STUDENT HEALTH & WELLNESS HIGHLIGHTS

Transcription

1 STUDENT HEALTH & WELLNESS HIGHLIGHTS

2 90.1% of UND students indicated that they have some problem with sleepiness during daytime activities. UND students believe that 7 out of 10 students smoke cigarettes, yet only 1 in 10 UND students reported using cigarettes in the past % of UND students reported use of contraception during the last time they engaged in vaginal intercourse. More than 1 in 4 UND students chose not to use alcohol in the past in 10 UND students indicated that proper nutrition is very important to their health. More than half of all UND students reported moderateintensity cardiovascular or aerobic exercise for a minimum of 30 minutes at least 3 times per week. 91.5% of UND students experienced average to tremendous levels of within the past year.

3 INTRODUCTION A student s health and wellness is very important and has a direct relationship with their academic achievement. When students are able to make positive decisions concerning their diet, exercise, and sleep or make responsible decisions about alcohol and other drugs, they will be safer, healthier, and more productive learners. The purpose of this report is to highlight the University of North Dakota (UND) students state of health and wellness based on survey data collected in 2014, with some trends from past years data. Data from the American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment (ACHA-NCHA) was used in the analysis. In 2014, the survey had 944 participants, with an average age of This report includes topics such as alcohol and other drug use, nutrition, physical activity, as well as sexual, mental, and general health. The report also points out some trends regarding students health and wellness over time and includes comparisons between UND students health and wellness and the National Reference Group (NRG). Results from this survey are useful to UND in planning student programs, prioritizing campus needs, and allocating resources. It is also useful for designing strategies for interventions and identifying protective and risk factors associated with academic performance. The main goal is to improve students health and wellness and support their academic performance. These results are also helpful to the University for comparative analysis with other universities in the United States. HEALTH IMPEDIMENTS TO ACADEMIC SUCCESS Top Ten Issues Figure 1. Top 10 Issues Impacting Academic Performance (Past 12 Months) 23.6 Stress Sleep difficulties 18.0 Anxiety STRESS # 1 Stress was ranked as the number one health impediment to academic success by UND students. Work Cold/Flu/ Sore Throat Depression of UND students experienced at least an average level of. Internet use/ computer games Relationship difficulties Concern for a troubled friend Participation in extracurricular activities of UND students indicated that as a result of they received a lower grade on an exam, important project, or in a course; received an incomplete grade or dropped a course; or experienced a significant disruption in their thesis, dissertation, research, or practicum work. 1

4 ALCOHOL & OTHER DRUG (AOD) USE Overall Use of AOD among UND Students Figure Days Prevalence of AOD Use: Top Four Substances Use High Risk Alcohol Use High risk alcohol use includes binge drinking; binge drinking is defined in this report as consuming 5 or more drinks in one sitting. Figure 7. Frequency of Binge Drinking in the Past 2 Weeks None 1-4 times 5-9 times 10+ times Alcohol Cigarettes Marijuana Hookah Figure 8. Binge Drinking (Past 2 Weeks) Trends over Time Alcohol Use % of UND students reported using alcohol within the past 30, whereas 66.8% of students from the NRG acknowledged using alcohol within the past % of UND students chose not to engage in alcohol use in the past 30. Frequency of Use Figure 2. Frequency of Alcohol Use in the Past 30 Days ) Days 1-5 Days 6-19 Days Days Figure 3. Alcohol Use (Past 30 Days) Trends over Time Figure Days Use of Alcohol by Year in School )2 1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year 5th Year or > Graduate/Professional Others th year students used alcohol the most within the past 30. Their use of alcohol exceeded that of the general student population (71.3%). Figure Days Use of Alcohol by Current Residence Other off-campus housing Fraternity/Sorority house Other university housing Other Parent/Guardian s home Campus residence hall Students who live in other off-campus housing, (not their parent or guardian s home) used alcohol the most (81.2%) within the past 30. Table Days Use of Alcohol by Self- Described Identity Identity White Hispanic or Latino Biracial or Multiracial American Indian, Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian International student Asian or Pacific Islander Black or African American *Categories are not mutually exclusive % of UND Students of white students used alcohol within the past 30. Figure 6. Daily Use of Alcohol Trends over Time Daily use of alcohol is lower among UND students compared to the NRG. In 2014, 0.5% of UND students reported daily alcohol use compared to 1% of the NRG % of UND students reported engaging in binge drinking within the past 2 weeks, whereas 34.6% of the NRG acknowledged this behavior. Figure 9. Binge Drinking by Year in School among UND Students 1st year undergraduate 2nd year undergraduate 3rd year undergraduate 4th year undergraduate 5th Year or > Graduate/Professional Not seeking a degree % of 4 th year undergraduate students binge drink, compared to the overall binge drinking rate of 33.7% for all UND students. Figure 10. High Frequency Use of Alcohol (5+ drinks at a sitting 5+ times in two weeks) % of UND students engaged in binge drinking at least five times within the past 2 weeks compared to 3.9% in the NRG.

