Role of Vascular Nitric Oxide in Experimental Liver Cirrhosis
|
|
- Whitney Gregory
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Current Vascular Pharmacology, 2005, 3, Role of Vascular Nitric Oxide in Experimental Liver Cirrhosis Noemí M. Atucha*, F. Javi A. Nadal, David Iyú, Antonia Alcaraz, Alicia Rodríguez-Barbero +, M. Clara Ortiz, José Miguel López-Novoa + and Joaquín García-Estañ Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidades de Murcia and Salamanca +, Spain Abstract: One of the most important features of liver cirrhosis is the splanchnic and systemic arterial vasodilation, related to an increase in vascular capacity and an active vasodilation. This arterial vasodilation seems to be the consequence of the excessive generation of vasodilating substances, which also contributes to a lower than normal pressor response to circulating nervous or humoral substances. The following review analyzes the mechanisms responsible for the vascular hyporesponse to vasoconstrictors observed in the experimental models of liver cirrhosis. It has become increasingly clear that, among the great variety of substances studied, nitric oxide (NO) seems to be one of the main contributors to this vascular alteration, since elimination of the endothelium or inhibition of its synthesis corrects it. The mechanism by which NO interferes with the contractile apparatus in smooth muscle cells seems to be related to a direct effect on calcium entry from the extracellular space and release from the internal stores. Key words: endothelium, smooth muscle cells, nitric oxide, liver cirrhosis, vasoconstrictors, vasodilation, portal hypertension. INTRODUCTION One of the most important features of liver cirrhosis, either human or experimental, is the splanchnic and systemic arterial vasodilation. Although its origin is not completely established, it is thought that, as well as factors such as the increase in vascular capacity, there is also an active vasodilation as a consequence of the excessive generation of vasodilating substances, many of them of a local origin. Among the great variety of substances involved, in this review we will analyze the role of nitric oxide (NO) as one of the main contributors to the arterial vasodilation of liver diseases. NO IN THE VASCULAR WALL NO is formed from the aminoacid L-arginine [1-3], due to the action of several isoforms of the enzyme NO synthase (NOS). The endothelial isoform or NOS3 is expressed constitutively in the endothelial cell where it produces NO in a continuous manner, albeit in small amounts, in response to physical factors (shear stress) or chemical mediators (vasoconstrictor hormones, for instance). On the contrary, isoform NOS2 or inducible is induced in the vascular wall and cells by endotoxins and cytokines, among others, and produces big amounts of NO although in a short period of time. This contributes to the vasodilation characteristic of the inflammatory process. The vasodilation produced by NO requires the production of a second messenger, cyclic GMP (cgmp), as it can be demonstrated after the inhibition of guanylate cyclase with methylene blue. In turn, cgmp vasodilates by means of the modulation of several protein kinases such as the inhibition of myosin light chain kinase, which reduced the activity of *Address correspondence to this author at the Depto. Fisiología, Fac. Medicina, Murcia, Spain; Tel: ; Fax: ; E- mail: nt ma@um.es; Url: myosin or through the control of the intracellular calcium levels [2]. Although cgmp seems to be the main mediator of the effects of NO, it is now known that NO can also affect vascular tone through the direct activation of potassium channels, both ATP-sensitive and calcium-dependent. Then, the opening of potassium channels would hyperpolarize the cell, a mechanism that would contribute to the vasodilation induced by cgmp. ROLE OF NO IN THE VASCULAR ALTERATIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL LIVER CIRRHOSIS The three most frequently used animal models of liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension are the carbon tetrachloride inhalation model (CCl4), the model of bile duct ligation (BDL) and the partial ligation of the portal vein model (PVL). All these three models share many features with the human disease, but the role of NO is different in each one. Unfortunately, there are not too many studies in human patients, thus the reader should be aware that all the experimental studies mentioned in this paper have to be treated with caution, before extrapolating data or conclusions directly to the human subject [4]. These three models have important differences between them, which we will not deal with here, but it is important to note that they show what is probably the central pathogenetic event in liver cirrhosis. These three experimental models show the typical hyperdynamic circulation characteristic of the human disease, that is, elevated cardiac output and low vascular resistances with normal (in the pre-ascitic phase) or clearly low arterial pressure (in the ascitic phase) [4-5]. Role of NO in the Hyperdynamic Circulation Several experiments have demonstrated clearly that the acute administration of inhibitors of the synthesis of NO to animals with cirrhosis or portal hypertension increases blood pressure in a dose-dependent form [6-8]. Moreover, this /05 $ Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
2 2 Current Vascular Pharmacology, 2005, Vol. 3, No. 1 Atucha et al. pressor effect is always greater in the cirrhotic animals than in their respective controls, which suggests that the cirrhotic animals have an increased production of NO. Furthermore, the chronic treatment of the cirrhotic animals with these NO synthesis inhibitors also elevates blood pressure and reduces cardiac output and hypervolemia, which indicates that NO is an important mediator of the hyperdynamic circulation [8-10]. Other studies have also shown that there is an increased release of NO from the endothelium of mesenteric arteries, and this has been shown to occur even before the splanchnic hyperdynamic circulation is completely established [11], therefore well in advance of the development of the systemic hyperdynamic circulation. These data clearly suggest that NO plays a primary role in the development of this arterial vasodilation. Although the NOS isoform involved seems to be mainly the endothelial type, there is some evidence of the involvement of the inducible isoform, specially in the PVL model [12-13]. Role of NO in the Vascular Hyporesponse to Vasoconstrictors Another important cardiovascular alteration observed in the experimental models of liver cirrhosis or portal hypertension is a lower pressor response to the vasoconstrictor influences, either humoral or nervous [13-14]. It is known that in liver diseases there is activation of the renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous systems, and of vasopressin, three of the most powerful endogenous vasoconstrictors. In most cirrhotic patients and experimental animals, in spite of this activation and that they show elevated levels of angiotensin II, vasopressin and catecholamines, arterial hypotension is very frequent and the administration of these vasoconstrictors to cirrhotic animals and patients produces a lower than normal pressor response. This vascular hyporesponse has been observed both in awake and in anesthetized animals and in different tissues and vessels in vitro. As we shall see, most of the works performed indicate that NO is the main pathogenetic mechanism involved. In anesthetized BDL rats, the pressor response to endothelin 1 was lower than in the controls and the inhibition of NO production improved this response partially [15]. In aortic rings obtained from BDL animals, the