World Drug Report 2017

Transcription

1 World Drug Report 2017

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3 DEMAND

4 Global trends in estimated number of drug users and people with drug user disorders, Global trends in the estimated prevalence of drug use and prevalence of people with drug use problems,

5 Proportion of people in treatment for different drugs, global averages, 2015 (or latest year available)

6 Primary drug of concern among people in drug treatment, by region, 2015

7 Total number of people in treatment, by drug type and by region, 2015 or latest available data

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10 Number of deaths and healthy years of life lost (DALYs) attributable to drug use, 2015

11 Regional patterns in injecting drug use and HIV among people who inject drugs, 2015

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13 Comparison of burden of disease from hepatitis C and HIV attributable to injecting drug use, including past injecting, 2013

14 High-risk factors for aquiring and progressing to active tuberculosis (TB) among people who use drugs

15 Healthy" years of life lost (DALYs) attributable to drug use disorders among men and women, 2005 and 2015

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18 Prevalence of HIV in prisons compared with the general population, by region,

19 Prevalence of tuberculosis in prison populations, by region,

20 Regional variation in drug-related deaths, 2015

21 Drug-related deaths from selected substances in the United States and in England and Wales Sources: United States, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Center on Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research; and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Office for National Statistics, Deaths related to drug poisoning in England and Wales: 2015 registrations, Statistical Bulletin (Newport, 9 September 2016).

22 Age-adjusted rates of death caused by prescription opioids and heroin in the United States,

23 Misuse of prescription opioids in the past year, by age group, United States, 2015

24 Trends in the use of heroin and prescription opioids in the United States,

25 Heroin use and overdoses in the United States,

26 Number of samples submitted to and analysed by laboratories, by type of drug identified, United States,

27 Misuse of prescription opioids in five European countries among year olds by sex, age and employment status

28 Sources of non-medical prescription drugs among past-year users, five European countries

29 SUPPLY

30 Number of countries reporting drug cultivation a

31 Total area under opium poppy and coca bush cultivation,

32 Global potential opium production and global (100 per cent pure) cocaine manufacture,

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35 Distribution of total drug seizure cases, 2015 (2.4 million cases)

36 Global drug seizures of selected drugs, by quantity,

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38 Number of transactions by substance, and market share of transactions by substance on the darknet, September 2013-January 2016

39 Annual drug users obtaining drugs over the darknet in the past 12 months,

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43 Opium poppy cultivation and production of opium, a

44 Trends in the global interception rate of opiates,

45 Countries reporting largest quantities of opiates seized, 2015

46 Global opium production and quantities of opioids seized,

47 Quantities of heroin and morphine seized, by region,

48 Percentage distribution of quantities of heroin and morphine seized, by main trafficking route, a

49 Main opiate trafficking flows,

50 Heroin and morphine seizures in Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey Heroin and morphine seizures in the Caucasus countries, a Ukraine, the Republic of Moldova and Romania Source: UNODC, responses to the annual report questionnaire

51 Quantities of heroin and morphine seized in countries supplied by opiates produced in South-East Asia,

52 Quantities of heroin and morphine seized in countries supplied by opiates produced in Latin America,

53 Estimated number of global opiate users and opiate use perception index,

54 Annual prevalence of heroin use and heroin-related deaths in the United States,

55 Heroin use perception index, by region,

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57 Global coca cultivation and cocaine manufacture,

58 Estimated global cocaine interception rates,

59 Global quantities of cocaine seized, a by region, a Includes cocaine hydrochloride, coca paste and base, and crack cocaine; not adjusted for purity. Source: UNODC, responses to the annual report questionnaire.

60 Quantities of cocaine seized in North America and annual prevalence of cocaine use in the United States and Canada,

61 Quantities of cocaine seized in Europe and annual prevalence of cocaine use in the European Union,

62 Benzoylecgonine (cocaine metabolite) found in wastewater per 1,000 inhabitants in Europe (based on data from 80 European cities),

63 Benzoylecgonine (cocaine metabolite) found in wastewater per 1,000 inhabitants, 2016 (or latest year available)

64 Main cocaine trafficking flows,

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66 Available indicators of the distribution of eradication of cannabis production, by region,

67 Global quantities of cannabis resin and herb seized,

68 Global quantities of cannabis seized, annual average, by product and by country,

69 Quantities of cannabis herb seized, by region/subregion,

70 Quantities of cannabis resin seized, by selected subregion,

71 Estimated number of cannabis users and cannabis use perception index,

72 Cannabis use perception index, by region,

73 Annual cannabis prevalence rates in the United States, the European Union, Australia, and at the global level,

74 Jurisdictions in the United States that allow recreational use, medical use of cannabis and those that allow no access to cannabis

