Q1. The graph shows the risk of addiction and risk of harm to the body for some drugs.

Transcription

1 Q. The graph shows the risk of addiction and risk of harm to the body for some drugs. (a) (i) Name two legal recreational drugs shown in the graph. () The overall impact of legal drugs on health is much greater than the impact of illegal drugs. Use information from the graph and your own knowledge to give two reasons for this. (2) Page of 40

2 (b) A student concluded that as the risk of addiction to a drug increases, the risk of harm to the body increases. (i) Give one piece of evidence from the graph that supports this conclusion. () (iii) Give one piece of evidence from the graph that does not support this conclusion. () (Total 5 marks) Q2. Scientists did a survey of drug use by people aged 5 to 8. The scientists asked 50 females and 50 males to fill in questionnaires about drugs they had used in the previous six months. The chart shows the results of the survey. (a) (i) How many of the 5 8 year-olds had used cocaine in the previous six months? () What proportion of the 5 8 year old females had used cannabis in the previous six months? () Page 2 of 40

3 (b) The pattern of drug use by females and males for one drug was different from the pattern for the other three drugs. For which drug was this pattern different from the other three drugs?... () (c) The data in the chart might be unreliable. Suggest one reason why () (d) 5 8 year olds are advised not to smoke cannabis. Give one reason why () (Total 5 marks) Page 3 of 40

4 Q3. (a) List A gives the names of three stages in trialling a new drug. List B gives information about the three stages. Draw a line from each stage in List A to the correct information in List B. List A Stage List B Information Used to find if the drug is toxic Tests on humans including a placebo The first stage in the clinical trials of the drug Tests on humans using very small quantities of the drug Used to find the optimum dose of the drug Tests on animals Used to prove that the drug is effective on humans (3) Page 4 of 40

5 (b) Read the passage. Daily coffee dose delays development of Alzheimer s in humans. Alzheimer s is a brain disease that causes memory loss in elderly people. Scientists studied 56 mice that had been genetically engineered to develop Alzheimer s. Before treatment all the mice did badly in memory tests. Half the mice were given a daily dose of caffeine in their drinking water. The dose was equivalent to the amount of caffeine in six cups of coffee for a human. The other mice were given ordinary water. After two months, the caffeine-drinking mice did better in memory tests than the mice drinking ordinary water. The headline for the passage is not justified. Explain why as fully as possible (3) (Total 6 marks) Page 5 of 40

6 Q4. New drugs have to be thoroughly tested before they are sold. The diagram shows a time line for the testing of a new drug. (a) What is the main purpose of pre-clinical testing? () (b) In Phase of the clinical testing, very low doses of the new drug are used on a small number of volunteers. (i) What is the main purpose of Phase testing? () In Phase testing, healthy volunteers are used rather than patients. Suggest one reason for this. () (c) What is the main purpose of the Phase 2 and Phase 3 testing? () (d) During Phase 3 testing, many of the patients are given a placebo. (i) What is meant by a placebo? () Page 6 of 40

7 During the testing, who knows which patients are receiving the placebo? Tick ( ) one box. Only the patients Only the doctors Both patients and doctors Neither patients nor doctors () (Total 6 marks) Q5. Medicinal drugs are used to treat diseases. (a) Draw one line from each drug to its correct use. Drug Use Used as a fertility drug Painkiller Used to relieve disease symptoms Statin Used to treat leprosy Thalidomide Used to lower blood cholesterol (3) Page 7 of 40

8 (b) New drugs need to be tested before going on sale. The diagram shows a time line for the testing of a new drug. (i) How long do trials on humans take?... years () What is the minimum number of humans the drug is tested on throughout clinical testing?... () (c) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence. if it is toxic. (i) A new drug is first tested in the laboratory to find if it is cost effective. the optimum dose. () if it is cost effective. The drug is then tested on a few volunteers to find if it has side effects. the optimum dose. () (Total 7 marks) Q6. Diet and exercise affect health. (a) Many people are obese (very overweight). Obesity can lead to heart disease. Other than heart disease, name two conditions which are linked to obesity (2) Page 8 of 40