response to phenylephrine is reduced and the inhibition of NO synthesis with L-NAME and the elimination of the vascular endothelium improved the response and almost corrected the alteration [16-17]. This result suggests that a greater production of NO, of an endothelial origin, interferes with the contractile mechanism in the smooth muscle. Interestingly, when aminoguanidine, a preferential inhibitor of the inducible NOS isoform was administered, the defective response to phenylephrine of the cirrhotic rings was not improved [17]. Also in rats with BDL, the vasodilator response to sodium nitroprusside, an NO donor, was lower than that observed in the control rats [18], which would be indicative of an alteration in the muscle layer. However, the vasodilator response to acetylcholine that releases endothelial NO in aortic and mesenteric artery rings from rats with BDL was completely normal, which suggests that not all the mechanisms that release NO are altered in this model of biliary cirrhosis [17-18]. In the experimental model of prehepatic portal hypertension (PVL), the systemic administration of methoxamine also revealed an important pressor hyporesponse that could be reversed with the use of an inhibitor of NO production [19]. Not only in this model, but in the isolated and perfused mesenteric vascular bed, the pressor responses to norepinephrine, vasopressin and potassium chloride were lower than in the control animals. Again, the inhibition of NO synthesis potentiated and normalized the altered pressor responses of the PVL animals [20]. These data have been partially confirmed by other laboratories [21-23], which also demonstrated that the main source of NO is the endothelial layer [24-25]. In this model, the participation of other factors different to NO [26], such as potassium channels, has also been reported [27]. Moreover, in these latter experiments [27], it was also demonstrated that the role of NO is carried out by two different mechanisms. One is the well-known mechanism of vasodilation induced by the formation of cgmp and the other is through a direct activation of potassium channels, which would vasodilate by inducing the hyperpolarization of the smooth muscle. It seems, however, that the role of potassium channels is small and that NO is the main mediator of the vascular hyporesponse [27]. These results are also in agreement with studies that observed a greater activity of the constitutive NOS isoform in mesenteric arteries of animals with PVL [28-29], as well as with experiments demonstrating a greater release of NO from mesenteric arteries of animals with PVL, in response to increases in blood flow and shear stress, basic stimuli for the release of endothelial NO [30]. In sharp contrast to these homogeneous responses in the mesenteric vascular bed among different laboratories, the use of aortic rings from animals with PVL has yielded contradictory results. Thus, normal, lower or even increased responses have been reported with the application of vasoconstrictors [31-34]. Also, the enzymatic activity of NOS has been described as normal [29] or elevated [28]. It is likely that these differences could be due to the different methodologies employed or to normal variations in the aortic enzymatic activity depending on the evolution of the disease. In the CCl 4 model, there are few studies published but the above mentioned results are valid. Then, it has been described that angiotensin II and norepinephrine produce less pressor effect in these cirrhotic animals than in their controls [35-37]. Interference of NO with Calcium as the Mechanism Responsible for the Vascular Hyporesponse in Cirrhosis In summary, a greater NO production, mainly of endothelial origin, seems to be responsible for the lower pressor response to vasoconstrictors observed in the mesenteric vascular bed [21, 24-25, 38], kidney [39] and aortic rings from rats with liver cirrhosis or portal hypertension [40-42]. Recent studies from our laboratory have provided some insight into the mechanism of action by which the excess of NO affects the normal vascular response. Our data indicate that NO interferes with the mechanism that regulate the intracellular level of calcium [43]. In a group of experiments performed in the isolated and perfused mesenteric vascular bed of rats with BDL, we
3 Cirrhosis and Vascular NO Current Vascular Pharmacology, 2005, Vol. 3, No. 1 3 analyzed the pressor response to the addition of calcium in vessels perfused with a zero-calcium Krebs. After perfusion with a high potassium Krebs to open voltage-dependent calcium channels, the addition of calcium induced a lower than normal pressor response in the vessels of the BDL animals than in their controls. In a similar way, the entry of calcium through the adrenergic receptor-operated channel was also lower in the BDL mesenteric beds. Also, the release of calcium from the internal stores was found to be defective in response to methoxamine, as well as the entry of calcium through store-operated channels, also called capacitative calcium entry. These three alterations were reversed and corrected after the inhibition of NO synthesis, which suggests that NO directly interferes with the mechanisms that control both the entry of calcium from the extracellular space and its release from the internal stores, thus making less calcium available for the contractile machinery [43]. To analyze directly this pharmacological evidence, we performed experiments directly in smooth muscle cells freshly isolated from the abdominal aorta of rats with BDL. The calcium levels were measured after loading with fura-2, a fluorochrome that binds to calcium, and its changes analyzed in a fluorescence microscope equipped with a highly sensitive photometer. The results obtained [44] confirmed these latter experiments [43]. The entry of calcium from the extracellular space and the release of calcium from the internal stores were clearly lower in the smooth muscle cells of the BDL rats. After inhibition of NO synthesis with L-NNA, a non-selective NOS inhibitor, these calcium responses improved greatly. A similar improvement was also observed when a selective inhibitor of inducible NOS, L-NIL, was used. In support of this finding, an increased expression of inducible NOS was clearly observed in smooth muscle cells freshly isolated from the abdominal aorta of the BDL rats (Fig. 1). Fig. (1). Western blot of inos in smooth muscle cells freshly obtained from the abdominal aorta of control and BDL rats. Fig. (2). Smooth muscle tone is regulated by cellular Ca ++, which activates the Ca ++ /calmodulin (CaM)-dependent enzyme myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), which leads to MLC phosphorylation and contraction. MLC phosphorylation is also regulated by MLC phosphatase. In cirrhosis, the excess formation of nitric oxide (NO) leads to relaxation of smooth muscle by stimulating the soluble guanylyl cyclase, which results in the production of cyclic GMP (cgmp) and the activation of cgmp-dependent protein kinase (PKG). PKG causes smooth-muscle relaxation by mechanisms that are still being defined, but which include a reduction in cytosolic Ca ++ (by enhanced Ca ++ export and storage and/or by reduced inositol trisphosphate receptor-mediated Ca ++ mobilization) and dephosphorylation of myosin light chains (by activation of MLC phosphatase and/or by sequestration of MLCK in a phosphorylated form that is not readily activated by Ca ++ /CaM). Other mechanisms by which NO seems to reduce vascular tone is through the interaction with Ca ++ entry channels (receptor-operated (ROC) or store-operated (SOC), which are activated after the binding of the agonist to its membrane receptor or after the depletion of internal stores, respectively).
