Substance Abuse: Risk and Protective Factors

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1 Substance Abuse: Risk and Protective Factors Josephine F. Wilson, D.D.S., Ph.D. Professor, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences Director, Substance Abuse Resources and Disability Issues (SARDI) Program

2 Opioids Endorphin

3 Addictive Disease Use in a manner that differs from their peers from the time of their very first use. Specific abnormality of the brain s reward system producing repetitive use despite negative consequences. Dopamine

4 CASCADE THEORY OF REWARD SEROTONIN ENDORPHIN GABA DOPAMINE RELEASE RELEASE INHIBITION RELEASE Blum et al., 1996, 1997

5 CASCADE THEORY OF REWARD ALCOHOL SEROTONIN ENDORPHIN GABA DOPAMINE RELEASE RELEASE INHIBITION RELEASE Blum et al., 1996, 1997

6 CASCADE THEORY OF REWARD OPIOIDS SEROTONIN ENDORPHIN GABA DOPAMINE RELEASE RELEASE INHIBITION RELEASE Blum et al., 1996, 1997

7 CASCADE THEORY OF REWARD BENZOS AMPHETAMINES ALCOHOL OPIOIDS MARIJUANA COCAINE SEROTONIN ENDORPHIN GABA DOPAMINE RELEASE RELEASE INHIBITION RELEASE

8 A Brief Digression Pregnant Mothers Addicted to Opioids The number of pregnant women receiving treatment for opioid abuse more than doubled between 2000 and 2012.

9 Cognitive Development of Children Born to Heroin-Addicted Mothers Significantly lower levels of cognitive functioning Significantly lower IQ scores at 8.5 years Effects of prenatal opioid exposure on cognition increased over time

10 Ohio - Hard Hit by Heroin Killing 23 people each week 1 in 5 knows someone who is struggling with heroin 80% of prisoners in county jails have opioids in their systems No one is immune

11 Factors Associated with Opioid Addiction Parents use drugs Want to fit in Bored, too much time on hands Mental health issues Combat stress Chronic pain Trauma

12 Special Factors Associated with the Population with IDD Vulnerable to social pressure Desire to be accepted by peers Lack of understanding of risk of addiction May go unnoticed by caregivers Reduced supervision makes vulnerable Vulnerable to negative influences People who target vulnerable members of society

13 Those Most At Risk Males Youths Individuals with mild levels of cognitive impairment Those who have little parental supervision Those with co-occurring mental disorders Family history of abuse Poverty History of trauma What can you, as a teacher, counselor, or administrator, do about these risk factors?

14 Protective Factors For Young Children (3 8 Years):

15 Protective Factors For Middle School Students:

16 Protective Factors For High School Students

17 Increasing Knowledge Effects of Alcohol Effects of Tobacco Effects of Other Drugs Peer Pressure and Healthy Choices One-way communication

18 But, more importantly Two-way communication Interaction between educator and participant Critical life and social skills Decision-making Refusal skills Critical analysis

19 Evidence-Based Prevention SAMHSA NREPP National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices (NREPP)

20 Critical Life and Social Skills PAX Good Behavior Game Ages 6 to 12 STEP UP (Strategies and Tools Embrace Prevention with Upstream Programs) Ages 11 to 14 Kids in Transition to School (KITS) into Kindergarten Second Step Elementary School Program - Grades K to 5. Prevention through Alternative Learning Styles (PALS) Grades 5-8 All are NREPP listed.

21 Prevention through Alternative Learning Styles (PALS) SARDI Program Increase students' knowledge of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs (ATOD) Develop students refusal skills when presented with ATOD Decrease students intentions to use ATOD Focus on personal learning styles Focus on accepting that not everyone is the same Focus on becoming an advocate for oneself Focus on setting goals and planning for future

22 Contact Dr. Jo Wilson

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