Running head: THE PROBLEM OF INSOMNIA ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES 1

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1 Running head: THE PROBLEM OF INSOMNIA ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES 1 The Problem of Insomnia on College Campuses Sam Rainey Anderson University

2 THE PROBLEM OF INSOMNIA ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES 2 Abstract This paper looks into the quiet but unsettling issue of insomnia in college students. College universities and society in itself shrugs off the idea that insomnia is a problem on college campuses, but this paper looks to prove that insomnia for college students is a much bigger issue than previously thought. Insomnia is somewhat of a tough term to nail down to a specific definition, but as a general one, insomnia is a condition where a person consistently does not get enough sleep and/or does not get enough quality sleep. With this working definition, this paper finds that insomnia is becoming extremely problematic on college campuses and requires action, as several studies together show the extent of damage that insomnia in college students is causing. More specifically, the issue of college insomnia is problematic because of the effects it has on the student population, the prevalence of it, and the way that colleges help to start and perpetuate it.

3 THE PROBLEM OF INSOMNIA ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES 3 The Problem of Insomnia on College Campuses When thoughts of the college experience come up, it is hard not to think about late nights and a lack of quality sleep. It seems to be a commonality among a good chunk of the college population for some projects to be worked on through the late hours of the night and into the early hours of the next day. Beyond that, occasionally, those hours are instead used for entertainment like movies, TV, or games. Even if college students try to get to bed at a decent time, they sometimes will not have a good night s sleep either because of distractions or because of their internal clock. With those things in mind, the college population generally looks at these things as a simple part of college life. Society also seems to accept them together as a norm of the college experience, aspects of college that should not change. However, hidden in this norm of college life is an issue far greater than most people understand: insomnia. Of course, several late nights in a row will probably not make most college students feel very good, but society has for the most part belittled the thought of insomnia being much of an issue to the point that it is barely talked about. Unfortunately, though, it does need to be talked about. Insomnia for college students is a serious hindrance and danger that universities need to address because of the effects it has on the student population, the prevalence of it, and the way that colleges help to start and perpetuate it. Before getting into how problematic insomnia is, it would be best to define what insomnia actually is. Insomnia, as defined by Drake, Roehrs, and Roth (2003), is the experience of inadequate, insufficient, or nonresponsive sleep despite ample time in bed (p. 163). Also, Dictionary.com defines insomnia as being the inability to obtain sufficient sleep, especially when chronic (n.p.). Beyond that, there are several different ways of defining insomnia. However, in general, a person who is diagnosed with having insomnia is a person who consistently does not get enough sleep and/or does not get a good quality sleep. Now, there are several reasons why a person can have insomnia. It can be started by factors such as an existing health condition, stress, anxiety, and late nights working. Some people are even born

4 THE PROBLEM OF INSOMNIA ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES 4 with having an inability to get quality sleep, but for the sake of this paper, the factors that will be looked into are ones that can be controlled, factors like stress and anxiety. As it pertains to college students, the first major problem with insomnia is how it detrimentally affects their minds and bodies. The effects of insomnia are not just feeling drowsy throughout the day or just wanting to take a nap mid day; there are much more serious effects. One of the first serious effects is that students can start experiencing cognitive failures, which was found out in a study done by Wilkerson, Boals, and Taylor (2012, pp ). They defined cognitive failures as consisting of four things: memory, distractibility, blunders, and (memory for) names (p. 136), and at the end of their study, they concluded that the greater the severity of insomnia, the greater cognitive failures that an insomniac would have (p. 137). Of course, having cognitive failures in college is not favorable whatsoever since being at college in the first place requires students to have full focus and to take in a lot of information day to day; thus, insomnia can be very detrimental to college learning, which becomes an issue that faculty and parents need to discuss and look into more. Another effect of insomnia is that it can cause anxiety. With the Wilkerson, Boals, and Taylor study (2012), it was also stated that insomnia partially mediated a relationship with cognitive failures and trait anxiety (p. 137), meaning that with a greater severity of insomnia, a student could have a greater level of anxiety. Since the context and structure of college can easily cause anxiety (which will be discussed more in detail later), a painful cycle can even form between anxiety and insomnia since anxiety can weigh heavy on students hearts and thus, make them less able to go to sleep. With more anxiety comes less sleep, with less sleep comes more anxiety, and the process can continue on and on like that throughout the school year. A final effect of insomnia, which is extremely serious, is that insomnia can cause suicidal behaviors to surface. In a study done by Agargun et al. (1997), it was found that people who were deprived of sleep had higher rates of suicidal behavior than those who were not (as cited in Drake,

