Chapter 9 Lecture. Chapter 9: Alcohol Pearson Education, Inc.

Transcription

1 Chapter 9 Lecture Chapter 9: Alcohol

2 Objectives for Chapter 9 Explain what alcohol is and how it is made. Explain why people drink alcohol. Describe how alcohol is absorbed and metabolized in the body. List the harmful effects of alcohol in the body. Describe alcohol use disorder.

3 What Is Alcohol and How Is It Made? Alcohol is not an essential nutrient Ethanol is the type of alcohol consumed in alcoholic beverages Methanol (in antifreeze) and isopropanol (rubbing alcohol) are both poisonous to humans Ethanol is safe for consumption, but excessive amounts are toxic and can be fatal Made by fermentation of yeast and natural sugars in grains (beer) and fruits (wine) Liquor is concentrated alcohol collected through distillation

4 Why Do People Drink Alcohol? People drink to relax, celebrate, and socialize Social drinking: drinking patterns that are considered acceptable by society Moderate alcohol consumption may have health benefits: may reduce risk of heart disease Moderate alcohol consumption: no more than one drink daily for adult women, two for men Alcohol can increase HDL cholesterol and may make blood platelets less "sticky": less likely to form unwanted blood clots Health benefits only shown in women 55 years of age and men 45 years old, not in younger people

5 Why Do People Drink Alcohol?, Continued Moderate consumption is based on standard drink sizes, which contain about half an ounce of alcohol A standard drink is one of the following: 12-ounce serving of beer 1.5-ounce shot of liquor 5-ounce glass of wine Moderate drinkers should pay attention to: Size of drinks Frequency of drinking Abstaining from alcohol for several days, then overdrinking one day is not moderate drinking

6 What Is a Standard Drink? Figure 9.1

7 When a Drink Is More Than a Drink Figure 9.2

8 Practical Nutrition Tips Video: Alcohol Serving

9 Practical Nutrition Tips Video: Step Up To The Bar

10 What Happens to Alcohol in the Body? Alcohol is a toxin, and the body works quickly to metabolize and eliminate it You absorb alcohol in your stomach and small intestine Some alcohol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme in the stomach before it's absorbed Women are more susceptible to effects of alcohol than men Have 20 to 30 percent less alcohol dehydrogenase than men, so absorb more alcohol in stomach Food in stomach slows alcohol absorption About 80 percent of alcohol is absorbed in the small intestine

11 Alcohol Absorption

12 What Happens to Alcohol in the Body?, Continued You metabolize alcohol primarily in your liver: one standard drink is metabolized in to 2 hours Alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol to acetaldehyde (eventually metabolized to water) and The microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) also metabolizes alcohol and is revved up when chronically high levels of alcohol are present in liver Alcohol circulates in your blood until metabolized Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) correlates with amount of alcohol in your breath

13 The Metabolism of Alcohol Figure 9.3

14 Blood Alcohol Concentration Tables Table 9.1 Blood Alcohol Concentration Tables For Women Body Weight in Pounds Drinks per Hour Tables are adapted from those of the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board, Harrisburg. Notes: The darkly shaded areas indicate legal intoxication. Blood alcohol concentrations are expressed as percent, meaning grams of alcohol per 10 milliliters (per deciliter) of blood. Table 9.1

15 Blood Alcohol Concentration Tables, Continued Table 9.1 Blood Alcohol Concentration Tables For Men Body Weight in Pounds Drinks per Hour Tables are adapted from those of the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board, Harrisburg. Notes: The darkly shaded areas indicate legal intoxication. Blood alcohol concentrations are expressed as percent, meaning grams of alcohol per 10 milliliters (per deciliter) of blood. Table 9.1

16 What Happens to Alcohol in the Body?, Continued-1 Effects of alcohol on your brain Depressant of central nervous system Slows down transmission of nerve impulses and reaction time to stimuli Impairs thoughts, actions, behavior The more consumed, the more areas of brain affected If enough consumed, activities of brain stem are suppressed (breathing, heart rate), resulting in death

17 Progressive Effects of Alcohol Table 9.2 Progressive Effects of Alcohol Blood Alcohol Concentration Changes in Feelings and Personality Brain Regions Affected Impaired Functions (continuum) Relaxation, sense of well-being, loss of inhibition Cerebral cortex Alertness; judgment Pleasure, numbing of feelings, nausea, sleepiness, emotional arousal Mood swings, anger, sadness, mania Aggression, reduced sensations, depression, stupor Unconsciousness, coma, death possible Cerebral cortex and forebrain Cerebral cortex, forebrain, and cerebellum Cerebral cortex, forebrain, cerebellum, and brain stem Entire brain Coordination (especially fine motor skills); visual tracking Reasoning and depth perception; appropriate social behavior Speech; balance; temperature regulation Bladder control; breathing 0.41 and greater Death Heart rate Source: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Understanding Alcohol: Investigations into Biology and Behavior. Available at Accessed June Pearson Education, Inc Table 9.2

18 The Brain and Alcohol Figure 9.4

19 How Can Alcohol Be Harmful? Alcohol can disrupt sleep and cause hangovers Even moderate amount in late afternoon/evening can disrupt sleep cycle Alcoholic beverages may contain congeners, which contribute to hangover symptoms Symptoms: headache, fatigue, nausea, increased thirst, rapid heart beat, tremors, sweating, dizziness, depression, anxiety, irritability Alcohol is a diuretic; can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances

20 How Can Alcohol Be Harmful?, Continued Alcohol can interact with hormones Interferes with insulin and glucagon that regulate blood glucose level Negatively affects parathyroid hormone and other bone-strengthening hormones; can increase risk of osteoporosis Can increase estrogen levels in women; may increase risk of breast cancer Affects reproductive hormones and associated with both male and female sexual dysfunction

