Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseasean underestimated epidemic

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1 Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseasean underestimated epidemic Amir Shlomai MD,PhD Head, Department of Medicine D The Liver Institute Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital The IASLD semi-annual meeting- Fatty Liver Disease

2 Outline NAFLD-definition NAFLD- diagnostic dilemmas NAFLD- prevalence estimates NAFLD- recommendation for diagnosis

3 NAFLD-Terminology NAFLD-Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease NAS (NAFL)- Nonalcoholic steatosis -simple fat (steatosis)- no inflammation, necrosis or fibrosis -Largely benign NASH- Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis -steatosis and injury (steatosis,ballooning,inflammation) -A potentially serious liver disease

4 NAFLD is the most common etiology for elevated liver function tests NAFLD is becoming the most prevalent liver disease in western world Younnosi et al, Clin Gastro Hepatol 2011

5 NAFLD is directly linked to obesity and metabolic syndrome Prevalence of NAFLD Prevalence of overweight adults

6 Natural History of NAFLD

7 NAFLD- Risk factors for disease progression Rinella ME, JAMA 2015

8 NAFLD- diagnosis Liver enzymes Ultrasonography / MRI/ MRS Serum biomarkers Liver biopsy

9 NAFLD-Prevalence studies Variations dependent on detection method Vernon G, Baranova A, Younossi ZM (2011). Systematic review: the epidemiology and natural history of NAFLD and NASH in adults. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 34:

10 NAFLD-Prevalence uncertainty Controversies regarding normal ALT US- sensitivity problems (30% steatosis bar), operator dependent Biopsy diagnostic problems (sample error, non-standardized) Cryptogenic cirrhosis/ burnt-out disease

11 Current normal ALT threshold underestimates NAFLD prevalence Zelber-Sagi S et al, Liver Int 2006 Shlomai A et al, J Gastro Hepatol 2010

12 NAFLD-Prevalence uncertainty Controversies regarding normal ALT US- sensitivity problems (30% steatosis bar), operator dependent Biopsy diagnostic problems (sample error, non-standardized) Cryptogenic cirrhosis/ burnt-out disease

13 NAFLD prevalence based on liver ultrasonography (Dionysos study) 44% 25% 20% 35% Bedogni et al, Hepatology 2005

14 High prevalence of NAFLD based on liver Bx

15 NAFLD-Prevalence uncertainty Controversies regarding normal ALT US- sensitivity problems (30% steatosis bar), operator dependent Biopsy diagnostic problems (sample error, non-standardized) Cryptogenic cirrhosis/ burnt-out disease

16 Sampling variability in liver biopsy of patients with NAFLD Ratziu V et al, Gastroenterology 2005

17 Striking high NAFLD and NASH prevalence in a middle-aged population (Brook army cohort) Williams et al, Gastroenterology 2011

18 NAFLD-Prevalence uncertainty Controversies regarding normal ALT US- sensitivity problems (30% steatosis bar), operator dependent Biopsy diagnostic problems (sample error, non-standardized) Cryptogenic cirrhosis/ burnt-out disease

19 NAFLD as a major etiology of cryptogenic cirrhosis Caldwell et al, Hepatology 1999

20 Paucity in features of NASH in liver histology of patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis Rinella et al, JAMA 2015

21 Prevalence studies for NAFLD Variations dependent on geographical area Vernon G, Baranova A, Younossi ZM (2011). Systematic review: the epidemiology and natural history of NAFLD and NASH in adults. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 34:

22 NAFLD incidence and the PNPLA3 gene variants among different ethnicities Williams et al, Gastroenterology 2011 Romeo S et al, Nat Gene 2008

23 NAFLD diagnosis- how not to miss? EASL CPG 2016

24 NAFLD diagnosis- who should we screen? Kotronen A et al, Gastroenterology 2009

25 LEAN NAFLD A newly recognized entity 7% of lean individuals have NAFLD! Younossi et al, Medicine 2012

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