5 THE PROBLEM OF INSOMNIA ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES 5 Roehrs, & Roth, 2003, p. 163). Also, it was found by Hall and Platt (1999) that insomnia symptoms [predicted] suicidality in depressed patients (as cited in Drake, Roehrs, & Roth, 2003, p. 163). These statistics, thus, suggest that the severity of insomnia can at its worst, influence a person to want to kill himself or herself. Though to be considerate, this effect probably only comes up in some of the most severe cases. However, it still can happen, and with the level of pressure and anxiety that college students at points have to face, it is not out of the question that something like suicidal behavior could develop out of factors like insomnia. Now, while the effects of insomnia are already bad enough, its prevalence on college campuses is a second major problem that college students have to deal with. It should not be a shock to most college faculty or students that many students are insomniacs, but still, the sheer amount of college students that are consistently not getting quality sleep is a bit unsettling. In a study done by Sadigh, Himmanen, and Scepansky (2014), they took one hundred college students, gave them two separate inventories to fill out, and then studied the results from those inventories (p. 398). What they found was that nearly 50% of their sample size reported difficulty in falling asleep, maintaining sleep, and experiencing quality sleep (p. 400). This study, then, seems to show that there is a significant amount of college students that are sleep deprived (and thus, to some extent, insomniacs) in one way or another. However, more specifically, that study was done with one hundred undergraduate first year females. Though the study does show how the possibility for a huge part of the college populace could be affected by insomnia, more research would have to support it. Luckily, other research has been done on the prevalence of insomnia, which does not just back up the other study, but it reveals that the percentage of sleep deprived students may be higher than just 50%. A study done by the University of St. Thomas in Minnesota had a sample size of over 1,000 students to take an in depth look on the prevalence of insomnia in college as well as other things (as cited in Shragge, 2010, n.p.). The study concluded that 70% of college students get less than the recommended eight hours

6 THE PROBLEM OF INSOMNIA ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES 6 of sleep, thus, qualifying them as sleep deprived. Several other studies help support this position like the study done by Lund et al. (2010), which found that in a sample size of over 1,000 students, over 60% of them suffered from insomnia (as cited by Sadigh, Himmanen, and Scepansky, 2014, p. 400). If these statistics are true, which they very well could be, over two thirds of college students could be facing the effects of insomnia right now. As discussed earlier, the effects of insomnia can greatly hurt the learning and quality of life of college students everywhere. Thus, as it stands, over two thirds of college students are living a poorer quality of life than they could be because of a major deprivation in sleep. With the effects of insomnia being as detrimental as they are and with insomnia being spread around college students like the flu, it is only logical to wonder why this trend is happening. The third major problem of insomnia for college students gives the painful truth: college itself is one of the greatest starters and perpetuators of insomnia. Before a class even starts, college already can make students insomniacs. Several students going to a college do not live very close to it and thus, are farther away from their families, their friends, and their home. Also, there are many students that leave entire states and countries in order to attend college, being just that much farther away from who and what they have known. Being far from a solid support system can make students fearful and full of worry, which is not the most conducive to getting good sleep. Now, after a little while, those feelings may go away once they find a good support system in college, but what really spurs the onset of insomnia is the very structure of college. First, the amount of homework and the difficulty of that homework can be highly stressful for college students to try to complete within the deadlines. Then, students have to balance that with the social aspects of college: meeting with friends, participating in extracurricular activities, maybe spending time with a possible life partner. Finally, some students have part time and full time jobs to work during school days on top of those other things to balance. Unfortunately, these are only a few reasons why college can make students so busy and so stressed out. It is no wonder that in the study done by the University of St. Thomas, it was

7 THE PROBLEM OF INSOMNIA ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES 7 found that 68% of the students that participated [had] trouble falling asleep due to academic and emotional stress (as cited by Shragge, 2010, n.p.). With the structure of college and the cyclical connection between anxiety and insomnia, perpetuation of insomnia and even worsening of insomnia is almost imminent for many college students, leading to an uncountable amount of problems for the college populace. In conclusion, insomnia in college students has become a dire issue because of the effects it has, the prevalence of it, and the way that college in itself helps the progression of it. With how insomnia is affecting the learning and the quality of life for so many students, the inactivity and apathy shown to this issue cannot continue. Administrators need to look into better ways to combat major causes for insomnia such as anxiety and stress; maybe, promoting university counseling services or emphasizing to students about not taking too many overwhelming classes at once could be a starting point. Overall, though, some of the best changes that can be made to combat insomnia can be made in the larger American culture and society. This country needs to open its eyes, see how ravaging insomnia has been for college students, and seek to make positive changes for the well being and health of America s college students.

8 THE PROBLEM OF INSOMNIA ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES 8 References Drake, C., Roehrs, T., & Roth, T. (2003). Insomnia causes, consequences, and therapeutics: An overview. Depression & Anxiety, 18 (4), doi: /da Insomnia. (n.d.). Retrieved 4 March, 2015, from Sadigh, M., Himmanen, S., & Scepansky, J. (2014). An investigation of the prevalence of insomnia and its relationship with trait anxiety. College Student Journal, 48 (3), Retrieved from df9 baa8 eac5791bd6cd%40ses sionmgr4001&vid=0&hid=4112&bdata=jnnpdgu9zwhvc3qtbgl2zszzy29wzt1zaxrl#db=aph &AN= Shragge, R. (2010, February 17). Sleep deprivation soars among college students. The California Aggie. Retrieved from deprivation soars among college students/ Wilkerson, A., Boals, A., & Taylor, D. Sharpening our understanding of the consequences of insomnia: the relationship between insomnia and everyday cognitive failures. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 36 (2), doi: /s

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