I. What Is Consciousness? Definition Awareness of things inside you and outside you. 3 Meanings of Consciousness

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1 I. What Is? Definition Awareness of things inside you and outside you I. What Is? is a construct What is a construct? Something that we can t directly see or measure Examples: self-esteem intelligence happiness 3 Meanings of 1. Sensory awareness 3 Meanings of 1. Sensory awareness 2. Inner awareness I am aware that I just learned to clap my hands. 3 Meanings of 1. Sensory awareness 2. Inner awareness 3. Sense of self Freud s Three Levels of Sigmund Freud compared consciousness to? an iceberg CONSCIOUS PRECONSCIOUS WHAT YOU ARE AWARE OF RIGHT NOW MEMORIES IRRATIONAL WISHES STORED KNOWLEDGE UNACCEPTABLE DESIRES 1

2 Altered States of Definition a state of awareness that is not regular, waking consciousness examples? HYPNOSIS DREAMS DRUGS/ALCOHOL Teens and Sleep II. Sleep Circadian Rhythms Biological rhythms that change over a 24-hour period Other rhythms Blood pressure, body temp light isn t necessary, but is helpful signals to brain Studying Sleep EEG (electroencephalogram) Measures electrical activity in brain (brain waves) Types of EEGs These differ in frequency: These differ in amplitude: Sleep Cycles in a Typical Night Awake Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Sleep Stage EEGs Awake Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Sleep Stage EEGs Sleep Stages Stage 1 Lightest stage Easily woken up Myoclonic jerks Sensation of falling About 30 min Stage 2 Deeper than 1 2

3 Sleep Stages Stages 3 & 4 Deep sleep Difficult to wake person Often disoriented if wake up Talking and walking in sleep happen here Stages 1-4 = NREM Sleep Stages REM Sleep vivid, long-lasting dreams rapid eye movement similar to being awake irregular breathing, heart rate difficult to awaken from sleep paralysis Changes in Sleep Requirements with Age Development of Sleep Cycles Sleep cycles develop before birth Newborns spend nearly 50% of sleep in REM Development of Sleep Cycles From age 1 to age 10, REM decreases greatly ( 25% of sleep) Sleep Deprivation Sleep debt = lost sleep must be paid back Similar to effects of alcohol on driving Rat research Why Do We Sleep? Restorative Fight infection Deal with stress REM sleep important for memory 1. Narcolepsy Uncontrollable need to sleep At least 3x/week, at least 3 months Can be triggered by laughter or sudden emotions 1 in 2,000 people Partly genetic Effective drug treatment 2. Obstructive Sleep Apnea Airflow stops for at least 10 sec Loud snoring is symptom Can be life threatening Effective therapies 3

4 2. Obstructive Sleep Apnea Treatments Reduce alcohol Lose weight Stop smoking CPAP machine ( Continuous Positive Airway Pressure ) 3. Sleepwalking Runs in families Stage 4 sleep Motor areas of brain active Cognitive areas, little activity NOT dangerous to wake sleepwalkers 4. Night Terror Disorder Nightmares REM sleep Vivid dream Anxiety Memorable Can be calmed No sweating No movement Night Terror Stages 3 & 4 Vague Terror/panic Not remembered Inconsolable Heavy sweating May cry out, run 5. Insomnia Difficulty falling asleep Difficulty staying asleep Early-morning awakening, can t fall back At least 3x/week, at least 3 months Up to 1 in 10 people Treatments avoid worrying in bed relaxation training regular routine 5. REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Repeated episodes of vocalization or complex motor behavior during REM sleep Person is fully alert when awakening Overwhelmingly men over 50 Those with disorder often develop Parkinson s Disease later on 5. Being accidentally injured, ill or dying 4. Being naked or inappropriately dressed in public 3. Being lost or trapped 2. Falling or drowning 4

5 1. Being chased or attacked Early Ideas About Dreams Ancient civilizations supernatural messages from gods or demons omens Dreams and Dreaming A. What Is a Dream? State of consciousness that occurs during sleep Can occur during NREM sleep, but usually less bizarre III. Dreams and Dreaming B. The Content of Dreams Mostly visual, most in color Focus on events/people a person has contact with Environmental stimuli enter dreams B. The Content of Dreams What is your brain doing? Visual & emotional areas very active Prefrontal cortex very inactive Lucid dreaming aware of dream as it happens III. Dreams and Dreaming C. Dream Theories 1. Psychoanalytic View a. Sigmund Freud The Interpretation of Dreams Dreams are... symbolic a form of wish fulfillment Freud s Theory of Dreams Two levels: Manifest content Story of dream Latent content Hidden meaning Dream Theories 1: Freud Dreamwork Changes true meaning of dream into symbols Dream Theories 1: Freud Kinds of dreamwork Condensation Two or more elements combined into one Displacement One element stands for another 5

6 Dream Theories 1: Freud Interpreting Dreams Goal uncover hidden meaning by exploring the details of the dream How? free association But Can interpretation be proven? Dream Theories 2: Biological Activation-synthesis Theory Sleep-wake cycle causes brain stem activity, which activates various brain centers Higher brain synthesizes (combines) the activity into a story Activation-synthesis Theory Dream Theories 3: Cognitive Problem Solving Dreams reflect what concerns us in waking life: relationships, work, health Mental Housekeeping Brain processes what was stored in memory during day 6

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