5 Underage Alcohol Use Figure 11. Students under the Age of 21 Who Binge Drink Do not Binge Drink Figure 15. Students Reported Experiencing the Following in the Last 12 Months when Drinking Alcohol Did something you later regretted Forgot where you were or what you did Had unprotected sex Binge Drink Physically injured yourself of UND students under the age 32.1% of 21 reported binge drinking (consuming 5+ drinks in one sitting) within the past two weeks. Got in trouble with the police Seriously considered suicide Figure 12. Average Number of Drinks Consumed the Last Time Students Partied or Socialized Someone had sex with me without my consent Physically injured another person Had sex with someone without their consent Students reporting 0 drinks were excluded from this analysis Average number of drinks consumed the last time students partied or socialized has decreased by 45.9% from 2000 to Figure 13. Reported Number of Drinks Consumed the Last Time Students Partied or Socialized or fewer or more Students reporting 0 drinks were excluded from this analysis. Figure 14. Driving after Drinking in the Past 30 Days After having any alcohol UND Figure 16. Things Students Did Most of the Time or Always when They Partied or Socialized during the Last 12 Months Use a designated driver Stay with the same group of friends the entire time drinking Eat before and/or during drinking Keep track of how many drinks being consumed Stick with only one kind of alcohol when drinking Avoid drinking games Determine in advance not to exceed a set number of drinks Pace drinks to one or fewer an hour Alternate non-alcoholic with alcoholic beverages NRG Have a friend let you know when you have had enough After having 5+ drinks Choose not to drink alcohol Students reporting 0 drinks were excluded from this analysis UND NRG Figure 17. Actual vs. Perceived Use of Alcohol in the Past 30 Days Actual Use Perceived Use Any use within the last 30 Never use Used, but not in the last 30 Used 1-9 Used Used all 30 Perceived use (96.4%) of any alcohol by UND students within the past 30 is greater than actual use (71.3%). 3

6 Marijuana Use Figure 1. Marijuana Use within the Past 30 Days Trends over Time Marijuana use is lower at UND compared to the NRG. In 2014, 9.1% of UND students reported marijuana use within the past 30, compared to 18.3% in the NRG. Figure 2. Frequency of Marijuana Use in the Past 30 Days Never use Used, but not in the last 30 Used 1-9 Used Used All Figure 3. Actual vs. Perceived Use of Marijuana in the Past 30 Days Any use within the last 30 Never use Used, but not in the last 30 Used 1-9 Used Used all Figure 4. Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs within the Last 12 Months Tobacco Use Figure 1. Prevalence of Tobacco Use by Type in the Past 30 Days Actual Use Perceived Use Stimulants (e.g., Ritalin, Adderall) Pain Killers (e.g., OxyCotin, Vicodin, Codeine) Antidepressants (e.g., Celexa, Lexapro, Prozac, Wellbutrin, Zoloft) Sedatives (e.g., Xanax, Valium) Erectile Dysfunction Drugs (e.g., Viagra, Cialis, Levitra) Cigarettes Cigars Hookah Smokeless tobacco Figure 2. Frequency of Cigarette Use in the Past 30 Days Any use within the last 30 Never use Used, but not in the last 30 Used 1-9 Used Used all % of UND students used cigarettes daily compared to 3.4% of the NRG Figure 3. Actual vs Perceived Use of Tobacco in the Past 30 Days Cigarettes Water pipe (hookah) Smokeless tobacco Actual Use Perceived Use Cigars There is a wide discrepancy between perceived and actual use of tobacco products. Students believe that 73.6% of UND students used cigarettes in past 30, yet only 9.7% reported use. Figure 4. Cigarette Use within the Past 30 Days Trends over Time Prevalence of cigarette use at UND in the past 30 has declined over the 14 year period from 32.6% in 2000 to 9.7% in 2014, compared to 12.2% use in the NRG in Figure 5. Daily Use of Cigarettes in the Past 30 Days Trends over Time Daily cigarette use has decreased from 10.1% in 2000 to 2.9% in UND s daily use of cigarettes has dropped below that of the NRG. 4

