Alcohol, Drugs and T'95. Volume 1. Traffic Safety. Proceedings. August -18 August AJ McLean. of the 13th International Conference

Transcription

1 Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety - Volume 1 T'95 Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety, Adelaide, 13 August -18 August 1995 Editors: CN Kloeden AJ McLean NHMRC Road Accident Research Unit The University of Adelaide 5005 AUSTRALIA Adelaide 1995

2 CONTENTS OPENING PLENARY PAPERS }E Hall Alcohol and Other Drug Use in Commercial Transportation 3 HWJ Robbe Marijuana's Effects on Actual Driving Performance 11 SELF ESTIMATION OF BAC C Mercier-Guyon, CY Gerbaulet, P Arvers, L Giraud, M Retornaz Interest of a BAC Simulator in Educational Programs 23 RA Preece The Promotion and Use of Public Breath Testing Devices 3 0 JP Assailly Self-Estimates and Objective Measurement of BRAC in Young French Drivers: A Field Study and its Preventive Aspects 36 SALIVA TESTING HJ Magerl, E Schulz Methods of Saliva Analysis and the Relationship between Saliva and Blood Concentration 43 MW Perrine, LS Lester, JS Searles, JC Mundt, JL Ferguson Drink/Driving, Daily Self-reported Drinking, and Analysis of Alcohols in Saliva Sampled Daily 49 HP Kriiger, E Schulz, HJ Magerl The German Roadside Survey Saliva Analyses from an Unselected Driver Population: Licit and Illicit Drugs 55 R Iffland, G Berghaus Experiences with Volatile Alcoholism Indicators (Methanol, Acetone, Isopropanol) in DWI Car Drivers 63

3 CORRELATES OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE RE Mann, RG Smart, L Anglin Factors Influencing Aggregate Indicators of Drinking-Driving in the United States 71 GW Mercer, WK Jeffery Fatal Traffic Accident Patterns and Driver Impairment in British Columbia 76 / Perl, DJ Mascord, AF Moynham, GA Starmer Drug Usage by Persons Suspected of Driving Under the Influence of a Drug 81 A Penttilii, J Pikkarainen, H SeppU Drunken Driving: A Risk Factor for Premature Death 87 / Gibson, DJ Mascord, GA Starmer The Effects of Caffeine on the Development of Fatigue in a Prolonged Driving- Related Task 92 BREATH ALCOHOL ANALYSIS PM Williams Analytical and Physiological Specificity Issues in Breath Alcohol Analysis 101 EAHak The Effect of Volatile Substances on the Intoxilyzer 5O00C Breathtesting Instrument 107 CM Bell, HJ Flack Examining Variables Associated with Sampling for Breath Alcohol Analysis 111 RJ Breakspere, PM Williams Breath Alcohol Instrumentation: A Proposal in Commercial Taxonomy 121 AF Moynham, J Perl, SG Anderson, SR Jennings, GA Starmer Evidential Breath Analysis in New South Wales: An Exercise in Pragmatism 129. G Schoknecht, B Stock The Technical Concept for Evidential Breath Testing in Germany 134

4 DECISIONS LEADING TO IMPAIRED DRIVING AJ McKnight, EA Langston, AS McKnight, /E Lange The Bases of Decisions Leading to Alcohol Impaired Driving 143 K Stewart, A Cohen, E Taylor, C Sole Values and Motivations ofyoung Drivers: Key Components of Impaired Driving Countermeasures 148 DBE Span Research on Knowledge, Attitudes and Reported Behaviour on Drink-Driving in New South Wales 153 SL Browrr Associations Between Peer Attitudes and Behaviour, Random Breath Testing Experience and Drink Driving in a Population-Representative Sample of South Australians 159 ROADSIDE SURVEYS RB Voas, P Roeper, P Gruenewald Continuous, Long Term Roadside Surveys to Evaluate Community Safety Programs 167 HP Kriiger, J A Reifi, T Hilsenbeck, J Kazenwadel, M Vollrath, W Krauss The German Roadside Survey : Aims, Methods, and Results 172 DJ Beirness, DR Mayhew, HM Simpson, DE Stewart Roadside Surveys in Canada: MW Perrine, AR Meyers, J Yu Roadside BAC, Alcohol Use, and Driver Record 185 RD Foss, DJ Beirness, JK Wells, AS Williams Roadside Surveys in Conjunction with Sobriety Checkpoints 191 MOTHERS AGAINST DRUNK DRIVING B Brown, A Russell MADD and Traffic Safety: Grassroots Success 199 / Moidi'en, A Russell Rating the States: An ActivistApproach to DUI Prevention 205

