Alcohol and Drug Problems

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1 Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems Volume 8

2 RESEARCH ADVANCES IN ALCOHOL AND DRUG PROBLEMS Series Editors Reginald G. Smart Howard D. Cappell Frederick B. Glaser Yedy Israel Harold Kalant Robert E. Popham Wolfgang Schmidt Edward M. Sellers A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.

3 Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems Volume 8 Edited by Reginald G. Smart, Howard D. Cappell, Frederick B. Glaser, Yedy Israel, Harold Kalant, Robert E. Popham, Wolfgang Schmidt, and Edward M. Sellers Addiction Research Foundation and University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada PLENUM PRESS NEW YORK AND LONDON

4 The Library of Congress cataloged the first volume of this title as follows: Research advances in alcohol & drug problems. v. 1- New York [etc.] J. Wiley, v. 24 cm. annual. "A Wiley biomedical health publication." ISSN Alcoholism - Periodicals. 2. Narcotic habit-periodicals. RC565.R '6' ISBN-13: e-lsbn-13: DOl: / Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 5t edition 1984 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

5 ADVISORY PANEL J. c. Ball J. de Lint G. Edwards L. E. Hollister O. Irgens-Jensen J. H. Jaffe O. J. Kalant A. E. LeBlanc C. M. Leevy H. Mcilwain K. Makela J. Mardones J. H. Mendelson H. Popper J. G. Rankin R. W. Russell C. R. Schuster H. Solms R. Strauss Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Amsterdam, The Netherlands London, England Palo Alto, California Oslo, Norway Newington, Connecticut Toronto, Ontario, Canada Toronto, Ontario, Canada Newark, New Jersey London, England Helsinki, Finland San Diego, Chile Belmont, Massachusetts New York, New York Toronto, Ontario, Canada Bedford Park, Australia Chicago, Illinois Geneva, Switzerland Lexington, Kentucky

6 Contri butors TIMO ALANKO, Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies, Helsinki, Finland MARY JANE ASHLEY, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Universjty of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada BARRY S. BROWN, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockvi"e, Maryland RICHARD A. DEITRICH, Department of Pharmacology and Alcohol Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado ROBERTA G. FERRENCE, Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada and Queen's University, Kingston,Ontario,Canada STEPHEN ISRAELSTAM, Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada LYNN T. KOZLOWSKI, Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada RICHARD A. MEISCH, Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota ROBERT E. POPHAM, Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada WOLFGANG SCHMIDT, Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada HARVEY A. SKINNER, Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada KAREN SPUHLER, Department of Pharmacology and Alcohol Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado LARS TERENIUS, Department of Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden GEORGE E. VAILLANT, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire PAUL C. WHITEHEAD, University of Western Ontario, Addiction Research Foundation, London, Ontario, Canada vii

7 Preface This volume is the eighth in the Research Advances Series and the fifth published by Plenum Press. The purpose of the series is to review new work in rapidly changing fields. We do not expect reviews to cover the whole field of work on alcoholism and addiction. Nor do we expect that they will be like annual reviews covering all work in a delimited field. Our reviews are designed to explore only the most exciting parts of the total field and to focus on conclusions that can be made about them. The series publishes one volume each year. Volume 8 is an omnibus rather than a theme volume in that a wide range of topics is covered, including research on alcohol, opiates, and tobacco. As usual, the greater emphasis is on alcohol research, reflecting the importance of the problem and the volume of work to be reviewed. With Volume 8 come some changes in the Editorial Board. It will be the last volume in the series for Robert E. Popham who has resigned from the Board. He has been with the series since its inception and has contributed a great deal to its development. The members of the Board are grateful for his help. We are adding two new members: Dr. Howard Cappell, whose field is experimental psychology, and Dr. Edward M. Sellers, in clinical medicine and pharmacology. Toronto The Editors ix

8 Contents 1. OPIATE TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE: ROLES OF RECEPTORS AND ENDORPHINS Lars Terenius 1. Introduction 1 2. Receptors 3 3. Effects of Chronic Opiate Treatment on Endorphin Levels Homeostatic Regulation of Endorphin Systems Outlook 17 References ALCOHOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION BY EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS 23 Richard A. Meisch 1. Introduction Methods Used to Study Alcohol Intake Factors Affecting Alcohol Intake Animal Models of Alcoholism Concluding Remarks 38 References GENETICS OF ALCOHOLISM AND ALCOHOL ACTIONS 47 Richard A. Deitrich and Karen Spuhler 1. Introduction Human Studies on Alcoholism 48 xi

9 xii CONTENTS 3. Animal Studies 62 References ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE: THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE 99 Mary Jane Ashley 1. Introduction Studies of General Populations Studies of Alcoholics and Problem Drinkers Etiologic Significance of the Epidemiologic Findings Conclusion 139 References HEAVY ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND PHYSICAL HEALTH PROBLEMS: A REVIEW OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE 149 Robert E. Popham, Wolfgang Schmidt, and Stephen Israelstam 1. Introduction General Mortality Hazardous Consumption Levels Mortality by Cause Mortality Rate Variation in General Populations General Conclusion 175 References ASSESSING ALCOHOL USE BY PATIENTS IN TREATMENT 183 Harvey A. Skinner 1. Introduction Defining Alcohol Abuse Retrospective Methods Self-Monitoring Objective Methods Recommended Strategy Conclusion 203 References 204

10 CONTENTS xiii 7. AN OVERVIEW OF TECHNIQUES AND PROBLEMS IN THE MEASUREMENT OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION 209 Timo Alanko 1. Introduction The Drinking Process Evaluation of Existing Measurement Techniques Alcohol Consumption Measurements as Variables Conclusion 224 References STUDIES OF DRIVER IMPAIRMENT AND ALCOHOL-RELATED COLLISIONS: A METHODOLOGIC ANALYSIS 227 Roberta G. Ferrence and Paul C. Whitehead 1. Introduction Methodology of Studies on Driver Impairment and Collisions Current Knowledge about Driving Impairment and Alcohol-Related Collisions Summary and Conclusions 257 References THE CONTRIBUTION OF PROSPECTIVE STUDIES TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF ETIOLOGIC FACTORS IN ALCOHOLISM 265 George E. Vaillant 1. Introduction Preferential Recollection Selection Bias and Enduring Myths Elucidating "Cart and Horse" Relationships The Problem of Evolving Symptoms Etiology and Prognosis Summary 285 References 286

11 xiv CONTENTS 10. TREATMENT OF NONOPIATE DEPENDENCY: ISSUES AND OUTCOMES 291 Barry S. Brown 1. Effectiveness of Traditional Modalities Alternative Treatment Settings Innovative Treatment Components Drug-Specific Treatment Strategies Summary and Conclusions 302 References LESS-HAZARDOUS TOBACCO USE AS A TREATMENT FOR THE "SMOKING AND HEALTH" PROBLEM 309 Lynn T. Kozlowski 1. Introduction Background Arguments and Evidence, Not Facts and Proof Arguments against Advocating Less-Hazardous Tobacco Use Arguments for Advocating Less-Hazardous Tobacco Use The Limits of Less-Hazardous Tobacco Use Legitimizing the Topic and the Need for Research 325 References 325 INDEX 329

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