7 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Physical activity recommendations for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association (2007): moderateintensity cardio or aerobic exercise for at least 30 minutes on 5 or more per week, or vigorousintensity cardio or aerobic exercise for at least 20 minutes on 3 or more per week. Figure 1. Frequency of Vigorous-Intensity* Cardio/Aerobic Exercise for at Least 20 Minutes (Past 7 Days) Cardio/Aerobic Exercise Strength Training Figure 2. Frequency of Moderate-Intensity* Cardio/Aerobic Exercise for at Least 30 Minutes (Past 7 Days) Figure 3. Frequency of 8-10 Strength Training Exercises for 8-12 Repetitions Each (Past 7 Days) *Vigorous-intensity is defined here as exercise that causes large increases in breathing or heart rate. 33.4% of UND students meet the recommendation of vigorous-intensity cardio/ aerobic exercise for a minimum of 20 minutes at least 3 times per week, compared to 32.9% of the NRG *Moderate-intensity is defined here as exercise that leads to a noticeable increase in heart rate. 18.4% of UND students meet the moderateintensity cardio or aerobic exercise recommendation compared to 21.2% of the NRG of students completed strength training exercises for at least 2 a week compared to 39% of the NRG. UND of UND students meet the recommendations for moderate-intensity exercise, vigorous-intensity exercise, or a combination of the two compared to 50.4% of the NRG. 5

8 NUTRITION 2014 marked the second time UND included 12 additional nutrition questions to the standard ACHA-NCHA survey, which has only one question about fruit and vegetable consumption. Although there is no NRG data available for comparison, the additional nutrition questions expand our understanding of UND students health and wellness with regards to their nutrition choices and provide a baseline measure. The 2014 results from the 12 questions are presented below. Importance of Food to Health Figure 1. Importance of Food to Health 81.0 Very important 18.2 Somewhat important 0.9 Not important Food & Beverage Choices CHIPS of UND students (usually or always) avoided foods with poor nutritional value in the past year. of UND students (usually or always) avoided foods with saturated fats in the past year. Figure 3. Student Consumption of Grains/Whole Grains this Year Never Sometimes Always Rarely Usually Figure 5. Daily Servings of Fruits and Vegetables servings 7.6% servings servings or more servings of UND students consumed 5 or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day compared to 6.5% of NRG. Figure 6. Fruit & Vegetable Consumption per Day: Trends over Time 0 Servings 1-2 Servings Servings 5 or More Servings of UND students indicated that food is very important to their health. Six servings of grains per day Three servings of whole grains per day 35.1% of students usually or always eat at least 6 servings of grains per day. 33.1% usually or always eat at least 3 servings of whole grains per day Figure 7. How Many Days per Week Do You Eat Breakfast? 66.6 Physical Appearance Figure 4. Student Consumption of a Balanced Diet and Dairy Servings (Past Year) Figure 2. Frequency of Students Worries about Physical Appearance (Past Year) Never Rarely Sometimes Usually Always Never or more 66.6% of UND students eat breakfast at least four times per week. Never Rarely Sometimes Usually Always Balanced diet At least 3 servings of dairy per day 6 of UND students usually or always worry about their physical appearance. 55.3% of UND students usually or always consumed a balance diet daily. 52.8% of students usually or always consume at least 3 servings of dairy per day in the past year.

