International Smoking Statistics. Switzerland

Transcription

1 International Smoking Statistics Web Edition A collection of worldwide historical data Switzerland Barbara Forey, Jan Hamling, John Hamling, Peter Lee P N Lee Statistics & Computing Ltd 17 Cedar Road Sutton SM2 5DA, UK This report is an updated version of Chapter 26 of International Smoking Statistics 2nd edition, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine and OUP, 2002, Date of issue: 19Dec2007 (Last major revision 19Dec2007)

2 Barbara Forey, Jan Hamling, John Hamling, Peter Lee, 2007 This work is copyright. It may be reproduced or quoted in whole or in part for study or research purposes, subject to inclusion of an acknowledgement of the source. It may not be reproduced for purposes other than those above or sold without written permission from the authors. Issue History: First issued 19Dec Switzerland 19Dec2007

3 Contents Contents...3 List of Figures...4 Preface...5 Downloads...5 Acknowledgements...6 Introduction...7 Sales data...7 Survey data...7 Table 1.1 Total annual sales of tobacco products, Table 1.2 Total annual sales/production of Swissproduced tobacco products, Table 1.3 Total annual sales of tobacco products, Table 1.4 Percentage of sales of tobacco in different forms (by weight), selected years, Table 2 Sales of cigarettes and of all tobacco products; annual total and average per adult (age 15 years and over) per day...12 Table 3 Manufactured cigarettes: percentage of total sales as filter cigarettes, ; salesweighted average machine yields per cigarette of tar (SWAT), and nicotine (SWAN), Table 4M Prevalence of smoking, males: selected surveys by age, Table 4F Prevalence of smoking, females: selected surveys by age, Table 5M Number of cigarettes smoked per smoker per day, males: selected surveys by age, Table 5F Number of cigarettes smoked per smoker per day, females: selected surveys by age, Table 6M Number of cigarettes smoked per person per day, males: selected surveys by age, ; with percentage total sales...22 Table 6F Number of cigarettes smoked per person per day, females: selected surveys by age, ; with percentage total sales...23 Table 7M Number of cigarettes smoked per person per day, salesadjusted, males: selected surveys by age, ; with percentage total sales...24 Table 7F Number of cigarettes smoked per person per day, salesadjusted, females: selected surveys by age, ; with percentage total sales...25 Table 8 Estimated prevalence of smoking and estimated number of cigarettes per person per day (unadjusted and salesadjusted): summary of Tables 4, 6 and 7; males and females aged 15 years and over...26 Notes...30 Notes on sources of sales data...30 Sales data before Sales data for 1974 onwards...30 Estimates of numbers of handrolled cigarettes for Plain/Filter cigarette sales...31 Tar and nicotine machine yield of cigarettes...31 Notes on sources of survey data...32 Additional information (not presented in tables)...36 References Dec2007 Switzerland 3

4 Table of Contents (continued) List of Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Percentage of sales of tobacco in different forms (by weight), selected years, Sales of (i) manufactured cigarettes and total cigarettes and (ii) all tobacco products; average per adult (aged 15 years and over) per day Estimated prevalence of smoking of (i) total cigarettes and (ii) all tobacco products; by year of survey, males and females aged 15 years and over Estimated number of (i) manufactured cigarettes and (ii) total cigarettes smoked per person per day, salesadjusted; by year of survey, males and females aged 15 years and over Switzerland 19Dec2007

5 Preface International Smoking Statistics is a collection of smoking data covering most of Europe and various other economically developed countries. The second edition (published by Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine and OUP, 2002, included data for 30 countries up to It is planned to update the chapter for each country separately, and make them available online. Please register at if you wish to be informed when updates are posted. The methods used in the web edition are essentially unchanged from those of the second edition, although some minor changes are included in the online Methods chapter. Readers are strongly recommended to consult the Methods chapter. The two main types of data presented are sales data and survey data. We give the results of the original authors as closely as possible, whilst presenting them in a uniform format. Sales data give the total national consumption of tobacco. Data on sales of cigarettes and of all tobacco products are presented, usually from about Estimates of the consumption of handrolled cigarettes are included where possible, as are data on the types of manufactured cigarettes sold. The Tobacco Research Council provided most of the sales data until 1973, while later sales data were obtained from government and industry sources. Survey data provide information on the prevalence and amount of smoking according to age and sex. These were obtained from a wide variety of surveys. Some survey data are available for the early part of the 20 th century, but for most countries they are available only from the 1950s or 1960s onwards. In additional tables we calculate further statistics by combining sales and survey data using certain standardized assumptions. The figures are intended to provide an easily interpretable summary of the data presented in the tables, and the commentary has deliberately been kept to a minimum. Downloads Updates currently available to download from include: Methods, including Appendix I: Estimated size of adult population; Appendix II: Comparisons of manufactured and handrolled cigarettes and differences in the way they are smoked; Appendix III: Consumption category estimation; Comparisons between countries; Updated country chapters (see Methods for current list); Tables from each updated chapter, in Excel format. Supplement 1: Estimation of sexspecific smoking statistics by standardized age groups and time periods. [The web edition comprises a brief Update Note, together with tables (in Excel format only) for the countries with a chapter in the web edition. The original Supplement 1 to the second edition 19Dec2007 Switzerland 5