4 4 Current Vascular Pharmacology, 2005, Vol. 3, No. 1 Atucha et al. In summary, an elevated production of NO, originated both from the vascular endothelium and smooth muscle cells, participates in the lower calcium mobilization of the smooth muscle cells of the animals with BDL cirrhosis [44]. It is concluded that these alterations play an important role as the pathogenetic mechanism responsible for the arterial vasodilation and associated vascular abnormalities in liver cirrhosis (Fig. 2). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors gratefully acknowledge the funding obtained from CICYT (SAF , SAF ) and Fundación Séneca de la Comunidad Autónoma de Murcia ]PB/14/FS/99 and PB/45/FS/02), both from Spain. REFERENCES [1] Palmer RMJ, Ashton DS Moncada S. Vascular endothelial cells synthesize nitric oxide from L-arginine. Nature 1988;333: [2] Ignarro LJ. Nitric oxide, a novel signal transduction mechanism for transcellular communication. Hypertension 1990;16: [3] Romero JC, García-Estañ J, Atucha NM. Nitric oxide and renal function: The control of blood pressure under normal conditions and during cirrhosis. In "The kidney in liver disease", M Epstein, ed., 4th ed., Hanley & Belfus, Inc., Philadelphia, , [4] López-Novoa J.M. Pathophysiological features of the carbon tetrachloride/ phenobarbital model of experimental liver cirrhosis in rats. In: The kidney in liver disease. M. Epstein Ed; William and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1988, pp [5] Schrier RW, Arroyo V, Bernardi M, Epstein M, Henriksen JH, Rodés J. Peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis: A proposal for the initiation of renal sodium and water retention in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1988; 5: [6] Clària J, Jiménez W, Ros J, Asbert M, Castro A, Arroyo V et al. Pathogenesis of arterial hypotension in cirrhotic rats with ascites: role of endogenous nitric oxide. Hepatology 1992; 15: [7] Pizcueta MP, Piqué JM, Bosch J, Whittle BJR, Moncada S. Effects of inhibiting nitric oxide biosynthesis on the systemic and splanchnic circulation of rats with portal hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 1992; 105: [8] Pizcueta MP, Piqué JM, Fernández M, Bosch J, Rodés J, Whittle BJR et al. Modulation of the hyperdynamic circulation of cirrhotic rats by nitric oxide inhibition. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: [9] Lee FY, Colombato LA, Albillos A, Groszmann RJ. N w -nitro-larginine administration corrects peripheral vasodilation and systemic capillary hypotension and ameliorates plasma volume expansion and sodium retention in portal hypertensive rats. Hepatology 1993; 17: [10] Niederberger M, Martin P, Ginés P, Morris K, Tsai P. Xu D et al. Normalization of nitric oxide production corrects arterial vasodilation and hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhotic rats. Gastroenterology 109: , [11] Wiest R, Shah V, Sessa WC, Groszmann RJ. NO overproduction by enos precedes hyperdynamic splanchnic circulation in portal hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol 1999; 276: G1043-G1051. [12] Lee FJ, Wang SS, Tsai YT, Lin HJ, Lin HC, Chu CJ et al. Aminoguanidine corrects hyperdynamic circulation without ameliorating portal hypertension and portal hypertensive gastropathy in anaesthetised portal hypertensive rats. J Hepatol 1997; 26: [13] Murray BM, Paller MS. Decreased pressor reactivity to angiotensin II in cirrhotic rats. Circ Res 1985; 57: [14] Murray BM, Paller MS. Pressor resistance to vasopressin in sodium depletion, potassium depletion and cirrhosis. Am J Physiol 1986; 251: R525-R530. [15] Hartleb M, Moreau R, Cailmail S, Gaudin C, Lebrec D. Vascular hyporesponsiveness to endothelin-1 in rats with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: [16] Obbergh LV, Leonard V, Chen H, Xu D, Blaise G. The endothelial and non-endothelial mechanism responsible for attenuated vasoconstriction in cirrhotic rats. Exp Physiol 1995; 80: [17] Ortiz MC, Fortepiani LA, Martínez C, Atucha NM, García-Estañ, J. Vascular hyporesponsiveness in aortic rings from cirrhotic rats: role of nitric oxide and endothelium. Clin Sci 1996; 91: [18] Safka V, Moreau R, Gadano A, Lebrec D. Vascular hyporesponsiveness to vasodilators in rats with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1997; 26: [19] Lee SS, Pak J-M, Medlicott SM, Bomzon A. Vasodilatory responses of isolated arteries of cirrhotic rats. Clin Sci 1995; 89; [20] Lee FY, Albillos A, Colombato LA, Groszmann RJ. The role of nitric oxide in the vascular hyporesponsiveness to methoxamine in portal hypertensive rats. Hepatology 1992; 16; [21] Sieber CC, Groszmann RJ. Nitric oxide mediates hyporeactivity to vasopressors in mesenteric vessels of portal hypertensive rats. Gastroenterology 1992; 103; [22] Heinemann A, Stauber RE. The role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in vascular hyporeactivity of endotoxin-treated and portal hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1995; 278: [23] Sogni P, Sabry S, Moreau R, Gadano A, Lebrec L, Dinh-Xuan AT. Hyporeactivity of mesenteric arteries in portal hypertensive rats. J Hepatol 1996; 24: [24] Atucha NM, Shah V, García-Cardeña G, Sessa WE, Groszmann RJ. Role of the endothelium in the abnormal response of mesenteric vessels in rats with portal hypertension and liver cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1996; 111: [25] Atucha NM, Ortiz MC, Martínez C, Quesada T, García-Estañ J. Role of protein kinase C in mesenteric pressor responses of rats with portal hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 1996; 118: [26] Heinemann A, Wachter CH, Holzer P, Fickert P, Stauber RE. Nitric oxide-dependent and -independent vascular hyporeactivity in mesenteric arteries of portal hypertensive rats. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 121: [27] Atucha NM, Ortiz MC, Fortepiani LA, Ruiz FM, Martínez C, García-Estañ J. Role of cyclic GMP and potassium channels as mediators of the mesenteric vascular hyporesponsiveness in portal hypertensive rats. Hepatology 1998; 27: [28] Cahill PA, Foster C, Redmond EM, Gingalewski C, Wu Y, Sitzmann JV. Enhanced nitric oxide synthase activity in portal hypertensive rabbits. Hepatology 1995; 22: [29] Niederberger M, Ginès P, Martin P-Y, Tsai P, Morris K, McMurtry I et al. Comparison of vascular nitric oxide production and systemic hemodynamics in cirrhosis versus prehepatic portal hypertension in rats. Hepatology 1996; 24: [30] Hori N, Wiest R, Groszmann RJ. Enhanced release of nitric oxide in response to changes in flow and shear stress in the superior mesenteric arteries of portal hypertensive rats. Hepatology 1998; 28: [31] Karatapanis S, McCormick PA, Kakad S, Chin JK, Islam M, Jeremy J et al. Alteration in vascular reactivity in isolated aortic rings from portal vein-constricted rats. Hepatology 1994; 20: [32] Michielsen PP, Boeckxstaens, Sys SU, Herman AG, Pelckmans PA. The role of increased nitric oxide in the vascular hyporeactivity to noradrenaline in long-term portal vein ligated rats. J Hepatol 1995; 23: [33] Michielsen PP, Boeckxstaens, Sys SU, Herman AG, Pelckmans PA. Role of nitric oxide in hyporeactivity to noradrenaline of isolated aortic rings in portal hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1995; 273: [34] Connolly C, Cawley T, McCormick A, Docherty JR. Portal hypertension increases vasoconstrictor responsiveness of rat aorta. Clin Sci 1999; 96: [35] Fernandez Muñoz, M.D., Villamediana, L.M., Blanchart A, Caramelo, C, Hernando L, López-Novoa J.M. Hemodynamic effects of angiotensin II in conscious, non ascitic, cirrhotic rats. Clin Physiol Biochem 1988; 6: [36] Villamediana LM, Dieguez G, Santos JC, García Villalón AL, Caramelo C, López-Novoa JM. Vascular reactivity to norepinephrine in rats with cirrhosis of the liver. