Part of the functional brain, which processes emotion. c11.indd 3

4 Lingual tonsils Tonsils found underneath the tongue. Lobes Distinct regions of the lungs. There are three lobes in the right lung and two in the left lung. Lobule Minute portion of lung tissue served by its own capillary. Lower respiratory tract All respiratory passages found below the larynx. Lung compliance The ease with which the lungs can be inflated. Lymph nodules Egg shaped masses of lymph tissues that provide an immune response. Lymph vessel A vessel that carries lymphatic fluid. Part of the lymphatic system which forms part of the immune system. Meatuses Three passageways found within the nasal cavity. Medulla oblongata Area of the brainstem. Minute volume (V E ) The amount of air breathed in one minute. Nasal cavity Anatomical space within the nose. Nasal conchae Bones found within the nasal cavity. Nasal septum Structure that divides the nose into two nostrils. Nasopharynx The upper section of the pharynx (throat). Non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium Cuboid or columnar shaped cells that line and protect wet surfaces such as the mouth, oesophagus, epiglottis, tongue and vagina. Oesophagus Tubular vessel that carries food and liquid from the pharynx to the stomach. Olfactory Pertaining to the sense of smell. Oropharynx The middle section of the pharynx (throat). Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve An S shaped curve that describes the relationship between the volume of oxygen attached to haemoglobin and the amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma. Palatine tonsils Tonsils found towards the rear of the oral cavity. Usually visible when the mouth is open. Parietal pleura Protective membrane which attaches the walls of the thorax to the lungs. Pharyngeal tonsil Tonsil that sits on the back wall of the pharynx. Also known as the adenoid. c11.indd 4

5 Pharynx Passageway for food and air, which links the nasal and oral cavity with the larynx. More commonly called the throat. Phrenic nerve Nerve that links the diaphragm to the respiratory centre in the brainstem. Pleural space The minute space between the visceral and parietal pleura. Pneumotaxic centre Portion of the medulla oblongata (brainstem) that influences inspiration. Pons Area of the brainstem. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Covering or lining of internal body surface that contains cilia and mucus secreting goblet cells. Pulmonary artery Artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the right hand side of the heart towards the lungs. Pulmonary oedema A condition characterised by the leakage of fluid into the alveoli. Pulmonary veins Veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left hand side of the heart. Pulmonary ventilation The process by which air enters and exits the lungs (breathing). Pyrexia Elevated temperature associated with fever. Residual volume (RV) A small amount of air that permanently remains in the lungs. Respiratory zone The portion of lung tissue involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Sternum Flat bone which forms part of the thoracic cage. Protects the heart and lungs. Commonly referred to as the breastbone. Surfactant A detergent like substance manufactured by cells of the alveoli, which reduces surface tension and increases lung compliance. Systemic circulation The flow of blood from the left ventricle and right atrium delivering oxygen to and collecting carbon dioxide from body tissues. Thoracic cage Framework of bones, which consists of the ribs, sternum (breastbone) and vertebrae (spine). Thorax The body trunk above the diaphragm and below the neck. Thyroid cartilage The outer wall of the larynx (voice box). Tidal volume (V T ) The volume of air that passes in and out of the lungs during one breath. Tonsils Lymph nodules found within the upper respiratory tract. They form part of the body s defence. c11.indd 5

6 Total lung capacity (TLC) The maximum amount of air that a person s lungs can accommodate. Tracheostomy A procedure in which an incision is made in the trachea to facilitate breathing. Transport of gases The process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are delivered between the lungs and the tissues. Upper respiratory tract All structures of the respiratory system situated between the oral and nasal passageways and the larynx. Vagus nerve Cranial nerve X major nerve in parasympathetic function. Also transmits information on oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. Ventilation V A : perfusion Q ratio The ratio of blood and air delivery to the lungs every minute. Ideally 4 L of air to 5 L of blood. Vestibule The space inside the nasal cavity, just inside the nostrils. Visceral pleura Protective membrane that lines the lungs. Vital capacity The maximum potential for inspiration and expiration, measured in litres. Vomer Triangular shaped bone that forms the base of the nasal cavity. c11.indd 6

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