6 Preface (continued) (an extended version of Appendix IV to the second edition) is also available and gives a full description and tables for the other countries]; Also available from the same source are: Supplement 2 to the second edition: Estimating past smoking habits by an indirect method. An investigation into a method based on recall, with application to Great Britain. [This supplement is an extended version of Appendix V to the second edition]; IMASS, a comprehensive Excel database system, based on WHO mortality data and smoking statistics from Supplement 1. The IMASS system includes powerful routines for creating graphs and tables. Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the tobacco industry for their financial support and for providing some of the sales data in International Smoking Statistics. We would also like to thank the many government and research organizations and individuals who supplied much of the information included. We thank Yvonne Cooper, Pauline Wassell and Diana Morris for maintenance of our references database. We are indebted to G. F. Todd, past director of the Tobacco Research Council, who, shortly before he died in 1988, had prepared a draft report from which the first edition of International Smoking Statistics developed. Professor Nicholas Wald was an editor of earlier editions, and we thank him for his support and encouragement. We alone bear the responsibility for the analysis and interpretation of the data presented. 6 Switzerland 19Dec2007

7 Introduction Sales data See Tables 13 and Notes on sources of sales data. Data are available since 1934, but for 1974 to 1992 they are incomplete and conflicting. In those years they include sales to tourists and frontier zone traffic but exclude imports. For 1993 onwards data are available that take account of imports and exports for the main tobacco types including handrolling tobacco. From 1934 until 1972 the consumption of manufactured cigarettes per adult increased, with some fluctuations, from 2 cigarettes per day to a peak of nearly 11 cigarettes per day. Thereafter consumption decreased to 6 cigarettes per day by No information on smoking of handrolled cigarettes is available until From then until 2006 the smoking of handrolled cigarettes increased but was marginal compared with the smoking of manufactured cigarettes. The consumption of tobacco products per adult increased, with some fluctuations, from 6 g per day in 1934 to 1213 g at the beginning of the 1970s. This reduced to 8 g per day by the 1990s and reduced further (to 67 g) by the 2000s. In the mid 1930s, 25% of all tobacco was consumed as manufactured cigarettes. This proportion increased to about 80% in the early 1970s and about 90% during the 1990s and early 2000s. Before the war, sales of cigars and of smoking tobacco were both greater than cigarette sales, but decreased to 7% and 34% respectively by the 2000s. Trümpy (1983) summarized the development of smoking in Switzerland as follows: According to Swiss documents, a resistance initially arose against smoking, which was imported from America and propagated mainly among soldiers, but it eventually became increasingly tolerated. Outdoor smoking was disapproved of up to the midnineteenth century, and women were not allowed to indulge in cigarette smoking before 1918; since 1945, it has increased in both sexes. Medical warning began extensively only after Survey data See Tables 48 and Notes on sources of survey data. Apart from a survey in a rural area in the 1950s, no data on adult smoking are available before the 1970s. Nationally based surveys generally showed that the prevalence of tobacco smoking among men aged 15 years and over fell from about 5060% in the mid 1970s to around 35% in the 2000s. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was initially about 8 percent lower when reported separately (source 1) but this difference reduced somewhat to around 46% by the 1990s (sources 9 and 10). Over the same period, the prevalence of smoking among women fell from about 3040% to 2025%. Very few women smoked products other than cigarettes; for example in 2006 only 12% of women smokers smoked cigars, cigarillos or a pipe, while among male smokers 12% smoked cigars, 5% smoked cigarillos and 3% smoked a pipe, exclusively or in combination with cigarettes. 19Dec2007 Switzerland 7