75 United States: cannabis use patterns, risk perception, availability and medical cannabis among the population aged 18 years and older,

76 Cannabis use in the past month among the population aged 12 years and older in the United States as a whole, in states with measures allowing recreational cannabis market, and other selected states,

77 United States: trends in cannabis use initiation in the past year, by age groups,

78 Past-month prevalence of non-medical cannabis use among older age groups, prior to and following the legalization of medical cannabis use,

79 Prevalence and proportion of cannabis use disorders among daily or near daily adult (18 years or older) cannabis users, in the United States, among adult cannabis users among adult cannabis users

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82 Quantities of amphetamine-type stimulants seized worldwide, by type,

83 Quantities of methamphetamine seized worldwide, by region,

84 Interregional trafficking flows of methamphetamine,

85 Number of persons treated for methamphetamine use in the Philippines ( ) and Hong Kong, China ( )

86 Quantity of methamphetamine seized and number of dismantled laboratories in the Islamic Republic of Iran,

87 Quantities of amphetamine seized worldwide, by region,

88 Amphetamine and "captagon" trafficking flows with countries in the Near and Middle East reported as provenance or destination,

89 Precursors for amphetamine and methamphetamine

90 Interregional trafficking flows of ecstasy,

91 Precursors for ecstasy -type substances

92 Number of seized facilities related to the manufacture of ecstasy,

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94 Number of different new psychoactive substances reported each year,

95 Proportion of new psychoactive substances, by substance category, December 2016

96 Proportion of new psychoactive substances, by pharmacological effect, December 2016

97 Annual amounts of synthetic new psychoactive substances seized globally,

98 Global quantities seized and number of countries and territories reporting seizures of synthetic cannabinoids,

99 Past-year prevalence of use of new psychoactive substances and mephedrone in Ireland and Northern Ireland, 2010/11 and 2014/15 population aged years

100 Number of synthetic cannabinoids reported yearly to the UNODC early warning advisory from 2009 to 2015

101 Past-year prevalence of cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids ( Spice ) use among twelfth-grade students, United States,

102 Exposure to synthetic cannabinoids reported to poison centres, United States,

103 Examples of chemical modifications leading to new synthetic cannabinoids

104 Extent of perceived risk to a person s health posed by the use of new psychoactive substances, Europe, 2014

105 Breakdown of clients of syringe exchange programmes, by primary injected drug, Hungary,

106 HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs and primary drugs used among participants in needle and syringe programmes, Romania,

107 Annual number of synthetic opioids reported to UNODC,

108 Quantities of ketamine seized globally,

109 Proportion of quantity of ketamine seized, by subregion/region,

110 Prevalence of use of ketamine in England and Wales, United Kingdom, 2006/ /16

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114 Importance of organized crime groups, European Union

115 Organized crime groups active in illicit drug markets in Europe

116 Nexus between organized crime and drugs in Germany

117 Illicit financial flows: Originally: synonym for capital flight from developing to developed countries Nowadays: crime-related proceeds crossing borders; and funds crossing borders for the financing of organized crime or terrorism; and funds crossing borders violating capital control regulations; and funds crossing borders for purposes of tax evasion (not included: funds crossing borders for purposes of tax avoidance; but this is still being discussed among various international bodies)

118 Measurement concepts: from drug proceeds to illicit financial flows related to drugs

119 Illicit drug retail sales in constant currency units and expressed as a percentage of gross domestic product in the United States and 21 European Union countries

120 Financial Action Task Force estimates of global amounts laundered in the late 1980s

121 Proceeds of illicit drug sales and other crimes in selected industrialized countries, expressed as proportion of gross domestic product

122 Revenues from illicit markets per year (billions of euros), 2011

123 Illicit drug retail sales in constant currency units and expressed as a percentage of gross domestic product in the United States and 21 European Union countries

124 Estimated drug expenditure by households in 21 European Union countries

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126 High-level corruption Low-level corruption Violence

127 Prevalence of bribery, by type of public official and by level of income, 2013

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129 Links between drugs and terrorism 100 This section covers entities placed on the Consolidated United Nations Security Council Sanctions list and other insurgent and non-state armed groups.

130 Persons killed in terrorist attacks and area under opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan,

131 Area under control of insurgent groups and area under opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan, 2016

132 Distribution of opium poppy cultivation areas according to variations in level of control by insurgent groups, Afghanistan, 2016

133 Government control of villages, by poppy-cultivation status, Afghanistan, 2016

134 Attacks by terrorist, insurgent and non-state armed groups and area under coca cultivation, Peru,

135 Registered victims* of non-state armed violence and area under coca cultivation, Colombia,

136 Number of persons killed by terror attacks and area under opium poppy cultivation, Myanmar,

137 World Drug Report 2017