9 (b) The graph shows the number of deaths from heart disease each year in the UK. The pattern for deaths from heart disease in men is different from the pattern in women. (i) Give two differences between the patterns for men and women (2) Suggest two reasons for the difference in the number of deaths from heart disease in men and women between the ages of 40 and (2) Page 9 of 40

10 (c) Scientists have developed drugs to reduce the concentration of cholesterol in the blood. Give the three main stages in testing a new drug before it is sold to the public (3) (Total 9 marks) Q7. Obesity is linked to several diseases. (a) Name two diseases linked to obesity (2) (b) Scientists trialled a new slimming drug. The table shows their results after one year. Percentage change in mass of each volunteer Number of volunteers gained mass or lost 0 to 3.9 % 900 lost 4.0 to 4.9 % 00 lost 5.0 to 9.9 % 500 lost 0 % or more 500 (i) Calculate the proportion of the volunteers who lost 0 % or more of their mass. You should first calculate the total number of volunteers, then work out the proportion. Proportion of volunteers =... (2) Page 0 of 40

11 The National Health Service (NHS) gave permission for the drug to be used. Use information from the table to suggest a reason why the NHS gave permission for the drug to be used. () (Total 5 marks) Q8. Scientists at a drug company developed a new pain-killing drug, drug X. (a) Painkillers do not cure infectious diseases. Why?... () (b) The scientists compared drug X with two other pain-killing drugs, drug A and drug B. In their investigation the scientists: chose 600 volunteers. The volunteers were all in pain gave 200 of the volunteers a standard dose of drug A gave 200 of the volunteers a standard dose of drug B gave 200 of the volunteers a standard dose of drug X. Over the next seven hours the volunteers recorded how much pain they felt. To get valid results the three groups of volunteers should be matched for as many factors as possible. Suggest two of the factors that should be matched (2) Page of 40

12 (c) The graph shows the results of the investigation. (i) How much pain did the volunteers still feel, four hours after taking drug A?... percent () Give one advantage of taking drug A and not drug B () (iii) Give two advantages of taking drug B and not drug A (2) Page 2 of 40

13 (d) Drug X is much more expensive than both drug A and drug B. A pharmacist advised a customer that it would be just as good to take drug A and drug B together instead of drug X. Do you agree with the pharmacist s advice? Give reasons for your answer (3) (Total 0 marks) Q9. Cannabis is an illegal drug. (a) What type of illness might be caused by smoking cannabis regularly?... () Page 3 of 40

14 (b) The graph shows the use of cannabis by 6 24 year olds in the UK between 996 and Year (i) Use the graph to predict the percentage of 6 24 year olds who will use cannabis in 204. Show your working on the graph. Percentage =... (2) Illegal drugs are classified as Class A, Class B or Class C. Class C drugs are the least dangerous. In 2004, the government changed the classification of cannabis from Class B to Class C. In 2009, the government changed the classification of cannabis back from Class C to Class B. Do you think that changing the classification of cannabis back to a Class B drug will reduce the percentage of 6 24 year olds who use cannabis? Use evidence from the graph to explain your answer. (2) (Total 5 marks) Page 4 of 40

15 Q0. LDL is one form of cholesterol found in the blood. People with a high concentration of LDL in their blood may be treated with drugs called statins. A high concentration of LDL cholesterol in the blood may result in an increased risk of heart and circulatory diseases. The graph shows the effects of the treatment of one person with four different statins, A, B, C and D, over a period of 8 years. The arrows show when each new treatment was started. Each treatment was continued until the next treatment was started. Year Compare the effectiveness of the five treatments in reducing the risk of heart and circulatory diseases for this person (Total 4 marks) Page 5 of 40

