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1 DAFTAR PUSTAKA 1. Prihartini J. Detection of oesofageal varices in liver cirrhosis using noninvasive parameters. Acta Med Indones-indones J Intern Med Gupta TK, Chen L, Groszmann RJ. Patho-physiology of portal hypertension. Clin Liver Dis. 1997;1: Eyal Ashkenazi MD, Yulia Kovalev MD and Eli Zuckerman MD. Evaluation and Treatment of Esophageal Varices in the Cirrhotic Patient IMAJ 2013; 15 : Jensen DM. Endoscopic screening for varices in cirrhosis: findings, implications, and outcomes. Gastroenterology 2002; 122: D Amico G, Criscuoli V, Fili D, Mocciaro F, Pagliaro L. Metaanalysis of trials for variceal bleeding. Hepatology 2002; 36: Carbonell N, Pauwels A, Serfaty L, Fourdan O, Lévy VG, Poupon R. Improved survival after variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis over the past two decades. Hepatology 2004; 40: Chalasani, N., C. Kahi. Improved patient survival after acute variceal bleeding : a multicenter, cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98(3): Stokkeland K, Brandt L, Ekbom A, Hultcrantz R. Improved prognosis for patients hospitalized with esophageal varices in Sweden Hepatology 2006; 43: Djojoningrat D. Hematemesis melena di bagian Ilmu penyakit dalam FK- UI/RSCM. Tesis Jakarta: Bagian Ilmu Penyakit Dalam FKUI, De Franchis R. Evolving consensus in portal hypertension. Report of the Baveno IV consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2005; 43: De Franchis R. Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2010; 53:
2 12. Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, Carey W and the Practice Guidelines Committee of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, the Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2007; 46: Grace ND. Diagnosis and treatment of gastro-intestinal bleeding secondary to portal hypertension. American College of Gastroenterology practice parameter committee. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92: D Amico G, Pagliaro L, Bosch J. Treatment of portal hypertension: a metaanalytic review. Hepatology 1995;22: de Franchis R. Non-invasive (and minimally invasive) diagnosis of oesophageal varices. J Hepatol 2008; 49: Castera L, Le Bail B, Roudot-Thoraval F, et al. Early detection in routine clinical practice of cirrhosis and oesophageal varices in chronic hepatitis C: Comparison of transient elastography (FibroScan) with standard laboratory tests and non-invasive scores. J Hepatol 2009; 50: Sebastiani G, Tempesta D, Fattovich G, et al. Prediction of oesophageal varices in hepatic cirrhosis by simple serum noninvasive markers: Results of a multicenter, large-scale study. J Hepatol 2010; 53: Stefanescu, H., M. Grigorescu, M. Lupsor, A. Maniu, A. Crisan, B. Procopet, D. Feier, R. Badea. A New and Simple Algorithm for the Noninvasive Assessment of Esophageal Varices in Cirrhotic Patients Using Serum Fibrosis Markers and Transient Elastography. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis (1): Cheney CP, Goldberg EM, Chopra S. Cirrhosis and portal hypertension : an overview. In : Friedman LS and Keeffe EB, eds.handbook of Liver Disease. 2nd ed. China, Pa : Churchill Livingstone; 2004; Wolf DC. Cirrhosis of the Liver. emedicine Specialities. 29 Nov
3 21. World Health Organization. Hepatitis C - global prevalence (update). Weekly Epidemiological Record, 1999; 74: Suk TK. Revision and update on clinical practice guideline for liver cirrhosis. The Korean Journal of Hepatology 2012; 18: Bissell D, Maher JJ. Hepatic Fibrosis and Cirrhosis. In : Zakim D and Boyer TD, eds. Hepatolog. A Textbook of Liver Disease, vol 1, 3rd ed, Tokyo, 1996; Hernomo K. Pengelolaan perdarahan masif varises esofagus pada sirosis hati. Thesis. Airlangga University Press, Surabaya Benvegnu L, Gios M, Bocato S et.al. Natural history of compensated viral cirrhosis a prospective study on the incidence and hierarchy of major complications. Gut 2004; 53: Garcia-Tsao D, Wongcharatrawee S. (VA Hepatitis C Resource Center Program). Treatment of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension literature review and summary of recommended interventions. Version 1 (October 2003) Friedman SL: Hepatic Fibrosis. In : Schiff ER, Sorrell MF, Maddrey WC, eds. Schiff s Diseases of the Liver. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Raven; 2003; Kuntz, Erwin., Kuntz, Han-Dieter. Hepatology : Textbook And Atlas. Germany : springer medizin verlag heilderberg Lee D. Cirrhosis of the Liver. MedicineNet.com, Jan Erlingen S, Benhamou JP. Cirrhosis : clinical aspect. In : Oxford Textbook of Clinical Hepatology, Vol 1, 2nd ed.hong Kong, Pa: Oxford Medical Publications; 1999; Sharara AI, Rockey DC. Gastroesophageal Variceal Hemoorhage. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: Sanyal A, Bosch J, Blei A, Arroyo V, Portal Hypertension and its complication. gastroenterology 2008;134:
4 33. R. de Franchis, Stellate cells and the reversible component of portal hypertension, Digestive and Liver Disease, 2000; vol. 32, no. 2, pp Y. Iwakiri and R. J. Groszmann, Vascular endothelial dysfunction in cirrhosis, Journal of Hepatology, 2007; vol. 46, no. 5, pp D. C. Rockey, Hepatic blood flow regulation by stellate cells in normal and injured liver, Seminars in Liver Disease, 2001; vol. 21, no. 3, pp Wheatley AM, Zhang X - Y. Intrahepatic modulation of portal pressure and its role in portal hypertension. Digestion 1998 ; 59 : M. Fernandez, M. Mejias, E. Garcia-Pras, R. Mendez, J. C. Garcia-Pagan, and J. Bosch, Reversal of portal hypertension and hyperdynamic splanchnic circulation by combined vascular endothelial growth factor and plateletderived growth factor blockade in rats, Hepatology,2007; vol. 46, no. 4, pp Bari K, Garcia-Tsao G. Treatment of portal hypertension. World J Gastroenterol 2012 March 21; 18(11): Berzigotti A, Seijo S, Reverter E, Bosch J. Assessing Portal Hypertension in liver diseases. Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.2003;7(2), Groszmann RJ, Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J, Grace ND, Burroughs AK, Planas R, Escorsell A, Garcia-Pagan JC, Patch D, Matloff DS, Gao H, Makuch R. B- blockers to prevent gastroesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: Ripoll C, Groszmann R, Garcia-Tsao G, Grace N, Burroughs A, Planas R, Escorsell A, Garcia-Pagan JC, Makuch R, Patch D, Matloff DS, Bosch J. Hepatic venous pressure gradient predicts clinical decompensation in patients with compensated cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: D Amico G, Garcia-Pagan JC, Luca A, Bosch J. HVPG reduction and prevention of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. A systematic review. Gastroenterology 2006;131:1624
5 43. D Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, Pagliaro L. Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis. A systematic review of 118 studies. J Hepatol 2006;44: Laleman W, Van Landeghem L, Wilmer A, Fevery J, Nevens F. Portal hypertension: from pathophysiology to clinical practice. Liver International : 2005; 25: Merkel C, Marin R, Angeli P, et al. A placebo-controlled clinical trial of nadolol in the prophylaxis of growth of small esophageal varices in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2004;127: Merli M, Nicolini G, Angeloni S, et al. Incidence and natural history of small esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol 2003;38: Bosch J et al. Portal Hypertension and Gastrointestinal Bleeding.Seminars in liver disease/2008; volume 28, number De Franchis R. Evaluation and follow-up of patients with cirrhosis and oesophageal varices. J Hepatol 2003;38: Dite P et al. Esophageal varices. World Gastroenterology Organisation practice guideline: June D Amico G, de Franchis R. Upper digestive bleeding in cirrhosis: posttherapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators. Hepatology 2003;38: Idezuki Y: General rules for recording endoscopic findings of esophagogastric varices. (1991). Japanese Society for Portal Hypertension. World J Surg 1995; 19: Ferguson, J.W. Endoscopic Diagnosis, Grading and Predictors of Bleeding in Esophageal and Gastric Varices. Tech Gastrointest Endosc 2005: 7: Barrera, F., Riquelme, A., Soza, A. Platelet count/spleen diameter ratio for noninvasive prediction of high risk oesophageal varices in cirrhotic patients. Annal of hepatology 8(4) 2009 : Tafarel,J.R., Tolentino, L.H., Correa, L.M., Bonilha, D.R., et al. Prediction of esophageal varices in hepatic cirrhosis by noninvasive markers. European journalof gastroenterology & hepatology :
6 55. Thabut D, Moreau R, Lebrec D. Non invasive assessment of portal hypertention patient with cirrhosis hepatology 2011; 53: Limquiaco, J., Daez, Gloria, V.I., etal. Clinical predictors of bleeding from oesophageal varices : A retrospective study. Phil J of gastroenterology 2006; 2: Kujovich, J.L Hemostatic defects in end stage liver disease. Crit Care Clin 2005; 21: Caldwell, S.H., M. Hoffman, T. Lisman, B.G. Macik. Coagulation disorders and hemostasis in liver disease : Pathophysiology and critical assessment of current management. Hepatology 2006; 44(4): Thomopoulos, K.C., K.C. Labropoulou, K.P. Mimidis, E.C. Katsakoulis, G. Iconomou, V.N. Nikolopoulou. Non-Invasive predictors of the presence of large esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. Dig and Liver Dis 2003; 35: Khuram, M., N.Y. Khan, M. Arif, M.M. Irshad, K. Hammatul Bushra, Z. Hassan. Association of platelet count to splenic index ratio with presence of esophageal varices in patients with hepatitis C virus related compensated cirrhosis. Pak J Gastrenterol 2006; 20: Chalasani, N., C. Kahi. Improved patient survival after acute variceal bleeding : a multicenter, cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98(3): Schepis, F., C. Camma, D. Niceforo. Which patients with cirrhosis should undergo endoscopic screening for esophageal varices detection? Hepatology 2001; 33: Sarwar, S., A.A. Khan, A.K. Butt, F. Shafqat, K. Malik, I. Ahmad. Nonendoscopic prediction of esophageal varices in cirrhosis. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2005; 15:528 31
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