9 Figure 8. Servings of Non-Diet Soda Consumed Per Day None or more Weight Figure 12. Body Mass Index Classifications Consider a 12-ounce can of non-diet soda to be one serving. 28.3% of UND students drink 1-3 servings of non-diet soda daily. However, 70.8% reported that they do not consume non-diet soda. Calcium and Sodium Intake Underweight Desired weight Overweight Class I obesity Class II obesity Class III obesity This figure incorporates reported height and weight to form a general indicator of physical health. Categories defined by The World Health Organization (WHO) 2000, reprinted Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. WHO Tech Report Series: 894. BMI results indicate that 54.3% of UND students have the desired weight compared to 60.9% in the NRG. Figure 9. Frequency of Daily Calcium Supplement Consumption 60.6 Figure 13. Self-Described Weight Never Rarely Sometimes Usually Always 13.2% of UND students usually or always take a daily calcium supplement Very underweight Slightly underweight About the right weight Slightly overweight Very overweight Figure 10. Frequency of Sodium Intake in Moderation Never Rarely Sometimes Usually Always 21.7% of UND students usually or always limit their sodium intake of UND students reported that they are slightly or very overweight compared to 35.4% in the NRG. Figure 14. Trying to Do Anything about Weight Food Labels Not trying to do anything Stay the same weight Lose weight Gain weight Figure 11. How Often Students Read Nutrition Fact Labels Figure 15. Methods of Losing Weight of UND students reported trying to lose weight compared to 50.8% of the NRG. Never Rarely Sometimes Usually Always 45.1% of UND students usually or always read nutrition labels Exercise to lose weight Diet to lose weight Diet pills to lose weight Vomit/ laxitives to lose weight of UND students exercise to lose weight. 7

10 SEXUAL HEALTH Sexual Activity among UND Students Use of Protection and Contraception Figure 4. Frequency of Use of Protective Barriers within the Past 30 Days (e.g. dental dams) During Oral Sex Never Rarely Sometimes Most of the time Always Students who had not engaged in oral sex were excluded from this analysis. Figure 1. Number of Sexual Partners within the Past 12 Months Figure 5. Frequency of Use of Protective Barriers within the Past 30 Days (e.g. condom) During Vaginal Intercourse Never Rarely Sometimes Most of the time Always Students who had not engaged in vaginal intercourse were excluded from this analysis. None or more 77.5% of UND students reported 0 or 1 sexual partner compared to 73.6% of the NRG. Figure 6. Frequency of Use of Protective Barriers within the Past 30 Days (i.e. Condoms) During Anal Intercourse % of UND students reported no sexual partners in the past 12 months compared to 29.6% in the NRG Figure Days Prevalence of Oral Sex, Vaginal Intercourse, and Anal Intercourse Never Rarely Sometimes Most of the time Always Students who had not engaged in anal intercourse were excluded from this analysis. 59.5% of UND students reported use of some form of contraception the last time they had vaginal intercourse compared to 56.8% in the NRG. Table 1. Type of Contraception Used During the Last Episode of Vaginal Intercourse* Oral sex Oral sex Vaginal intercourse Vaginal intercourse Anal intercourse Figure 3. Students Choosing to Abstain from Sexual Activity (i.e. Never done this sexual act ) Anal intercourse Contraception Method % 2014 UND % 2014 NRG Birth control pills Birth control shots Birth control implants Birth control patch Vaginal ring Intrauterine device Male condom Female condom Diaphragm or cervical cup Contraceptive sponge Spermicide (foam, jelly, cream) Fertility awareness (calendar, mucous, basal body temperature) Withdrawal Sterilization (hysterectomy, tubes tied, vasectomy) Other method *Categories are not mutually exclusive The most common form of birth control used by UND students during their last episode of vaginal intercourse includes the following: birth control pills (66.7%), male condom (57.1%), and withdrawal (32.8%). 12.3% of sexually active UND students or their partners reported using emergency contraception ( morning-after pill ) within the past 12 months compared to 14.9% of the NRG. 2.1% of UND students or their partner, who had vaginal intercourse within the past 12 month, intentionally became pregnant compared to 0.9% of the NRG. 1.8% of UND students or their partner, who had vaginal intercourse within the past 12 months, unintentionally became pregnant in comparison to 1% of the NRG. 8