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1988; 66: [37] Sieber CC, López-Talavera JC, Groszmann RJ. Role of nitric oxide in the in vitro splanchnic vascular hyporeactivity in ascitic cirrhotic rats. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: [38] Atucha NM, Ortíz MC, Fortepiani LA, Nadal FJA, Martínez-Prieto C, García-Estañ J. Mesenteric hyporesponsiveness in cirrhotic rats
5 Cirrhosis and Vascular NO Current Vascular Pharmacology, 2005, Vol. 3, No. 1 5 with ascites: role of cgmp and K + channels. Clin Sci 2000; 99: [39] García-Estañ J, Atucha NM, Sabio JM, Vargas F, Quesada T, Romero JC. Increased endothelium-dependent renal vasodilation in cirrhotic rats. Am J Physiol 1994; 267: R549-R553. [40] Clària J, Jiménez W, Ros J, Rigol M, Angeli P, Arroyo V et al. Increased nitric oxide-dependent vasorelaxation in aortic rings of cirrhotic rats with ascites. Hepatology 1994; 20: [41] Ros J, Jiménez W, Lamas S, Clària J, Arroyo V, Rivera F et al. Nitric oxide production in arterial vessels of cirrhotic rats. Hepatology 1995; 21: [42] Weigert AL, Martin P-Y, Niederberger M, Higa EMS, McMurtry IF, Schrier RW. Endothelium-dependent vascular hyporesponsiveness without detection of nitric oxide synthase induction in aortas of cirrhotic rats. Hepatology 1995; 22: [43] Nadal FJA, Iyu D, Atucha NM, García-Estañ J. Interaction of nitric oxide with calcium in the mesenteric bed of bile duct-ligated rats. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 135: [44] At ucha NM, Iyu D, De Rycker M, Soler A, García- Estañ J. Altered calcium regulation in freshly isolated aortic smooth muscle cells from bile duct-ligated rats: Role of nitric oxide.cell Calcium 2003; 33:
Reduced capacitative calcium entry in the mesenteric vascular bed of bile duct-ligated rats
European Journal of Pharmacology 525 (2005) 117 122 www.elsevier.com/locate/ejphar Reduced capacitative calcium entry in the mesenteric vascular bed of bile duct-ligated rats Noemí M. Atucha, F. Javier
More informationAltered Adrenergic Responsiveness of Endothelium-Denuded Hepatic Arteries and Portal Veins in Patients With Cirrhosis
GASTROENTEROLOGY 1999;116:387 393 Altered Adrenergic Responsiveness of Endothelium-Denuded Hepatic Arteries and Portal Veins in Patients With Cirrhosis JÖRG HELLER,* MICHAEL SCHEPKE,* NINA GEHNEN,* GERHARD
More informationEvidence for an Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factor in the Superior Mesenteric Artery From Rats With Cirrhosis
Evidence for an Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factor in the Superior Mesenteric Artery From Rats With Cirrhosis ERIC BARRIERE, 1 KHALID A. TAZI, 1 JEAN-PIERRE RONA, 2 FABIENNE PESSIONE, 3 JÖRG HELLER,
More informationPharmacology - Problem Drill 11: Vasoactive Agents
Pharmacology - Problem Drill 11: Vasoactive Agents Question No. 1 of 10 1. Vascular smooth muscle contraction is triggered by a rise in. Question #01 (A) Luminal calcium (B) Extracellular calcium (C) Intracellular
More informationPCTH 400. Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases. Blood vessel LAST LECTURE. Endothelium. High blood pressure
PCTH 400 LAST LECTURE Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases. Classic Vascular pharmacology -chronic -systemic Local Vascular pharmacology -acute -targeted High blood pressure Blood pressure
More informationNormalization of Nitric Oxide Production Corrects Arterial Vasodilation and Hyperdynamic Circulation in Cirrhotic Rats
GASROENEROLOGY 1995;109:1624-1630 Normalization of Nitric Oxide Production Corrects Arterial Vasodilation and Hyperdynamic Circulation in Cirrhotic Rats MICHEL NIEDERBERGER, PIERRE-YVES MARIN, PERE GINI~S,
More informationThe dynamic regulation of blood vessel caliber
INVITED BASIC SCIENCE REVIEW The dynamic regulation of blood vessel caliber Colleen M. Brophy, MD, Augusta, Ga BACKGROUND The flow of blood to organs is regulated by changes in the diameter of the blood
More information27 part 2. Laith Abu Shekha. Mamoon Al-qatameen
27 part 2 Laith Abu Shekha Mamoon Al-qatameen Ebaa Alzayadneh In this sheet we will continue talking about second messengers for hormone that can t cross PM. D. Ca +2 as a second messenger: Another second
More informationCIRCULATORY AND RENAL FAILURE IN CIRRHOSIS
CIRCULATORY AND RENAL FAILURE IN CIRRHOSIS Pere Ginès, MD Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain CIRCULATORY AND RENAL FAILURE IN CIRRHOSIS Hecker R and Sherlock S, The Lancet 1956 RENAL
More informationIncreased Angiogenesis in Portal Hypertensive Rats: Role of Nitric Oxide
Increased Angiogenesis in Portal Hypertensive Rats: Role of Nitric Oxide LAZAR T. SUMANOVSKI, 3 EDOUARD BATTEGAY, 2,3 MICHAEL STUMM, 3 MAAIKE VAN DER KOOIJ, 3 AND CORNEL C. SIEBER 1,3 Systemic and especially
More informationVascular reactivity in sepsis and platelet dysfunction in septic shock
Vascular reactivity in sepsis and platelet dysfunction in septic shock Benjamin Reddi Discipline of Physiology School of Medical Science University of Adelaide Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor
More informationHYPERTENSION: Sustained elevation of arterial blood pressure above normal o Systolic 140 mm Hg and/or o Diastolic 90 mm Hg
Lecture 39 Anti-Hypertensives B-Rod BLOOD PRESSURE: Systolic / Diastolic NORMAL: 120/80 Systolic = measure of pressure as heart is beating Diastolic = measure of pressure while heart is at rest between
More informationCooling effects on nitric oxide production by rabbit ear and femoral arteries during cholinergic stimulation
Br. J. Pharmacol. (1994), 113, 55-554 '." Macmillan Press Ltd, 1994 Cooling effects on nitric oxide production by rabbit ear and femoral arteries during cholinergic stimulation N. Fernandez, L. Monge,
More informationNitric oxide, a vasodilator molecule, plays a central
GASTROENTEROLOGY 2003;125:1452 1461 Mesenteric Vasoconstriction Triggers Nitric Oxide Overproduction in the Superior Mesenteric Artery of Portal Hypertensive Rats MING HUNG TSAI,*, YASUKO IWAKIRI,*,, GREGORY
More informationHemodynamic Changes in Splanchnic Blood Vessels in Portal Hypertension
THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 291:699 713 (2008) Hemodynamic Changes in Splanchnic Blood Vessels in Portal Hypertension ISABELLE COLLE,* ANJA M. GEERTS, CHRISTOPHE VAN STEENKISTE, AND HANS VAN VLIERBERGHE Department
More informationPortal hypertension (PHT) is a common clinical syndrome
GASTROENTEROLOGY 2003;124:1500 1508 The Role of Nitric Oxide Synthase Isoforms in Extrahepatic Portal Hypertension: Studies in Gene-Knockout Mice NICHOLAS G. THEODORAKIS,*, YI NING WANG,* NICHOLAS J. SKILL,*
More informationVascular and renal function in experimental thyroid disorders
European Journal of Endocrinology (2006) 154 197 212 ISSN 0804-4643 INVITED REVIEW Vascular and renal function in experimental thyroid disorders Félix Vargas, Juan Manuel Moreno, Isabel Rodríguez-Gómez,
More informationSupplemental Figure I
Supplemental Figure I Kl ( mmol/l)-induced Force orta M (mn) 1 (mn) 1 Supplemental Figure I. Kl-induced contractions. and, Kl ( mmol/l)-induced contractions of the aorta () and those of mesenteric arteries
More informationReceptors Families. Assistant Prof. Dr. Najlaa Saadi PhD Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Philadelphia
Receptors Families Assistant Prof. Dr. Najlaa Saadi PhD Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Philadelphia Receptor Families 1. Ligand-gated ion channels 2. G protein coupled receptors 3. Enzyme-linked
More informationREVIEW. Ariel W. Aday, M.D.,* Nicole E. Rich, M.D.,* Arjmand R. Mufti, M.D., and Shannan R. Tujios, M.D.
REVIEW CON ( The Window Is Closed ): In Patients With Cirrhosis With Ascites, the Clinical Risks of Nonselective beta-blocker Outweigh the Benefits and Should NOT Be Prescribed Ariel W. Aday, M.D.,* Nicole
More informationGadolinium Effect of Experimental Orthostatic Hypotension
[Index FAC] [FVCC Index] Otras Unidades Temáticas /Other Thematics Units Gadolinium Effect of Experimental Orthostatic Hypotension Zarco Olvera G., Pastelín Hernández G. Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto
More informationIn the name of GOD. Animal models of cardiovascular diseases: myocardial infarction & hypertension
In the name of GOD Animal models of cardiovascular diseases: myocardial infarction & hypertension 44 Presentation outline: Cardiovascular diseases Acute myocardial infarction Animal models for myocardial
More informationREGULATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
REGULATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Jonas Addae Medical Sciences, UWI REGULATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Intrinsic Coupling of cardiac and vascular functions - Autoregulation of vessel diameter Extrinsic
More informationINTRODUCTION. Regulation of blood flow to skeletal muscles during exercise
INTRODUCTION The human body is a multi-cell organism in which all cells require delivery of oxygen (O2) and nutrients as well as removal of byproducts of metabolism. The cardiovascular system facilitates
More informationIn liver cirrhosis, the increase in portal pressure is
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OFLIVERD I S E ASES HEPATOLOGY, VOL. 64, NO. 3, 2016 Inhibition of Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acid Production in Rats With Cirrhosis Has Beneficial Effects on Portal Hypertension
More informationSphingosine-1-phosphate signaling and cardiac fibrosis. Department of Physiology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
96 Special Issue: Cellular and Molecular Bases for Fibrotic Diseases Review Article Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling and cardiac fibrosis Noriko Takuwa 1, 2, ), Yasuo Okamoto 1), Kazuaki Yoshioka 1) and
More informationCardiovascular System. Heart
Cardiovascular System Heart Electrocardiogram A device that records the electrical activity of the heart. Measuring the relative electrical activity of one heart cycle. A complete contraction and relaxation.
More informationIncreased hepatic expression of nitric oxide synthase type II in cirrhotic rats
PO ox 234, eijing 23, China World J Gastroenterol 4;(13):1923-1927 Fax: +86--8381893 World Journal of Gastroenterology E-mail: wjg@wjgnet.com www.wjgnet.com Copyright 4 by The WJG Press ISSN 7-9327 SIC
More informationThe Role of Massage in Blood Circulation, Pain Relief, and the Recovery Process: Implications of Existing Research
The Role of Massage in Blood Circulation, Pain Relief, and the Recovery Process: Implications of Existing Research I. Basic Physiology of Circulation A. The Vascular Endothelium The endothelium is a complex
More informationChapter 14 Blood Vessels, Blood Flow and Pressure Exam Study Questions
Chapter 14 Blood Vessels, Blood Flow and Pressure Exam Study Questions 14.1 Physical Law Governing Blood Flow and Blood Pressure 1. How do you calculate flow rate? 2. What is the driving force of blood
More informationBlood Pressure Regulation in ANF-Transgenic Mice: Role of Angiotensin and Vasopressin
Physiol. Res. 43: 145-150, 1994 Blood Pressure Regulation in ANF-Transgenic Mice: Role of Angiotensin and Vasopressin B. LICHARDUS1, A.T. VERESS, L.J. FIELD2, H. SONNENBERG ' y Department of Physiology,
More informationREVIEW ARTICLES. Water retention and aquaporins in heart failure, liver disease and pregnancy
Water retention and aquaporins in heart failure, liver disease and pregnancy Robert W Schrier MD Melissa A Cadnapaphornchai Mamiko Ohara J R Soc Med 2001;94:265±269 SECTION OF NEPHROLOGY, 20 JUNE 2000
More informationUNIT 3: Signal transduction. Prof K Syed Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology University of Zululand Room no. 247
UNIT 3: Signal transduction Prof K Syed Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology University of Zululand Room no. 247 SyedK@unizulu.ac.za Topics Signal transduction Terminology G-protein signaling pathway
More informationReactivity of the isolated perfused rat tail vascular bed
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research (1997) 30: 891-895 Perfused rat tail vascular bed ISSN 0100-879X 891 Reactivity of the isolated perfused rat tail vascular bed A.S. França, L.V. Rossoni,
More informationG protein-coupled Signal Transduction
Theresa Filtz, hd har 735, Winter 2006 G protein-coupled Signal Transduction Main Objectives (the big chunks) Describe in molecular detail the cascades of events in a generalized G protein-coupled signaling
More informationThis laboratory exercise uses a simple preparation and a straightforward
LABORATORY DEMONSTRATION OF VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE FUNCTION USING RAT AORTIC RING SEGMENTS Rayna J. Gonzales, Rebecca W. Carter, and Nancy L. Kanagy Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology
More informationWhen Fluids are Not Enough: Inopressor Therapy
When Fluids are Not Enough: Inopressor Therapy Problems in Neonatology Neonatal problem: hypoperfusion Severe sepsis Hallmark of septic shock Secondary to neonatal encephalopathy Vasoplegia Syndrome??