8 Introduction (continued) In general, more men smoked than women in each age group, but from the mid 1970s some surveys show that there were more young women who smoked than young men. A lower percentage of smokers in older age groups was more marked in women than in men. The prevalence of smoking other products but not cigarettes increased with age; for instance in 1975, other products were smoked by 2% of men under age 25, but by 15% over age 55. Comparison of survey and sales data suggests that surveys underreported consumption by 3055%. Between 1971 and 2006, the estimated number of cigarettes smoked per person per day (salesadjusted) decreased for men from about 15 to about 8, while for women it fell from around 6 to about 4. 8 Switzerland 19Dec2007

9 Table 1.1 Total annual sales of tobacco products, Year Manufactured Cigars Pipe & HR 1 All tobacco cigarettes tobacco products tonnes millions tonnes millions tonnes tonnes Tobacco for handrolled cigarettes Source: see Notes on sources of sales data: Sales data before 1974, p Dec2007 Switzerland 9

10 Table 1.2 Total annual sales/production of Swissproduced tobacco products, Year Manufactured Pipe & HR 1 Cigars 2 Tessin specialities (cigars) cigarettes tobacco Toscani Brissago sales production production production production millions tonnes millions millions millions Tobacco for handrolled cigarettes 2 Excluding Tessin specialities Source: see Notes on sources of sales data: Sales data for 1974 onwards, p. 30 Table 1.3 Total annual sales of tobacco products, Year Manufactured cigarettes Cigars Pipe Handrolling All tobacco tobacco tobacco products millions tonnes millions tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes Source: see Notes on sources of sales data: Sales data for 1974 onwards, p Switzerland 19Dec2007

11 Table 1.4 Percentage of sales of tobacco in different forms (by weight), selected years, Year Manufactured cigarettes Cigars Loose tobacco 1925 % % % Source: calculated from Tables 1.1 & 1.3 Figure 1 Percentage of sales of tobacco in different forms (by weight), selected years, % Tobacco Sales Percentage by weight 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Year Manufactured cigarettes Cigars Loose tobacco Source: Table Dec2007 Switzerland 11

12 Table 2 Sales of cigarettes and of all tobacco products; Annual total and average per adult (age 15 years and over) per day Year Manufactured cigarettes Handrolled cigarettes Total cigarettes All tobacco products Total annual Number/ Total annual Number/ Total annual Number/ Total annual Grams/ millions adult/day millions adult/day millions adult/day tonnes adult/day Switzerland 19Dec2007

13 Table 2 (continued) Year Manufactured cigarettes Handrolled cigarettes Total cigarettes All tobacco products Total annual Number/ Total annual Number/ Total annual Number/ Total annual Grams/ millions adult/day millions adult/day millions adult/day tonnes adult/day / / Per adult data based on 2004 population Source: Tables 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3. Population, see Population, Methods p Dec2007 Switzerland 13

14 Figure 2 Sales of (i) manufactured cigarettes and total 1 cigarettes and (ii) all tobacco products; Average per adult (aged 15 years and over) per day 14 Sales Number /adult /day 12 Number / adult / day Year Manufactured cigarettes Total cigarettes 14 Sales Grams /adult /day 12 Grams / adult / day Year All tobacco products 1 Includes estimated handrolled cigarette consumption Source: Table 2 14 Switzerland 19Dec2007

15 Table 3 Manufactured cigarettes: percentage of total sales as filter cigarettes, ; salesweighted average machine yields per cigarette of tar (SWAT), and nicotine (SWAN), Year Filter SWAT SWAN % mg/cig mg/cig Source: see Notes on sources of sales data: Plain/Filter cigarette sales, p. 31 and Tar and nicotine machine yield of cigarettes, p Dec2007 Switzerland 15

16 Table 4M Prevalence of smoking, males: selected surveys by age, (continues on p. 18) Year Source Product Frequency Age Groups All ages UC R A R UC R U U UC R UC A 73 5 A R U U UC R A R U U A R UC R UC R A R UC R A R UC U A U U U A R UC R A R U U UC U U A UC R UC A A A U A UC R UC A A A U * U R U U U A UC R UC A A A UC R UC A A A U A U A Switzerland 19Dec2007

17 Table 4F Prevalence of smoking, females: selected surveys by age, (continues on p. 19) Age Groups All ages UC R A R UC R U U UC R UC A A R 74 2 U U UC R A R U U A R UC R UC R A R UC R A R UC U A U U U A R UC R A R U U UC U U A UC R UC A A A U A UC R UC A A A U * U R U U U A UC R UC A A A UC R UC A A A U A U A Year Source Product Frequency 19Dec2007 Switzerland 17