11 MENTAL HEALTH Figure 2. Overall Level of Stress in the Past 12 Months of UND students described academics as a traumatic or difficult issue to handle within the past 12 months. Figure 1. Students Reports of Traumatic or Difficult Issues within the Past 12 Months Academics Finance 25.7 Intimate relationships 23.8 Career related issue 23.6 Sleep difficulties 20.2 Family problems 19.3 Other relationships 18.9 Personal appearance Health problems of family member/ partner Death of family member/friend Personal health issue Other Tremendous More than Average Less than No average average 52.7% of UND students compared to 54.7% of the NRG reported more than average or tremendous in the past year. Figure 3. Relationship between Last 12 Months Level of Stress and Past 7 Days Moderate Exercise for at Least 5 Days for at Least 30 Minutes Tremendous More than average Average Less than average No Of the students who met the moderate-intensity cardio or aerobic exercise recommendations, only 15.4% felt tremendous in the last 12 months

12 Figure 4. Relationship between Percentage of Students Who Experienced Tremendous Stress or More Than Average Stress and the Number of Days Engaged in Exercise Students Who Experienced Tremendous Stress or More Than Average Stress day Figure 5. Mental Health Experience within the Past 12 Months Felt overwhelmed Felt exhausted Felt very lonely Felt overwhelming anxiety Felt very sad Felt things were hopeless Felt overwhelming anger Felt so depressed it was difficult to function Seriously considered suicide Intentionally injured self Attempted suicide Moderate exercise for at least 30 minutes Vigorous exercise for at least 20 minutes Exercise to strengthen muscles 8-12 repetitions 1 day Days of the Week Engaged in Exercise Students who engaged in exercise more often were less likely to report tremendous or more than average Mental Illness and Mental Health Treatment Table 2. Percentage of Students who Reported Receiving Mental Health Diagnosis and/or Treatment in the Past 12 Months Mental Illness Anxiety Depression Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Panic attacks Insomnia Other sleep disorder Other mental health condition Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Substance abuse/addiction Bipolar disorder Bulimia Phobia Anorexia Other addiction Schizophrenia Table 3. Diagnosed and/or Treated for Anxiety in the Past 12 Months Diagnosed, but not treated Treated with medication Treated with psychotherapy Treated with both medical and psychotherapy Other treatment Diagnosed, but not treated Treated with medication Treated with psychotherapy Treated with both medication and psychotherapy Other treatment Table 4. Diagnosed and/or Treated for Depression in the Past 12 Months Anxiety (14.6%) and depression (12.7%) were the two most common forms of mental illness that students reported being diagnosed with and/or treated for within the past year. Figure 7. Percentage of Students Who Reported Ever Having Received Mental Health Services From the Following Providers Counselor/ Psychologist Other mental provider University health Psychiatrist Ministers/ Priest/ Rabbi 72.7% of UND students, compared to 73.3% of the NRG, stated that they would consider seeking help from a mental health professional if they experience a difficult personal problem in the future. Figure 8. Mental Health Experiences in Relation to Binge Drinking Overwhelmed Exhausted Very lonely Very sad Binge drink Do not binge drink Binge drink Do not binge drink Binge drink Do not binge drink Figure 6. Diagnosed or Treated by a Professional for Anxiety and Depression within the Past 12 Months Anxiety Depression Binge drink Do not binge drink UND students who reported binge drinking were more likely to report feeling overwhelmed, exhausted, very lonely, or very sad. 10