21 How Can Alcohol Be Harmful?, Continued-1 Alcohol may lead to overnutrition and malnutrition Provides 7 calories per gram, contributing to weight gain Increases fat and weight around stomach Alcohol calories can displace nutritious foods Excessive alcohol can interfere with absorption and/or use of protein, zinc, magnesium, thiamin, folate, and vitamins, A, D, E, K Thiamin deficiency affects brain function and increases risk of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

22 Calories in Selected Alcoholic Drinks Table 9.3 Calories in Selected Alcoholic Drinks Beer Serving size: 12 oz Alcohol serving: 1 Calories per drink: 150 Light Beer Serving size: 12 oz Alcohol serving: 1 Calories per drink: 110 Mudslide Serving size: 12 oz Alcohol servings: 4 Calories per drink: 820 Distilled Spirits (e.g., whiskey, vodka, gin, rum) Serving size: 1.5 oz Alcohol serving: 1 Calories per drink: 100 Bloody Mary Serving size: 5.5 oz Alcohol serving: 1 Calories per drink: 97 Wine (white or red) Serving size: 5 oz Alcohol serving: 1 Calories per drink: Margarita Serving size: 6.3 oz Alcohol servings: 3 Calories per drink: 327 Cosmopolitan Serving size: 2.5 oz Alcohol servings: 1.7 Calories per drink: 131 Rum and Cola Serving size: 12 oz Alcohol servings: 2.7 Calories per drink: 361 Note: Alcohol servings are per beverage. Table 9.3

23 Too Much Alcohol Costs You Good Nutrition Figure 9.5

24 How Can Alcohol Be Harmful?, Continued-2 Alcohol can harm your digestive organs, heart, and liver Excessive amounts of alcohol can cause: Inflammation of esophagus Cancers of the esophagus, mouth, and throat Gastritis and stomach ulcers Hypertension and damage to heart tissue Alcoholic liver disease Three stages: fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis

25 Alcoholic Liver Disease Figure 9.6

26 Effects of Alcohol on the Body Figure 9.7

27 How Can Alcohol Be Harmful?, Continued-3 Alcohol can put a healthy pregnancy at risk Exposure to alcohol prenatally can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) Most severe form is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) Causes physical, mental, and behavioral abnormalities Effects of FASDs are permanent The only proven, safe amount of alcohol a pregnant woman can consume is none

28 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Figure 9.8

29 Alcohol and Advertising In some media, including popular magazines like Sports Illustrated, alcohol ads can outnumber non-alcohol ads by almost 3 to 1 Studies have shown that advertisements for alcoholic beverages are associated with an increase in drinking amongst some adolescents

30 Alcohol and Advertising, Continued Misc 9.7

31 What Is Alcohol Use Disorder? Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is the continuation of alcohol consumption even though this behavior has created social, psychological, and/or physical health problems. Binge drinking, drinking and driving, and underage drinking are situations in which alcohol is being abused.

32 The Symptoms of Alcohol Use Disorder Table 9.4 The Symptoms of Alcohol Use Disorder 1. Alcohol is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended. 2. There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control alcohol use. 3. A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain alcohol, use alcohol, or recover from its effects. 4. Craving or a strong desire or urge to use alcohol. 5. Recurrent alcohol use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home. 6. Continued alcohol use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of alcohol. 7. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of alcohol use. 8. Recurrent alcohol use in situations in which it is physically hazardous, such as driving an automobile or operating a machine, when impaired. 9. Alcohol use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by alcohol. 10.Tolerance, as designated by either of the following: a.a need for markedly increased amounts of alcohol to achieve intoxication or desired effect. b.a markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of alcohol. 11.Withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following: a.the characteristic withdrawal syndrome for alcohol. b. Alcohol is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms. Source: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol Use Disorder: A Comparison between DSM-IV and DSM-5. Available at Accessed July Table 9.4

33 What Is Alcohol Use Disorder?, Continued Binge drinking: consumption of 5 or more drinks by men, 4 by women, in about two hours Increased likelihood of injuries, car accidents, drowning, unplanned sexual activity, death Associated with sexual aggression, assaults, suicide, homicide, child abuse, and health problems (hypertension, heart attack, sexually transmitted disease)

34 What Is Alcohol Use Disorder?, Continued-1 Binge drinking (continued) Can cause blackouts and lead to alcohol poisoning Chronic drinking can lead to alcohol tolerance Brain becomes less sensitive to alcohol, needing more to get same intoxicating effect

35 Consequences of College Binge Drinking Figure 9.9

36 ABC News Video: Sloppy Spring Breakers

37 What Is Alcohol Use Disorder?, Continued-2 Drinking and driving: illegal to drive with BAC of 0.08 One drink impairs alertness, judgment, coordination Underage drinking Increases risk of violence, injuries, health risks Can also interfere with brain development and lead to cognitive and memory damage in teenagers Underage drinking and driving is extremely risky The earlier in life a person starts drinking, the higher the risk for alcoholism

38 "Buzzed driving is drunk driving" Misc 9.10

39 How to Get Help for AUD Research has shown that support from a provider can reduce alcohol consumption for those with mild AUD Those with more severe AUD may need to seek specialized counseling as well as medical support Some individuals have found success with ongoing support programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

40 Some People Should Avoid Consuming Alcohol According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, the following people should also abstain from drinking alcohol: Women of childbearing age who may become pregnant Pregnant women Children and adolescents Those taking medications that can interact with alcohol, which include prescription and over-the-counter medications Those with specific medical conditions, such as liver disease Those engaging in activities that require attention, skill, or coordination, such as driving or operating machinery Those who cannot restrict their alcohol intake