18 Table 4M (continued from p. 16 ) Prevalence of smoking, males Year Source Product Frequency Age Groups All ages 92 2 U A U A A R A A A A U A UC R UC A A A UC R UC A A A U R U R U * U R U A A R A A A A U * U R A R A A A R A A U * U R A R A A A A A R A A U R U R A R A A UC * UC A A R A A A R A A U * U R A R A A Source: see Notes on sources of survey data, p. 32 Frequency: A = all smokers (including occasional) Product: MC = manufactured cigarettes R = regular or daily smokers TC = total cigarettes (including handrolled) U = unspecified UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) * = refer to Notes on sources of survey data, p. 32 A = all products All ages: relates to ages reported; as given in original source 18 Switzerland 19Dec2007

19 Table 4F (continued from p. 17) Prevalence of smoking, females Age Groups All ages 92 2 U A U A A R A A A A U A UC R UC A A A UC R UC A A A U R U R U * U R U A A R A A A A U * U R A R A A A R A A U * U R A R A A A A A R A A U R U R A R A A UC * UC A A R A A A R A A U * U R A R A A Year Source Product Frequency Source: see Notes on sources of survey data, p. 32 Frequency: A = all smokers (including occasional) Product: MC = manufactured cigarettes R = regular or daily smokers TC = total cigarettes (including handrolled) U = unspecified UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) * = refer to Notes on sources of survey data, p. 32 A = all products All ages: relates to ages reported; as given in original source 19Dec2007 Switzerland 19

20 Table 5M Number of cigarettes smoked per smoker per day, males: selected surveys by age, Age Groups All ages UC E 16 Year Source Product Estimated A E UC E UC UC 75 1 UC E A UC E UC E UC E A UC E* UC E UC UC UC UC A A UC UC UC E* A A U UC E* U A A UC E UC U E* UC 17 Source: see Notes on sources of survey data, p. 32 Estimated: E = mean estimated from percentage distribution Product: MC = manufactured cigarettes (see also Consumption category estimation, Methods TC = total cigarettes (including handrolled) p. 11, and Appendix III) UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) * = refer to Notes on sources of survey data, p. 32 A = all products All ages: relates to ages reported; as given in original source U = unspecified 20 Switzerland 19Dec2007

21 Table 5F Number of cigarettes smoked per smoker per day, females: selected surveys by age, Age Groups All ages UC E A E UC E UC UC 9.8 Year Source Product Estimated 75 1 UC E A UC E UC E UC E A UC E* UC E UC UC UC UC A A UC UC UC E* A A U UC E* U A A UC E UC U E* UC 14 Source: see Notes on sources of survey data, p. 32 Estimated: E = mean estimated from percentage distribution Product: MC = manufactured cigarettes (see also Consumption category estimation, Methods TC = total cigarettes (including handrolled) p. 11, and Appendix III) UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) * = refer to Notes on sources of survey data, p. 32 A = all products All ages: relates to ages reported; as given in original source U = unspecified 19Dec2007 Switzerland 21

22 Table 6M Number of cigarettes smoked per person per day, males: selected surveys by age, ; with percentage total sales Year Source Product Age Groups % All Total ages sales UC 3.7 ** A %A 71 3 UC 8.6 ** 71 6 UC* %m UC ** 75 1 UC %m 77 4 A ** 78 3 UC 6.7 ** 79 1 UC %m UC %m 80 4 A ** 81 1 UC* %m 82 7 UC %m 85 9 UC ** UC ** 89 9 UC ** UC ** A %A A ** 93 9 UC ** UC ** UC* 1.4 ** A %A A ** U ** UC* %T U ** A %A A ** UC 2.4 ** UC* %T U* ** UC* %T Source: Notes on sources of survey data, p. 32 * = refer to Notes on sources of survey data, p. 32 Product: MC = manufactured cigarettes All ages: relates to ages reported; as given in original source TC = total cigarettes (including handrolled) % Total sales: estimated % of total sales implied by survey, sexes UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) combined, of M = manufactured, T = total cigarettes, A = all products A = all products (cigarette equivalents), m = manufactured U = unspecified cigarettes regard with caution (see Methods p. 12) ** = cannot be calculated = adjusted by original author 22 Switzerland 19Dec2007