16 Q. Many drugs are addictive. (a) People find it difficult to stop using an addictive drug. Explain why (2) (b) Many people claim that drinking alcohol can lead to the use of hard drugs. Scientists investigated the use of alcohol and hard drugs by 8 24 year olds. The table shows the results of the investigation. Percentage of alcohol drinkers and non-drinkers who also use the hard drug Hard drugs Binge drinkers Regular drinkers Occasional drinkers Nondrinkers Cocaine LSD Crack 0 0 Heroin 0 0 Does the data support the claim that drinking alcohol can lead to the use of hard drugs? Explain your answer using data from the table (3) (Total 5 marks) Page 6 of 40

17 Q2. Drugs may harm the human body. (a) The drug thalidomide was originally developed in the 950s. (i) What was the drug thalidomide originally developed to treat? () Soon after it was developed, thalidomide was found to be useful in treating another condition. What was this other condition? () (iii) Describe one harmful effect of thalidomide. () (iv) Suggest why this harmful effect had not been detected during clinical drug trials on thalidomide. () (b) Using a recreational drug may cause a person to become dependent on the drug. (i) What happens in the body to make someone dependent on a drug? () Page 7 of 40

18 Doctors rated different recreational drugs according to how dependent users had become on them. The graph below shows the results. Drug It is illegal (against the law) to take Class A, B or C drugs. Unclassified drugs are legal. Some people think that some legal drugs should be made illegal. What evidence is there in the graph above to support this view? (2) (iii) Suggest one other piece of information about legal drugs that would need to be considered before the classification of these drugs was changed. () (Total 8 marks) Page 8 of 40

19 Q3. The figure below shows how many UK adults used cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy or heroin in 20. (a) (i) How many adults used cannabis in 20? Drug... million () Suggest why more people used cannabis rather than the other drugs. () (iii) Tick ( ) one correct statement about cannabis. It causes muscles to grow. It may cause mental illness in some people. It may cause limb deformities. () (b) Heroin and cocaine are very addictive drugs. What happens to most drug addicts if they suddenly stop taking the drug? () (Total 4 marks) Page 9 of 40

20 Q4. Many people in the UK take sleeping pills. (a) The drug thalidomide was developed as a sleeping pill in the 950s. In the 960s thalidomide was banned. Recently thalidomide has been used to treat other diseases. Name one disease thalidomide is used to treat now.... () (b) The table shows information about the development of a new sleeping pill. Type of test or trial Preclinical Clinical phase Clinical phase 2 Clinical phase 3 Tested or trialled on Cells, tissues or animals healthy volunteers volunteer patients volunteer patients Number of compounds tested > (new sleeping pill) Time taken for test or trial in years (i) What is the shortest time taken to develop a new sleeping pill?... years () What is the range for the number of volunteers needed to complete all the clinical trials for the new sleeping pill? () (c) Drugs are trialled to check for side effects on people. Give one other reason why drugs are trialled () Page 20 of 40

21 (d) The pie chart shows the impact on the health of the population caused by drugs from different sources. (i) Legal non-prescribed drugs have a greater impact on the health of the population than illegal drugs. Suggest two reasons why. (2) Drugs change chemical processes in a person s body. Why is it difficult for a person to stop taking certain drugs? () (Total 7 marks) Page 2 of 40

22 Q5. Thalidomide is a drug that was developed in the 950s. It was originally developed to treat one particular medical condition. It was later found to be useful in treating another condition. Thalidomide had not been tested thoroughly enough before use and caused some serious side effects. The drug was then banned in the 960s. Recently it has been used successfully in the treatment of other diseases. State what thalidomide was originally developed to treat and what it is used to treat today. Describe what else thalidomide was used for and why it was banned in the 960s (Total 4 marks) Q6. New drugs have to be tested before they can be sold. The graph shows how much time the different stages of testing took for a new drug. Time in years (a) (i) How much time did the laboratory testing of the drug take?... years () Page 22 of 40