More informationRevision. General functions of hormones. Hormone receptors. Hormone derived from steroids Small polypeptide Hormone
االله الرحمن الرحيم بسم Revision General functions of hormones. Hormone receptors Classification according to chemical nature Classification according to mechanism of action Compare and contrast between
More informationCARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 1. Resting membrane potential of the ventricular myocardium is: A. -55 to-65mv B. --65 to-75mv C. -75 to-85mv D. -85 to-95 mv E. -95 to-105mv 2. Regarding myocardial contraction:
More informationHawthorn Extract - Viable Treatment for Cardiovascular Disease or Unscrupulous Herbal Supplement?
Grand Valley State University ScholarWorks@GVSU Student Summer Scholars Undergraduate Research and Creative Practice 2010 Hawthorn Extract - Viable Treatment for Cardiovascular Disease or Unscrupulous
More informationI intend to discuss an unapproved/investigative use of a commercial product/device in my presentation
Istvan Seri MD PhD Center for Fetal and Neonatal Medicine USC Division of Neonatal Medicine Children Hospital Los Angeles and LAC+USC Medical Center Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California
More informationAdipose Tissue Function
The Effect of Ageing on Perivascular Adipose Tissue Function A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in the Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences
More informationA. HOLiiCYOVA, J. TOROK, I. BERNATOVA, O. PECHANOVA
Physiol. Res. 45: 317-321, 1996 Restriction of Nitric Oxide Rather than Elevated Blood Pressure is Responsible for Alterations of Vascular Responses in Nitric Oxide-Deficient Hypertension A. HOLiiCYOVA,
More informationDrug Treatment of Ischemic Heart Disease
Drug Treatment of Ischemic Heart Disease 1 Categories of Ischemic Heart Disease Fixed "Stable, Effort Angina Variant Angina Primary Angina Unstable Angina Myocardial Infarction 2 3 Secondary Angina Primary
More informationBeta-blockers in cirrhosis: Cons
Beta-blockers in cirrhosis: Cons Eric Trépo MD, PhD Dept. of Gastroenterology. Hepatopancreatology and Digestive Oncology. C.U.B. Hôpital Erasme. Université Libre de Bruxelles. Bruxelles. Belgium Laboratory
More informationNothing to Disclose. Severe Pulmonary Hypertension
Severe Ronald Pearl, MD, PhD Professor and Chair Department of Anesthesiology Stanford University Rpearl@stanford.edu Nothing to Disclose 65 year old female Elective knee surgery NYHA Class 3 Aortic stenosis
More informationLearning Outcomes. Systems Pharmacology PHAR3320. Nerves of the Respiratory Tract. Dr Fernandes
Systems Pharmacology PHAR3320 Nerves of the Respiratory Tract Dr Fernandes Learning Outcomes By the end of this lecture, students should be able to describe nerve pathways that innervate the airways discuss
More informationDrug Treatment of Ischemic Heart Disease
Drug Treatment of Ischemic Heart Disease Munir Gharaibeh, MD, PhD, MHPE Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan November, 2014 Categories of Ischemic Heart Disease Fixed "Stable, Effort Angina Variant
More informationRegulation of Arterial Blood Pressure 2 George D. Ford, Ph.D.
Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure 2 George D. Ford, Ph.D. OBJECTIVES: 1. Describe the Central Nervous System Ischemic Response. 2. Describe chemical sensitivities of arterial and cardiopulmonary chemoreceptors,
More informationThe ability of the kidneys to regulate extracellular fluid volume by altering sodium
REGULATION OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME BY INTEGRATED CONTROL OF SODIUM EXCRETION Joey P. Granger Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
More informationBlood Pressure Regulation Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.
Blood Pressure Regulation Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.com) Page 1. Introduction There are two basic mechanisms for regulating
More informationContents. Page 1. Homework 11 Chapter Blood Vessels Due: Week 6 Lec 11
Page 1 Homework 11 Chapter 18-19 Blood Vessels Due: Week 6 Lec 11 Contents When printing, make sure that you specify the page range that you want to print out! Learning objectives for Lecture 11:...pg
More informationThe Study of Endothelial Function in CKD and ESRD
The Study of Endothelial Function in CKD and ESRD Endothelial Diversity in the Human Body Aird WC. Circ Res 2007 Endothelial Diversity in the Human Body The endothelium should be viewed for what it is:
More informationEffect of Volume Expansion on Systemic Hemodynamics and Central and Arterial Blood Volume in Cirrhosis
GASTROENTEROLOGY 1995;109:1917-1925 Effect of Volume Expansion on Systemic Hemodynamics and Central and Arterial Blood Volume in Cirrhosis SOREN MOLLER,* FLEMMING BENDTSEN,* and JENS H. HENRIKSEN* Departments
More informationAbnormal Regulation of Aortic NOS2 and NOS3 Activity and Expression From Portal Vein-Stenosed Rats After Lipopolysaccharide Administration
Abnormal Regulation of Aortic NOS2 and NOS3 Activity and Expression From Portal Vein-Stenosed Rats After Lipopolysaccharide Administration JÖRG HELLER, PHILIPPE SOGNI, KHALID A. TAZI, CARINE CHAGNEAU,
More informationThis brief review serves as a refresher on smooth muscle physiology for those
SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION R. Clinton Webb Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912 This brief review serves as a refresher on smooth muscle physiology
More informationCardiovascular Physiology
Cardiovascular Physiology Lecture 1 objectives Explain the basic anatomy of the heart and its arrangement into 4 chambers. Appreciate that blood flows in series through the systemic and pulmonary circulations.