23 Table 6F Number of cigarettes smoked per person per day, females: selected surveys by age, ; with percentage total sales Year Source Product Age Groups % All Total ages sales UC ** A %A 71 3 UC 4.1 ** 71 6 UC* %m UC 4.1 ** 75 1 UC %m 77 4 A ** 78 3 UC 5.1 ** 79 1 UC %m UC %m 80 4 A ** 81 1 UC* %m 82 7 UC %m 85 9 UC ** UC ** 89 9 UC ** UC ** A %A A ** 93 9 UC ** UC ** UC* 1.6 ** A %A A ** U ** UC* %T U ** A %A A ** UC 2.3 ** UC* %T U* ** UC* %T Source: Notes on sources of survey data, p. 32 * = refer to Notes on sources of survey data, p. 32 Product: MC = manufactured cigarettes All ages: relates to ages reported; as given in original source TC = total cigarettes (including handrolled) % Total sales: estimated % of total sales implied by survey, sexes UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) combined, of M = manufactured, T = total cigarettes, A = all products A = all products (cigarette equivalents), m = manufactured U = unspecified cigarettes regard with caution (see Methods p. 12) ** = cannot be calculated = adjusted by original author 19Dec2007 Switzerland 23

24 Table 7M Number of cigarettes smoked per person per day, salesadjusted, males: selected surveys 1 by age, ; with percentage total sales Year Source Product Age Groups % All Total ages sales A %A 71 6 UC* 15 46%m 75 1 UC %m 79 1 UC %m UC %m 81 1 UC* %m 82 7 UC %m A %A A %A UC* %T A %A UC* %T UC* %T 1 Based on those surveys in Table 6 with data for both sexes and age range at least 2164 (see Cigarette consumption per person, Methods p. 11) Source: Notes on sources of survey data, p. 32 * = refer to Notes on sources of survey data, p. 32 Product: MC = manufactured cigarettes All ages: relates to ages reported; as given in original source TC = total cigarettes (including handrolled) % Total sales: Adjustment factor used: estimated % of total sales UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) implied by survey, sexes combined, of M = manufactured, A = all products T = total cigarettes, A = all products (cigarette equivalents) U = unspecified or m = manufactured cigarettes regard with caution (see Methods p. 12) = adjusted by original author 24 Switzerland 19Dec2007

25 Table 7F Number of cigarettes smoked per person per day, salesadjusted, females: selected surveys 1 by age, ; with percentage total sales Year Source Product Age Groups % All Total ages sales A %A 71 6 UC* %m 75 1 UC %m 79 1 UC %m UC %m 81 1 UC* %m 82 7 UC %m A %A A %A UC* %T A %A UC* %T UC* %T 1 Based on those surveys in Table 6 with data for both sexes and age range at least 2164 (see Cigarette consumption per person, Methods p. 11) Source: Notes on sources of survey data, p. 32 * = refer to Notes on sources of survey data, p. 32 Product: MC = manufactured cigarettes All ages: relates to ages reported; as given in original source TC = total cigarettes (including handrolled) % Total sales: Adjustment factor used: estimated % of total sales UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) implied by survey, sexes combined, of M = manufactured, A = all products T = total cigarettes, A = all products (cigarette equivalents) U = unspecified or m = manufactured cigarettes regard with caution (see Methods p. 12) = adjusted by original author 19Dec2007 Switzerland 25

26 Table 8 Estimated 1 prevalence of smoking and estimated 1 number of cigarettes per person per day (unadjusted and salesadjusted): summary of Tables 4, 6 and 7; Males and females aged 15 years and over Year Source 2 Product 3 Prevalence 4 Number of cigarettes Manufactured Total All Unadjusted 7 Salesadjusted 8 cigarettes cigarettes 5 products 6 number/ person/day Total sales Manufactured cigarettes Total cigarettes 9 % number/ number/ person/day person/day M F M F M F M F M F M F UC+A / UC +U U UC+A U A / UC+A UC +A U A / UC+A UC U U U U U U U U A /11 12 A U U A /11 12 A UC+A A Switzerland 19Dec2007