23 Suggest what the drug was tested on during laboratory testing. () (b) Clinical trials are carried out on human volunteers and patients. (i) How much time did the clinical trials take for this drug?... years (2) During Phase clinical trials, the drug is tested on healthy volunteers using low doses. Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. find the best dose. The reason for Phase testing is to see if the drug works. see if the drug has side effects. () (iii) During Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials, half of the volunteers are given a fake drug called a placebo in a double blind trial. In a double blind trial, who knows which volunteers are given the drug and which volunteers are given the placebo? Tick ( ) one box. The doctors but not the volunteers The doctors and the volunteers The volunteers but not the doctors Neither the volunteers nor the doctors Tick ( ) () (Total 6 marks) Page 23 of 40

24 Q7. Drugs affect our body chemistry. (a) List A gives the names of some drugs. List B gives the uses of some drugs. Draw one line from each drug in List A to the use of the drug in List B. List A Drug List B Use To increase fertility in women Anabolic steroid To treat leprosy Statin To stimulate muscle growth Thalidomide To reduce the risk of heart and circulatory diseases (3) (b) A new drug was trialled on 80 healthy volunteers. The volunteers were asked to report any side effects. The results of the trial are shown in the table. Reported effects Number of volunteers No side effects 20 Severe sickness 42 Itchy skin 8 Based on the results of this trial, what should the drug company do next? Tick ( ) one box. Test on a small group of patients to find the optimum dose Test on a large group of patients to see if the drug works on ill people Stop the trial Page 24 of 40

25 Give a reason for your answer (2) (Total 5 marks) Page 25 of 40

26 M. (a) (i) nicotine and alcohol both drugs needed for mark nicotine / alcohol has a greater risk of harming the body (than some illegal drugs) or nicotine / alcohol has a higher risk of addiction (than some illegal drugs) allow cannabis / ecstasy has less risk of harming the body (than some legal drugs) or allow cannabis / ecstasy has less risk of addiction (than some legal drugs) allow alcohol causes liver damage allow nicotine causes heart / circulatory disease more people use legal drugs (than illegal drugs) (b) (i) any one from: cocaine / heroin has a high risk of addiction and a high risk of harm to the body cocaine / heroin / ecstasy lie on / near the trend line (trend line shows a) positive correlation. ignore reference to figures allow follow the pattern or are on the line of best fit any one from: nicotine / alcohol / cannabis has a high(er) risk of addiction but low(er) risk of harm (compared to other drugs) anabolic steroids have a low(er) risk of addiction but a high(er) risk of harm (compared to any other drugs). ignore reference to figures allow the point for anabolic steroids and / or nicotine is an anomaly [5] M2. (a) (i) 6 /5 or 0/50 or one fifth or 20% or in 5 or 0.2 or :4 or to 4 do not allow :5 or to 5 (b) heroin apply list principle Page 26 of 40

27 (c) (d) people not honest in answers allow small sample / people from same area do not accept unequal numbers of men and women might lead to mental illness / named ignore cancer / lung disease / tar / damages brain cells or might lead to more addictive / hard drugs / named hard drugs accept gateway drug ignore addictive / slows reactions [5] M3. (a) mark for each correct line mark each line from left hand box two lines from left hand box cancels mark for that box 3 Page 27 of 40

28 (b) any three from: Students have been informed that the headline is not justified reference to reliability, eg only a small number of mice tested or trial too short or investigation not repeated reference to control, eg mice given caffeine not coffee or 6 cups (equivalence) is more than dose (and) the effect on mice might not be same as on humans allow only tested on mice (also) text suggests that the treatment improves memory loss (rather than delays it) accept text suggests disease cured or mice already have memory loss or experiment only showed improvement in memory or does not show delays Alzheimer s or experiment not done on old mice allow reference to the fact that mice engineered to have it 3 [6] M4. (a) testing for toxicity / see if it is safe /see if it is dangerous / to see if it works ignore side effects unqualified (b) (i) testing for side effects / testing for reactions (to drug) ignore to see if it works do not accept dosage any one from ignore immune system dose too low to help patient higher risk for patient might conflict with patient s treatment / patient on other drug effect might be masked by patient s symptoms / side effects clearer (c) to find optimum dose allow testing on larger sample or it makes results more reliable allow to find out if drug is effective /find out if drug works on ill people (not just if drug works) Page 28 of 40