13 GENERAL HEALTH Diagnosed and/or Treated Figure 3. Top 10 Illnesses and Injuries Diagnosed/Treated by a Professional within the Last 12 Months of UND students described their health as good, very good or excellent compared to 91.2% of the NRG. Preventive Health Sinus infection Figure 1. Preventive Health Behaviors Dental Testicular self exam examination (last 30 ) and cleaning (past 12 months) Breast self exam (last 30 ) Gynecological exam (last 12 months) Using sunscreen regularly Ever been tested for HIV Strep throat Urinary tract infection Asthma Broken bone/ fracture/sprain Ear infection Hepatitis B Human Papiloma Virus (HPV) Influenza Measles, Mumps, Rubella Meningitis Varicella Chicken Pox Bronchitis Back pain Vaccinations Figure 2. Vaccination Received 15.4 Allergies Migraines The top three most commonly reported vaccinations among UND students are: Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) (79.1%), Hepatitis B (77%), and Meningitis (65.4%). UND students immunization rates exceed the NRG for all three of these vaccinations. 11

14 Figure 4. Primary Source of Health Insurance 8.6 College/ University plan 64.5 Parent s plan Sleep Issues 21.4 Another plan 4.8 Do not have health insurance Sleep issues are prevalent among students. Only 5% of UND students and 4.8% of the NRG reported that they got enough sleep, so that they felt rested all 7 of the past week. Table 1. Sleep Issues/difficulties (Past 7 Days) Sleep Issues Enough sleep to feel rested all 7 Problem with sleepiness during daytime activity Not sure if have health insurance Table 2. Students Interested in Receiving Information vs. Students Who Have Received Information on Various Health Topics Health Topics Alcohol and other drug use Cold/Flu/Sore throat Depression/Anxiety Eating disorder Grief and loss How to help others in di Injury prevention Nutrition Physical activity Pregnancy prevention Relationship difficulties Sexual assault/relationship violence prevention STD/I prevention Sleep difficulties Stress reduction Suicide prevention Tobacco use Violence prevention % Interested in Receiving Information % Received Information Awakened too early and couldn t go back to sleep Felt tired/sleepy during the day on at least 1 day Gone to bed because could not stay awake any longer on at least 1 day Extremely hard time falling asleep on at least 1 day of UND students, compared to 91.8% of the NRG, indicated that they felt tired and or sleepy during daytime activities at least one day in the past seven. 12

15 METHODOLOGY The data presented in the current highlights report were derived from the American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment Survey (ACHA-NCHA). The ACHA-NCHA is a national research survey organized by the American College Health Association to assist college health service providers, health educators, counselors, and administrators in collecting data about their students habits, behaviors, and perceptions on the most prevalent health topics. The survey contains questions on a broad range of health topics including alcohol and other drugs; mental, sexual, and physical health, and the connection between student health and academic success outcomes. The ACHA-NCHA has been administered to UND students every other year dating back to Survey results for the 2014 ACHA-NCHA and those of previous years have been used to generate prevalence rates for various student health and wellness behaviors, choices, and perceptions. UND Student Demographic Characteristics Average age Gender Female Male Unknown Student status % 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th Graduate or professional Others Marital status Single Married/partnered Other Ethnic origin White Black /African American Hispanic/ Latino/a Asian or Pacific Islander American Indian, Alaskan Native/ Native Hawaiian Biracial or Multicultural Non-Resident Alien (International Students) Other Not Reported Residence Campus residence hall Other University housing Other off-campus housing Parent/guardian s home Fraternity/sorority house Other NCHA 2014, N = UND Spring 2014, N=14, % 52.88% 0.00% FR 14.49% SO 17.47% JR 14.95% SR 29.73% n/a GR/PROF 23.36% n/a n/a n/a Off-Campus & Not Reported n/a 3.18 n/a 13

16 ACKNOWLEDGMENT This report was prepared and compiled by the Health & Wellness Assessment Coordinator, Delphine N. Banjong (Department of Teaching & Learning); and editing assistance by Paula Kaledzi, (Health & Wellness Hub); with support from the Health & Wellness Promotion Team. Graphic Design by: Rebecca Sims, Health & Wellness Graphic Designer For more information, please contact: Jane Croeker, Health & Wellness Promotion Director