27 Table 8 (continued) Year Source 2 Product 3 Prevalence 4 Number of cigarettes Manufactured Total All Unadjusted 7 Salesadjusted 8 cigarettes cigarettes 5 products 6 number/ person/day Total sales Manufactured cigarettes Total cigarettes 9 % number/ number/ person/day person/day M F M F M F M F M F M F A /11 12 A A A A A A A /12 17 UC+A A /12 17 UC+A A Surveys covering an age range of at least 2164 are included. Any gaps in the data for ages 1520 and 65 years and over are filled in by assumed extensions to the age distribution, given in Notes on sources of survey data, p. 32. Method: see Summary of adult smoking, Methods p See Notes on sources of survey data, p Product: MC = manufactured cigarettes, TC = total cigarettes (including handrolled), UC = cigarettes (type unspecified), A = all products, U = unspecified. Frequency of smoking is indicated by: regular or daily smokers in normal type, all smokers (including occasional) in bold, unspecified in italics 4 From Table 4 5 This column includes prevalence of smoking classified as UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) 6 This column includes prevalence of smoking classified as U = unspecified product 7 From Table 6 8 From Table 7, except data in parentheses, which are derived from the prevalence of smoking from Table 4 as described in Summary of adult smoking, Methods p Number of cigarettes classified as UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) has been adjusted to total cigarette sales and included in this column 10 All tobacco products, grams/person/day. Not adjusted due to lack of suitable sales data 11 All tobacco products, grams/person/day. Data for 1992 adjusted to 1993 sales 12 Calculations based on 2004 population 19Dec2007 Switzerland 27

28 Figure 3 Estimated prevalence of smoking of (i) total cigarettes and (ii) all tobacco products; by year of survey, Males and females aged 15 years and over 100 Percentage of Smokers Total Cigarettes Percentage Year Male Female 100 Percentage of Smokers All Tobacco Products Percentage Year Male Female Source: Table 8 28 Switzerland 19Dec2007

29 Figure 4 Estimated number of (i) manufactured cigarettes and (ii) total cigarettes 1 smoked per person per day, salesadjusted; by year of survey, Males and females aged 15 years and over 20 Number of Cigarettes Smoked Manufactured Cigarettes (sales adjusted) 18 Number / person / day Year Male Female 20 Number of Cigarettes Smoked Total Cigarettes (sales adjusted) 18 Number / person / day Year Male Female 1 Includes estimates shown in Table 8 for all tobacco products, grams/person/day Source: Table 8 19Dec2007 Switzerland 29

30 Notes Notes on sources of sales data The data presented in the tables and figures were obtained from several sources, details of which are given below, together with estimations and related assumptions. Full citations of the sources are given on p. 37 under References. Sales data before 1974 RP6 Data by weight, originally given to nearest pounds, have been converted to tonnes and given to the nearest 10 tonnes ( lbs = tonnes). Notes as given in RP6: (a) Details of the production, import and export of the numbers of cigarettes and cigars and of the weight of pipe tobacco from which consumption data was calculated were provided by the Federal Bureau of Statistics, Berne and the Swiss Customs Administration. Statistics of sales of tobacco goods in Switzerland were provided by the Swiss Cigarette Manufacturers Association. (b) Factors for converting numbers of cigarettes and cigars consumed into pounds weight were provided by trade sources in Switzerland. (c) Details of the amount of tobacco consumed in individual years before 1941 were not provided. The figures shown for the years 1934 to 1940 are annual averages. (d) The consumption per adult figures are exaggerated owing to the increasing consumption by borderers, tourists, and seasonal workers. It is estimated that these three categories represented 30%35% of Swiss sales in recent years. Sales data for 1974 onwards Table 1.2: Bardy (1990), Zgraggen (2001) (quoting Direction générale des douanes and Annuaire statistique suisse), Swiss Cigarette (2007). This table relates to Swissproduced tobacco products only. The data for manufactured cigarettes show sales in Switzerland of Swiss production and so have taken account of exports but not of imports. The data for the other tobacco products are production values and so take account of neither exports nor imports. Although Table 1.3 shows sales data for 1993 onwards, Table 1.2 shows data up to 2000 to allow the comparison of production and sales values. Table 1.3: Swiss Cigarette (2007), Zgraggen (2007). This table show sales of tobacco products. However, the estimates shown for manufactured cigarettes for represent Swiss cigarette production sold in Switzerland and so do not take account of imports. The values shown are therefore underestimates of sales. The estimates of cigarette sales for take account of production, exports and imports. Cigarette imports for were (Swiss Cigarette (2007)): Year Imports of manufactured cigarettes (millions) Tourist and crossborder sales were estimated as 1.7% of the cigarette market in 1995 (Tobacco Reporter (1997)). In 2004 the Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation described the smuggling of cigarettes to the detriment of Switzerland as insignificant and marginal (Département fédéral des finances (2002)). We have not been able to estimate total tobacco consumption for , since import/export figures for cigars and pipe and handrolling tobacco are not available for these years. In 1990 imports and exports of smoking tobacco were estimated as 268 tonnes and 31 tonnes respectively (Mäder (1991)). 30 Switzerland 19Dec2007