29 (d) (i) (tablet / drug / injection) that does not contain drug allow control / fake / false allow tablet / injection that does not affect body do not accept drug that does not affect body neither patients nor doctors [6] M5. (a) all three correct = 3 marks two correct = 2 marks one correct = mark extra line from a statement cancels the mark 3 (b) (i) (c) (i) if it is toxic if it has side effects [7] Page 29 of 40

30 M6. (a) any two from: arthritis allow damaged joints diabetes accept high blood sugar high blood pressure strokes allow blocked blood vessels / thrombosis allow breathing difficulties ignore cancer ignore high cholesterol 2 (b) (i) any two from: to gain marks there must be a comparison ignore comparison at single age lower number of women deaths up to age of higher number of women deaths after 80 ignore women die older or men die younger men s peak higher men s peak at an earlier age men s death start earlier than women more men than women die of heart disease 2 any two from: men smoke more (cigarettes) ignore alcohol more men smoke men under more stress men less active more men overweight / eat more / less diet conscious or different fat distribution ignore reference to body size genetic factors men might have lower metabolic rate ignore references to hormones men less likely to visit doctor even though they have symptoms 2 Page 30 of 40

31 (c) points can be in any order laboratory tests / tests on tissues or tests on animals or tests for toxicity ignore computer simulations tests for side effects on volunteers / healthy people / small numbers widespread testing or testing for optimum dose or test on patients / sick people or test to see if it is effective accept use of placebo [9] M7. (a) any two from: ignore eating disorder ignore cancer arthritis accept worn joints diabetes accept high blood sugar high blood pressure ignore cholesterol heart disease / heart condition / heart attack / blood vessel disease allow blood clots / strokes 2 (b) (i) or 0.25 or 25% correct answer gains 2 marks if answer incorrect, evidence of gains mark 25 without % gains mark 2 Page 3 of 40

32 majority / most / high proportion of people in trial lost mass / weight ignore good results / it worked [5] M8. (a) don t kill pathogens / bacteria / viruses / microbes / microorganisms allow don t contain antibiotics ignore antibodies / attack / fight allow only treat symptoms / pain ignore kill disease / germs (b) any two from: age gender extent / severity of pain or how long had pain before trial type of pain / illness / site of pain accept the pain for mark, if neither extent or type given ignore pain threshold (body) mass / weight / height allow body size / physique other medical issues / drugs taken / health / fitness ethnicity 2 (c) (i) 75 ignore calculations / % faster pain relief / decrease allow pain relief sooner or it works quicker or more pain relief at start / in first / hours (iii) decrease of pain higher / more ignore more effective unless qualified by time > hours allow effect lasts longer decrease of pain is longer lasting Page 32 of 40

33 (d) any three from: ignore yes or no (Yes because) rapid pain relief (from A) long lasting pain relief (from B) and it costs less the sum of the pain relief (from A + B) is greater (than X) (No because) drug X gives more pain relief (A + B / they ) might interact with each other could result in overdose could be more / new side effects if neither points gained allow (more) dangerous 3 [0] M9. (a) mental (illness) accept specific mental illnesses such as depression, paranoia schizophrenia or dementia allow brain damage do not accept cancer (b) (i) evidence on graph of attempt to continue line from 200 to 204 range at 204 from 3 to 6 inclusive 5 accept any value between 3 and 6 consistent with attempt at straight line if there is no line accept only 5 no because only award this mark if there is an attempt at an explanation changing to Class C did not affect trend Page 33 of 40