More informationStructure and organization of blood vessels
The cardiovascular system Structure of the heart The cardiac cycle Structure and organization of blood vessels What is the cardiovascular system? The heart is a double pump heart arteries arterioles veins
More informationSepsis Worsening Vascular Hyporeactivity of the Superior Mesenteric Artery in Portal Vein-ligated Rats
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Sepsis Worsening Vascular Hyporeactivity of the Superior Mesenteric Artery in Portal Vein-ligated Rats Wei-Chih Liao,, Ming-Chih Hou, *, Guei-Jane Wang, Kwok-Woon Yu,, Fa-Yauh Lee,, Han-Chieh
More informationCardiovascular Physiology V.
Cardiovascular Physiology V. 46. The regulation of local blood flow. 47. Factors determining cardiac output, the Guyton diagram. Ferenc Domoki, November 20 2017. Control of circulation Systemic control
More informationWHY ADMINISTER CARDIOTONIC AGENTS?
Cardiac Pharmacology: Ideas For Advancing Your Clinical Practice The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or Roberta L. Hines, M.D. Nicholas M. Greene
More information- Biosignaling: Signal transduction. References: chapter 8 of Lippincots chapter 1 3 of Lehningers
Basic concepts of Metabolism Metabolism and metabolic pathway Metabolic Map Catabolism Anabolism - Regulation of Metabolism Signals from within the cell (Intracellular) Communication between cells. - Biosignaling:
More informationBlood Pressure Regulation 2. Faisal I. Mohammed, MD,PhD
Blood Pressure Regulation 2 Faisal I. Mohammed, MD,PhD 1 Objectives Outline the intermediate term and long term regulators of ABP. Describe the role of Epinephrine, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
More informationBlood Pressure Regulation 2. Faisal I. Mohammed, MD,PhD
Blood Pressure Regulation 2 Faisal I. Mohammed, MD,PhD 1 Objectives Outline the intermediate term and long term regulators of ABP. Describe the role of Epinephrine, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
More informationHepatorenal Syndrome
Necker Seminars in Nephrology Institut Pasteur Paris, April 22, 2013 Hepatorenal Syndrome Dr. Richard Moreau 1 INSERM U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat-Beaujon CRB3, 2 Université Paris Diderot
More informationD. Debray, Hépatologie pédiatrique Hôpital Bicêtre
D. Debray, Hépatologie pédiatrique Hôpital Bicêtre LUNG LIVER GUT AND PORTAL SYSTEM Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) Portopulmonary hypertension (PPH) HEPATOPULMONARY SYNDROME Defect in arterial oxygenation
More informationMultiple factors contributing to lipopolysaccharide-induced reactivity changes in rabbit pulmonary artery
Acta Physiologica Sinica, December 25, 2005, 57 (6): 737-741 http://www.actaps.com.cn 737 Research Paper Multiple factors contributing to lipopolysaccharide-induced reactivity changes in rabbit pulmonary
More informationHeart Failure (HF) Treatment
Heart Failure (HF) Treatment Heart Failure (HF) Complex, progressive disorder. The heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of the body. Its cardinal symptoms are dyspnea, fatigue, and
More informationNROSCI/BIOSC 1070 and MSNBIO 2070 September 25, 2017 Cardiovascular 5 Control of Vascular Resistance
NROSCI/BIOSC 1070 and MSNBIO 2070 September 25, 2017 Cardiovascular 5 Control of Vascular Resistance Baroreceptors and Baroreceptor Reflexes In order to maintain stable blood pressure, it is necessary
More informationChapter 9. Body Fluid Compartments. Body Fluid Compartments. Blood Volume. Blood Volume. Viscosity. Circulatory Adaptations to Exercise Part 4
Body Fluid Compartments Chapter 9 Circulatory Adaptations to Exercise Part 4 Total body fluids (40 L) Intracellular fluid (ICF) 25 L Fluid of each cell (75 trillion) Constituents inside cell vary Extracellular
More informationCarvedilol or Propranolol in the Management of Portal Hypertension?
Evidence Based Case Report Carvedilol or Propranolol in the Management of Portal Hypertension? Arranged by: dr. Saskia Aziza Nursyirwan RESIDENCY PROGRAM OF INTERNAL MEDICINE DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA
More informationAscites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis: pathophysiological basis of therapy and current management
Journal of Hepatology 38 (2003) S69 S89 www.elsevier.com/locate/jhep Ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis: pathophysiological basis of therapy and current management Vicente Arroyo*, Jordi Colmenero
More informationDifferential responses to endothelial dependent relaxation of the thoracic and abdominal aorta from male Sprague-Dawley rats
Niger. J. Physiol. Sci. 27(December 12) 117 122 www.njps.com.ng Differential responses to endothelial dependent relaxation of the thoracic and abdominal aorta from male Sprague-Dawley rats 1 Oloyo, Ahmed
More informationNitric Oxide in Chronic Liver Disease
Turk J Med Sci 30 (2000) 511-515 T BÜTAK GŸldal KIRKALI 1 Semra GEZER 1 Nurcan UMUR 1 Mehmet Ali ZCAN 2 Ethem TANKURT 2 Nitric Oxide in Chronic Liver Disease Received: August 18, 2000 Departments of 1
More informationRole of Nitric Oxide in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Pulmonary Hypertension
PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS Vol. 80, No. 4, October 2000 Printed in U.S.A. Role of Nitric Oxide in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Pulmonary Hypertension VÁCLAV HAMPL AND JAN HERGET Department of Physiology, Charles
More informationCirculation. Blood Pressure and Antihypertensive Medications. Venous Return. Arterial flow. Regulation of Cardiac Output.