31 Notes (continued) Data for cigarettes were given in numbers. For we have converted these to weight assuming 1 g per cigarette. We have converted numbers of cigars to weight assuming an average of 5 g per cigar. Swissmade cigars are of several types known as stumpen or bouts (a type of cheroot), Kopfzigarren or bouts tournés, Toscani and Brissago, these last two being specialities of the Italian canton of Tessin (Ticino). According to Hutson (1937) stumpen are short cigars, rather small, clipped at both ends and wrapped in Java tobacco; Brissago are long slender cigars made entirely from KentuckyTennessee and dark Virginia tobacco; Toscani are short cigars of conical shape manufactured almost entirely from Kentucky tobacco. According to Abelin and Gsell (1967) Swiss cigar products generally are drier and burn more easily than American types. Legislation in 2004 clarified that oral snuff was prohibited but chewing tobacco permitted, in line with European Union legislation (Der Schweizerische Bundesrat (2004)). Estimates of cigarette sales in Switzerland vary considerably between sources, for instance for the years Year RP6 ASFC 1 SFA 2 Maxwell International Estimates 3 Series A Series B Association suisse des fabricants de cigarettes: sales in Switzerland of Swiss production 2 Schweizerische Fachstelle für Alkoholprobleme: production plus imports less exports 3 Maxwell gives no explanation of the two series, but series A is equivalent to SFA production data; series B is believed to exclude sales in Italy of Swissmade cigarettes Estimates of numbers of handrolled cigarettes for We have estimated the number of handrolled cigarettes by converting tonnes of handrolling tobacco at 1 g per cigarette. Plain/Filter cigarette sales : Bardy (1990) : Parry (1994) 1996: Tobacco Reporter (1997) The values represent the percentages of cigarette production rather than of sales. Tar and nicotine machine yield of cigarettes : Weber (1976) : Gubéran (1980) In 1995 legislation was passed limiting cigarette tar yield to 15 mg, in line with European Union legislation (Harkin et al (1997)). Previously there were voluntary agreements on cigarette yields and advertising (Anonymous (1995)). In 1996, cigarettes with between 1 and 5 mg of tar accounted for 32% of the market, and those over 10 mg for 31% (Tobacco Reporter (1997)). In 2004 the legislation was updated to limit cigarette yield to 10 mg tar, 1.0 mg nicotine and 10 mg carbon monoxide, again in line with European Union legislation (Der Schweizerische Bundesrat (2004)). 19Dec2007 Switzerland 31

32 Notes (continued) Notes on sources of survey data Each source of survey data either an individual survey or a series of surveys repeated over a number of years is cited by a source number. This number is shown in the tables and corresponds to the source numbers given below, where details of the source publication and of the survey methodology are given. Full citations of the sources are given on p. 37 under References. Source number 1 Abelin and Wüthrich (1976), Müller (1981), Abelin and Müller (1983) and Gmel (1995) quoting Fahrenkrug and Müller (1989) a. Surveys by Institut suisse de prévention de l alcoolisme et autres toxicomanies / Schweizerische Fachstelle für Alkohol und andere Drogenprobleme (ISPA/SFA) in French and German speaking regions. Year Sample size 1975 Males Females The 1979 questionnaire used just four of the smoking and drinking questions included in the other surveys. The context of the questions was therefore different from that in the other years. b. Smokers: smoked at least one cigarette per day or equivalent weight of pipe or cigar tobacco. For 1981 the consumption per smoker is for smokers of cigarettes only (i.e. excluding smokers of cigarettes plus another form of tobacco). Calculation of consumption per person (1981) for males assumes that consumption by cigarette and other smokers is the same as by cigarette only smokers. c. Consumption category estimation based on (1975, 1979) 19, 1019, 20 and 21+ cigarettes/smoker/day; (1981) 19, 1019, and 20+ cigarettes/smoker/day. d. Assumed extension to age distribution for percentage smokers, age 75+: males (UC R) (1975) 25%, (1979) 20%, (1981) 15%; males (A R) (1975) 30%, (1979) 30%, (1981) 25%; males (U) (1987) 20%; females (UC R) (1975) 10%, (1979) 8%, (1981) 8%; females (A R) (1975) 10%, (1979) 10%, (1981) 8%; females (U) (1987) 8%. For number of cigarettes/person/day, age 75+: males 3.0 and females Gmel (1995, 2000) a. PKS and Perma studies carried out by Demoscope (an opinion poll organization). The Perma studies used a random quota sampling method and, once per quarter, included questions on smoking that had been specified by l Office fédéral de la santé publique / Bundesamt für Gesundheit. The Perma studies excluded Tessin. Year Study name Sample size Source reference PKS Demoscope (1989) 1977 PKS Demoscope (1989) 1980 PKS Demoscope (1989) 1983 PermaUmfrage Demoscope (1989) 1986 PermaUmfrage Demoscope (1989) 1989 Enquête Perma Demoscope (1989) 1990 Enquête Perma Demoscope (Various years) 1991 Enquête Perma Demoscope (Various years) 1992 Enquête Perma Demoscope (Various years), Gmel (2000) 1993 Enquête Perma Demoscope (Various years) 1997 PermaDaten * Gmel (2000) 1 Gmel (1995) cites the Demoscope sources. * Specified only as being a relatively constant to people per year. b. For 1992, results from both sources, using different age groupings, are presented in Table 4. There are some minor discrepancies between these results (and also between these results 32 Switzerland 19Dec2007