34 OR trend / use already falling before the change OR use higher when class B [5] M0. A + B most effective (treatment) ignore descriptions of LDL levels D is (the most) effective (treatment) D is the best single (treatment) neither A nor B (alone) are effective allow increase risk of heart disease instead of not effective can t tell if C is effective OR A + C is not effective [4] M. (a) alters body chemistry / chemical processes (so) suffer withdrawal symptoms (without the drug) allow (so) crave the drug ignore other descriptions (b) mark for explanation marks can be gained from yes and no explanations if it is clear whether applies to yes or no yes no non-drinkers use hard drugs less alcohol drunk less (hard drugs) use or description of pattern from table Page 34 of 40

35 comparative figures used eg 4 % of binge drinkers / % of regular drinkers / 3 % of occasional drinkers / 0 % of non drinkers use hard drugs at least 2 comparative figures needed allow other correct figures if drug(s) named 0 % of non-drinkers use hard drugs gains first marking point no max 2 marks for explanation of no answer no information about number in sample / might be based on only a few people / only surveyed 8 24-year-olds (young people) or percentage who take drugs is low () (hard drug use) may be linked to other factors () [5] M2. (a) (i) idea of poor sleeping allow as a sleeping pill (for) morning sickness (in pregnant women) ignore sickness unqualified ignore leprosy (iii) limb abnormalities / defects accept description e.g. short / no arms / legs ignore disabled / deformed (iv) drug not tested / trialled on pregnant animals / women allow not tested for treatment of morning sickness (b) (i) changes to chemical processes ignore addiction dependency on (some) legal drugs is more than / equal to on (some) illegal drugs allow idea of no / little consistency between dependency and classification example of a named legal drug for which dependency is equal to or greater than a named illegal drug allow two pairs of named examples for 2 marks Page 35 of 40

36 (iii) any one from: the harm it does / harmfulness ignore cost / addiction / dependency effect on health accept (severity of) withdrawal symptoms side effects accept named health effects e.g. mental illness or effect on heart / circulatory system [8] M3. (a) (i) 2.3 (million) any one from: ignore references to side effects / harm ignore references to classification of drugs ignore references to use as medicine / legal use cheaper easier to get allow can be grown at home ignore easier to use allow less addictive ignore not addictive (iii) It may cause mental illness in some people extra boxes ticked negates the mark (b) suffer withdrawal symptoms allow crave the drug allow become ill / sick allow depression / paranoia / anxiety / hallucinations [4] M4. (a) leprosy allow bone / blood cancer ignore cancer (b) (i) 6 / six from 20 to 5600 allow from 5600 to 20 allow 4480 (alone) Page 36 of 40

37 (c) any one from: ignore side effects, eg allergies ignore safety / harm unqualified (test for) toxicity allow poisonous (test for) dosage allow idea of amount (test for) efficacy. allow to see if it works allow to check for interaction with other drugs (d) (i) any two from: ignore reference to cost / addiction more people take / use legal / non-prescribed drugs legal / non-prescribed drugs are (more) readily available alcohol causes liver / brain damage or tobacco causes cancer. allow harmful effects of other named legal non-prescribed drugs 2 addiction / dependency allow withdrawal or examples of symptoms of withdrawal (if attempting to stop) [7] M5. original use: as a sleeping pill more recent uses: to treat leprosy accept to treat cancers / leukaemia / skin disorders / inflammatory diseases / arthritis also used: to treat morning sickness (in pregnant women) reason for ban: caused arm / leg / limb abnormalities (in some babies) allow toes / fingers / thumbs / hands / feet / body / body parts / bones [4] M6. (a) (i) 4 / four (years) Page 37 of 40

38 any one from: animals allow suitable examples eg rats do not allow humans / plants (living) cells allow human cells do not allow plant cells (living) tissues allow human tissues do not allow plant tissues (b) (i) 9 (years) allow mark for 3 4 or see if the drug has side effects (iii) neither the volunteers nor the doctors [6] M7. (a) one mark for each correct line extra line from drug negates mark 3 Page 38 of 40

39 (b) stop the trial second mark scores only if first mark correct side effects too severe allow people might die / get ill / harmed or (too) many people had side effects allow use of numbers from table ignore itchy skin [5] Page 39 of 40

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