5 Two ALCOHOL AND RISK OF ACCIDENT JA Reifi, HP Kriiger Accident Risk Modified by Passengers 213 HP Kriiger, J Kazenwadel, M Vollrath Grand Rapids Effects Revisited: Accidents, Alcohol and Risk 222 WF Wieczorek DWI Offenders and Alcohol-Related Crashes 231 GRADUATED LICENSING AF Williams, BM Sweedler The Case for and Strategies to Implement Graduated Licensing in the United States 239 BM Sweedler, KE Quinlan The National Transportation Safety Board's Proposals for Reducing Youth Highway Crashes - Years of Progress 244 NL Haworth, L Bowland, W Foddy Alcohol Restrictions for Novice Drivers 250 CHARACTERISTICS OF IMPAIRED DRIVERS SC Lapham, BJ Skipper, 1-Y Chang, K Barton, R Kennedy Analysis of Drinking Versus Arrest Locations for DWI Offenders Arrested in Bernalillo County, N.M 259 G Stoduto, RE Mann, L Anglin, B Pavic, F Fallon, R Lauzon Profile of Adolescent Drinking Drivers 265 LR Sutton Differences and Similarities in Profiles of Women Who Present for Addictions Treatment or following a DUI 271 REGRANTING OF LICENCES H Laurell Relicensing Pre-Examination for Drinking Problems: The Swedish Experience 279 AB Clayton Regranting Licences - Experience in Britain, 282 WR Nickel, G Berghaus, B Friedel Regranting of Drivers' Licences in Germany: Individual Differentiation vs Formalism 286

6 LEGAL DRUGS AND DRIVING G Berghaits, B~L Guo Medicines and Driver Fitness - Findings from a Metaanalysis of Experimental Studies as Basic Information to Patients, Physicians and Experts 295 T Asoh, M Uchiumi, M Murasaki The Effects of Tandospirone and Diazepam on Actual Driving Performance 301 B Friedel, G Berghaus Methadone and Driving 307 G Chesher, J Lemon, M Gomel, G Murphy Are the Driving-Related Skills of Clients in a Methadone Maintenance Programme Affected by Methadone? 311 M Ohtsuji, T Ohshima, T Takayasu, J Nishigami, T Kondo, Z Lin, T Minamino Screening of Antihistamine Agents (Diphenhydramine) with Blood and Urine Samples by REMEDi-HS System PREVENTIVE MEASURES JC Fell What's New in Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety in the U.S 329 RB Voas, DS Timken Does Low Alcohol Beer Reduce High Risk Drinking? 336 G Kro) Recent Developments in Preventing Drinking and Driving in Germany 341 AF Williams, JK Wells, RD Foss The North Carolina Governor's Highway Safety Initiative: Initial Results from "Booze It and Lose It" 347 A Randall Reduction in Drink Driving in Victoria 352