33 Notes (continued) and those for smoking prevalence given in Schmid et al (1999) for 1992 and 1997, not shown). c. Assumed extension to age distribution for percentage smokers, age 75+: males ( ) 25%, ( ) 20%; females ( ) 10%, ( )) 8%. 3 Binder et al (1979) a. Surveys of 1920yearolds in the Canton of Zürich. Representative samples. Sample size Males Females b. Regular smokers: smoked daily. c. Consumption category estimation based on 12, 37, 814, 1521, and 22+ cigarettes/smoker/day. 4 Nater et al (1985) a. Survey in two cities in , controls in a community intervention programme, with followup in Sample size b. Consumption data per smoker and per person (Tables 58) are for all tobacco types, in grams. c. Assumed extension to age distribution for: Percentage smokers: age 15: males and females 15%; age 70+: males 40% and females 10%. Number of cigarettes/person/day: age 15: males 2.0 and females 1.0; age 70+: males 5.0 and females Battegay et al (1975) a. Survey among military recruits. Sample size men. Age group not stated. 6 Le MeitourKaplan (1977), quoting Anonymous (1972) a. A survey by a commercial firm (Konsonanz). Year not stated. b. Calculation of consumption per person based on percentage (unspecified product) smokers and number of (unspecified) cigarettes per smoker. c. Assumed extension to age distribution for percentage smokers, age 15: males and females 15%; for number of cigarettes/person/day, age 15: males 2.0 and females Swiss National Health Survey SOMIPOPS, reported by La Vecchia et al (1988) a. Questionnaire mailed to randomly selected sample, representative of population age 20 years and over. Personal interviews were then arranged with each person in the sample Sample size 4 255, of whom 836 were foreign residents. Response rate 73%. b. Consumption category estimation (agespecific only) based on <5, 514, 1524, and 25+ cigarettes/smoker/day. Estimation for overall age group by original authors. c. Assumed extension to age distribution for percentage smokers, age 1519: males 30% and females 25%; for number of cigarettes/person/day: males 5.0 and females Geizerova and Masironi (1988) a. Findings of the WHO Tobacco or Health Programme. No details are provided of the individual surveys. 910 Tolonen et al (2000), Kuulasmaa et al (1998), Wolf et al (1998), Molarius et al (1999) a. Surveys using selfadministered questionnaires in two regions carried out in three phases, forming part of the WHO MONICA Project: Region Phase Participation rate (%) Sample used* Males Females Males Females 9 Vaud/Fribourg Oct 1984 Jun Ticino Nov 1985 May Vaud/Fribourg Nov 1988 Jun Ticino Oct 1988 Apr Vaud/Fribourg Nov 1992 Jun Ticino Oct 1992 May 1993 * Vaud/Fribourg sample used includes age 2534; all other figures are for age 3564 only. b. All ages column relates only to age 3564 and is standardized to world population. c. Regular cigarette smokers: smoked cigarettes daily. All smokers: smoked cigarettes daily or occasionally, or smoked 1 g pipe tobacco or 1 cigar per week. d. For phases 1 and 2 there are minor discrepancies between the data shown in Table 4 and equivalent data taken from World Health Organization (1989) used in earlier editions of this report. Date 19Dec2007 Switzerland 33