Circulation Blood Pressure and Antihypertensive Medications Two systems Pulmonary (low pressure) Systemic (high pressure) Aorta 120 mmhg Large arteries 110 mmhg Arterioles 40 mmhg Arteriolar capillaries
More informationCardiovascular System B L O O D V E S S E L S 2
Cardiovascular System B L O O D V E S S E L S 2 Blood Pressure Main factors influencing blood pressure: Cardiac output (CO) Peripheral resistance (PR) Blood volume Peripheral resistance is a major factor
More informationDRUGS USED TO TREAT HYPERTENSION BY ALI ALALAWI
DRUGS USED TO TREAT HYPERTENSION BY ALI ALALAWI 3. Vasodilators Drugs which dilate blood vessels ( decrease peripheral vascular resistance) by acting on smooth muscle cells through non-autonomic mechanisms:
More informationDrug Treatment of Ischemic Heart Disease
Drug Treatment of Ischemic Heart Disease Munir Gharaibeh, MD, PhD, MHPE School of Medicine, The University of Jordan November, 2017 Categories of Ischemic Heart Disease Fixed "Stable, Effort Angina Variant
More informationRelaxation responses of aortic rings from salt-loaded high calcium fed rats to potassium chloride, calcium chloride and magnesium sulphate
Pathophysiology 4 (1998) 275 280 Relaxation responses of aortic rings from salt-loaded high calcium fed rats to potassium chloride, calcium chloride and magnesium sulphate B.J. Adegunloye, O.A. Sofola
More informationChapter 6 Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis
Chapter 6 Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis About This Chapter Cell-to-cell communication Signal pathways Novel signal molecules Modulation of signal pathways Homeostatic reflex pathways Cell-to-Cell
More informationVeins. VENOUS RETURN = PRELOAD = End Diastolic Volume= Blood returning to heart per cardiac cycle (EDV) or per minute (Venous Return)
Veins Venous system transports blood back to heart (VENOUS RETURN) Capillaries drain into venules Venules converge to form small veins that exit organs Smaller veins merge to form larger vessels Veins
More informationProf. Isabelle Six INSERM Unit 1088 Jules Verne University of Picardie Amiens, France. Slide 1. Slide 2
Effects of phosphate on vascular function New insights Isabelle Six, Amiens, France Chairs: Griet Glorieux, Ghent, Belgium Alberto Ortiz, Madrid, Spain Prof. Isabelle Six INSERM Unit 1088 Jules Verne University
More informationControl of blood tissue blood flow. Faisal I. Mohammed, MD,PhD
Control of blood tissue blood flow Faisal I. Mohammed, MD,PhD 1 Objectives List factors that affect tissue blood flow. Describe the vasodilator and oxygen demand theories. Point out the mechanisms of autoregulation.
More informationSalamanca, Spain Communications. Renal Physiology
Salamanca, Spain Communications Renal Physiology 86S Serotonergic effects in the in situ autoperfused rat kidney A. Moran, C. Velasco, P. Prieto, M.L. Martin and L. San Roman Lab. Farmacognosia y Farmacodinamia,
More informationSkeletal Muscle Contraction 4/11/2018 Dr. Hiwa Shafiq
Skeletal Muscle Contraction 4/11/2018 Dr. Hiwa Shafiq Skeletal Muscle Fiber About 40 per cent of the body is skeletal muscle, and 10 per cent is smooth and cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscles are composed
More informationEffect of Sodium Loading and Depletion on Cyclic Nucleotides in Plasma and Aorta. Interaction between Prostacyclin and Cyclic Nucleotides
Endocrinol. Japon. 1982, 29 (2), 245-250 Effect of Sodium Loading and Depletion on Cyclic Nucleotides in Plasma and Aorta. Interaction between Prostacyclin and Cyclic Nucleotides MANABU YOSHIMURA, TERUO
More informationino in neonates with cardiac disorders
ino in neonates with cardiac disorders Duncan Macrae Paediatric Critical Care Terminology PAP Pulmonary artery pressure PVR Pulmonary vascular resistance PHT Pulmonary hypertension - PAP > 25, PVR >3,
More informationThe Role of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Pathogenesis of a Rat Model of Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
GASTROENTEROLOGY 1997;113:606 614 The Role of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Pathogenesis of a Rat Model of Hepatopulmonary Syndrome MICHAEL B. FALLON,* GARY A. ABRAMS,* BAO LUO,* ZIHYING HOU,*
More informationAdrenergic agonists Sympathomimetic drugs. ANS Pharmacology Lecture 4 Dr. Hiwa K. Saaed College of Pharmacy/University of Sulaimani
Adrenergic agonists Sympathomimetic drugs ANS Pharmacology Lecture 4 Dr. Hiwa K. Saaed College of Pharmacy/University of Sulaimani 2017-2018 Adrenergic agonists The adrenergic drugs affect receptors that
More informationNitric oxide in the stress axis
Histol Histopathol (l 998) 13: 1243-1 252 http://www.ehu.es/histol-histopathol Histology and Histopathology Invited Revie W Nitric oxide in the stress axis M.O. L6pez-Figueroa, H.E.W. Day, H. Akil and
More informationNa + /K + interaction in the kidney, blood vessels, brain, and beyond
Na + /K + interaction in the kidney, blood vessels, brain, and beyond Horacio J. Adrogué, M.D. Professor of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine Chief, Clinical Nephrology and Hypertension. Houston Methodist
More informationLipoteichoic Acid from Staphylococcus aweus Depresses Contractile Function of Human Arteries In Vitro Due to the Induction of Nitric Oxide Synthase
Lipoteichoic Acid from Staphylococcus aweus Depresses Contractile Function of Human Arteries In Vitro Due to the Induction of Nitric Oxide Synthase Isao Tsuneyoshi, MD, Yuichi Kanmura, MD, PhD, and Nozomu
More informationCase year old female nursing home resident with a hx CAD, PUD, recent hip fracture Transferred to ED with decreased mental status BP in ED 80/50
Case 1 65 year old female nursing home resident with a hx CAD, PUD, recent hip fracture Transferred to ED with decreased mental status BP in ED 80/50 Case 1 65 year old female nursing home resident with
More information1. Antihypertensive agents 2. Vasodilators & treatment of angina 3. Drugs used in heart failure 4. Drugs used in arrhythmias
1. Antihypertensive agents 2. Vasodilators & treatment of angina 3. Drugs used in heart failure 4. Drugs used in arrhythmias Only need to know drugs discussed in class At the end of this section you should
More informationCell Signaling part 2
15 Cell Signaling part 2 Functions of Cell Surface Receptors Other cell surface receptors are directly linked to intracellular enzymes. The largest family of these is the receptor protein tyrosine kinases,
More informationNovel nitric oxide signaling mechanisms regulate the erectile response
(2004) 16, S15 S19 & 2004 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0955-9930/04 $30.00 www.nature.com/ijir Novel nitric oxide signaling mechanisms regulate the erectile response Department of Urology,
More informationBIPN100 F15 Human Physiol I (Kristan) Lecture 14 Cardiovascular control mechanisms p. 1
BIPN100 F15 Human Physiol I (Kristan) Lecture 14 Cardiovascular control mechanisms p. 1 Terms you should understand: hemorrhage, intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms, anoxia, myocardial contractility, residual
More informationYin Xia 1,2 and Raouf A. Khalil 1 1
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 31: H1851 H1865, 16. First published May 3, 16; doi:1.1152/ajpheart.876.15. nancy-associated adaptations in [Ca 2 ] i -dependent and Ca 2 sensitization mechanisms of venous
More informationPersonalized Medicine: An
Comparative Effectiveness and Personalized Medicine: An Essential interface Clinical exemplers of personalized medicine i Clyde Yancy, MD, FACC, FAHA, MACP Medical Director, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute
More information