7 CHANGED LEGAL LIMITS D Johnson, J Fell The Impact of Lowering the Illegal BAC Limit to.08 in Five States in the U.S 361 L Aberg Long Time Effects of a Lowered Blood Alcohol Limit in Sweden 367 AJ McLean, CN Kloeden, RA McColl, R Laslett Reduction in the Legal Blood Alcohol Limit from 0.08 to 0.05: Effects on Drink Driving and Alcohol-Related Crashes in Adelaide 373 Vingilis, B Fischer The Effect of German Unification on Alcohol-Related Traffic Crashes 378 HP Kriiger - Differential Effects of Deterrence What Can be Learned from Raising a BAC Limit 386 ILLEGAL DRUGS AND DRIVING G Sticht, H Kaferstein Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Published Studies on Controlled Smoking of Marijuana 397 G Berghaus, N Scheer, P Schmidt Effects of Cannabis on Psychomotor Skills and Driving Performance - Metaanalysis of Experimental Studies 403 HP Kriiger, G Berghaus Behavioral Effects of Alcohol and Cannabis: Can Equipotencies be Established? 410 a M Rudler Ecstasy: A Drug in Expansion with Multiple Risks 416 B Friedel Legal Limits for the Assessment of Illegal Drug Use with Regard to Driving in the Federal Republic of Germany 422 OH Drummer Drugs and Accident Risk in Fatally-Injured Drivers 426 M Burns A Cocaine Experiment: Time-of-Day and Hangover Effects 430

8 DETECTION AND SCREENING PROCEDURES M Burns, EV Adler Study of a Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) Program 437 B Butler Employee Opinion: Workplace Alcohol and Other Drug Use 442 TH Nochajski, BA Miller, DK Augustino, RJ Kramer Use of Non-Obvious Indicators for Screening of DWI Offenders 449 RS Kennedy, JJ Turnage, WP Dunlap, JM Drexler Calibration of a Portable, Automated, Posture Assessment System Using Graded Blood Alcohol Levels: Comparison With the Standardized Field Sobriety and Cognitive Tests 455 B Butler Employee Drug Testing in Canada: Motor Carrier Industry 463 T Kuitunen, T Seppala, MJ Mattila, J Pikkarainen The Finnish Clinical Test for Drunkenness in Evaluating the Effects of Drugs on Driving Fitness 470 PJ Hopfensperger Automating Drink/Drive Procedures to Reduce Police Time and Eliminate Errors 475 TC Gilfillan Performance Comparison of the Intoxilyser 5000 with Blood Tests - A South African Study 481 H KHferstein Quantitative Determination of Drugs in Blood 486

9 WORLDWIDE DECLINE IN DRINKING AND DRIVING BM Sweedler The Worldwide Decline in Drinking And Driving 493 AF Moynham, J Perl, SG Anderson, SR Jennings, GA Starmer New South Wales Road Fatalities and on Legislation Alcohol, Drugs and Driving since MC Jayet Drinking-Driving Law Enforcement in France from 1973 to 1993: Backgrounds, Trends and Evolution 502 HM Simpson, DR Mayhew, DJ Beirness The Decline in Drinking-Driving Fatalities in Canada: A Decade of Progress Comes to an End? 508 G Kroj, B Friedel Alcohol-Related Road Accidents in the Federal Republic of Germany - Status till KG Stewart, RB Voas, J Fell The Nature of and Reasons for the Decline in Drinking and Driving in the United States: An Update 517 AB Clayton Drinking and Driving in Great Britain: Which Way Forward? 523 MB Biecheler-Fretel, H Fontaine Drinking and Driving in France: Recent Legal Changes and Main Trends During the Years MPM Mathijssen Effect ofdutch Police Reorganisation on Drink Driving 535

10 MEDIA CAMPAIGNS ON DRINK DRIVING DBE Span, D Saffron The Development of Drink-Driving Mass Media Advertising: The Role of Research 545 BJ Elliott Marketing's Potential for Traffic Safety: Under or Overstated? 551 MR Ledru The Struggle Against Alcoholemia in France: the Campaign of Summer 1994 "Do not let alcohol take the wheel" 559 MR Ledru Road Safety Communication on Alcohol in the European Union: Presentation of European Televised Spot Ads 563 CRIMINAL CODE DJ Beirness, DR Mayhew, HM Simpson Criminal and Administrative Procedures for Dealing with DWI Offenders in Canada 567 RC Denney Factors Affecting Non-Prosecution of Over the Limit Motorists in Great Britain 573 DR Mayhew, DJ Beirness, HM Simpson Impact of the 1985 Amendments to the Drinking Driving Section of the Criminal Code of Canada 577 RT Kennedy Breath Alcohol Testing and Daubert Criteria: The Jurisprudence of Science in DWI Cases