Stimulating healthy tissue regeneration by targeting the 5-HT 2B receptor in chronic liver disease.
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1 Stimulating healthy tissue regeneration by targeting the 5-HT 2B receptor in chronic liver disease. Mohammad R Ebrahimkhani, Fiona Oakley, Lindsay B Murphy, Jelena Mann, Anna Moles, Maria J Perugorria, Elizabeth Ellis, Anne F Lakey, Alastair Burt, Angela Douglass, Matthew C Wright, Steven A White, Fabrice Jaffré, Luc Maroteaux, and Derek A Mann. Supplemental Figure 1. HSC depletion or 5-HT 2B receptor antagonism does not affect cholangiocyte proliferation, hedgehog signalling or hepatocyte growth factor expression during liver injury. Mice underwent bile duct ligation (BDL). Fourteen days later BDL mice were given IP injections of C1-3-gliotoxin (C1-3-GT), control antibody conjugated to gliotoxin (CSBD9-GT) or vehicle every other day for a further 7 days. Representative liver sections and morphometric quantification of CK19 and Gli2 positively stained cells shows no difference in the average number of Gli2 and CK19 positively stained cells between the treatment groups (a). Whole liver hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) mrna levels were measured 24 hours after acute CCl 4 liver damage ± 5-HT 2A antagonist ketanserin (2A) or 5-HT 2B antagonist SB (2B) and at 14 days BDL ± the 5-HT 2B antagonist SB (2B), administered daily from day 7 (b). Mice underwent bile duct ligation (BDL) or sham operation. At 7 days post surgery mice were given the 5-HT 2B antagonist SB (2B) or vehicle daily for 7 days (c). Data shows representative liver sections and morphometric quantification of alpha fetoprotein (AFP), Gli2 and cytokeratin 19 (CK19) positively stained cells. Administration of the 5-HT 2 antagonists did not change hepatic HGF expression or progenitor cell expansion (AFP), hedgehog signalling (Gli2) or cholangiocyte proliferation (CK19). Photomicrographs are at x magnification. Data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m and representative of 5 mice per group.
2 Supplemental Figure 2. 5-HT 2B receptors expression and function in normal and diseased liver. Serum liver transaminases AST, ALT and gamma-gt (GGT) were similar in normal uninjured adult wild type (WTwhite bars) and 5-HT 2B receptor knockout (KO-black bars) mice, suggesting that gene deletion of 5-HT 2B receptors does not cause liver damage (a). Mitotic hepatocytes were quantified using PCNA immunostaining at 36 hours post PHX ± 2A or 2B receptor antagonist administration. Hepatocyte proliferation was blunted by antagonism of 5-HT 2A receptors but stimulated by antagonism of 5-HT 2B receptors (b). Data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m and representative of least 4 mice per group. Representative liver sections showing 5-HT 2B receptor immuno-histochemical staining in BDL, acute CCl 4 injury, normal liver and the positive control tissues stomach and brain. Red arrows denote HSC and yellow arrows denote cholangiocytes. Photomicrographs are at 400x magnification (c). 5-HT 2B receptor mrna levels were quantified in isolated hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, cholangiocytes and HSC (d) and hepatocytes isolated from either normal liver or 72 hours partial hepatectomised liver (PHX) (e). HSC express high levels of 5-HT 2B receptor compared to other liver cell types. Hepatocytes express relatively low levels of this receptor and the expression decreases by ~50% after partial hepatectomy.
3 Supplemental Figure 3. HSC depletion during partial hepatectomy promotes liver regeneration. Mice underwent PHX and were then given IP injections of C1-3 or C1-3-gliotoxin (C1-3-GT) at 24 hours and 48 hours post surgery. The data shows representative liver sections and morphometric quantification of AFP, Gli2 and CK19 and total manual cell counts in 15 HP fields of αsma (HSC), PCNA (hepatocyte regeneration), BrDU and F4/80 (Kupffer Cells) positively stained cells. Administration of C1-3-GT to partial hepatectomised mice resulted in a reduction of αsma+ cells and an increase in hepatocyte proliferation. However, no change in expansion of hepatic progenitor cells, hedgehog signalling, cholangiocyte proliferation or Kupffer cells was observed. Photomicrographs are at x magnification. Data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m and representative of 4 mice per group. *P <0.05 and **P <0.01 versus control as calculated by ANOVA.
4 Supplemental Figure 4. Depletion of HSC or antagonism of 5-HT 2B receptors does not affect the liver damage, cholangiocyte or progenitor cell proliferation after toxic injury but stimulates liver regeneration. Whole liver αsma mrna levels, a marker of HSC activation, were quantified in olive oil controls and at 24, 48 and 72 hours post CCl 4 injury (a) and was maximal at 48 hours. Representative liver sections and morphometric quantification of AFP (progenitor cells), Gli2 (hedgehog signalling) and CK19 (cholangiocyte proliferation) and total manual cell counts in 15 HP fields of αsma (HSC), PCNA (hepatocyte regeneration) and F4/80 (Kupffer Cells) positively stained cells in mice injured with CCl 4, then treated at 24 hours and 40 hours with either C1-3 or C1-3-GT ± the 5-HT 2B antagonist SB (2B) or appropriate vehicle (b). HSC depletion (reduced αsma), administration of the 5-HT 2B antagonist SB or these treatments combined stimulated liver regeneration (PCNA) to equivalent levels but does not affect progenitor cell (AFP) or cholangiocyte (CK19) proliferation or Kupffer cells (F4/80) numbers. Photomicrographs are at x magnification. Serum transaminases ALP, ALT and AST were measured and no difference was observed with administration of either C1-3 or C1-3-GT ± the 5-HT 2B antagonist SB (2B), suggesting that the injury process was not affected by 5-HT 2B receptor antagonism or HSC depletion (c). Data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m and representative of 5 mice per group. *P <0.05 and ***P <0.001 versus control as calculated by ANOVA.
5 Supplemental Figure 5. Selective blockade of 5-HT 2B receptor in hepatic stellate cells inhibits an ERK dependant recruitment of JunD to the mouse and rat TGFβ1 promoter. ChIP primers designed to span regulatory AP-1 sites either distal (primer 8 and fig 3g) or proximal (primer 2) to the transcription start site of the rat TGFβ1 gene (a). ChIP primers designed to span regulatory AP-1 sites either distal (primer 1) or proximal (primer 2) to the transcription start site of the mouse TGFβ1 gene (b). ChIP analysis of JunD recruitment to putative AP-1 sites in the distal and proximal regions of the TGFβ1 promoter in rat (a) and mouse (b) HSC stimulated with 5-HT for 4 hours but not in HSC pre-treated with SB or the ERK inhibitor PD Western blot detection of ERK/phospho-ERK in mouse (c) and human (d) hepatic stellate cells stimulated with 5-HT for 10 min ± 30 min pre-treatment with PD98059 or SB Whole liver TGFβ1 mrna levels in wild type (black bars) and JunD-knockout (white bars) mice at peak injury (day 1 after the final CCl 4 injection), day 4 and 7 following 8 weeks of CCl 4 injury (e). Expression of hepatic TGFβ1 is lower in mice lacking JunD. Data are mean ± s.e.m, representative of 4 mice per group. Mice were given CCl 4 by IP injection bi-weekly for 3 weeks then administered ketanserin (2A) or SB (2B) or vehicle was then administered tri-weekly in addition to bi-weekly CCl 4 for a further 5 weeks (f). Average cell counts of active caspase 3 (apoptotic cells) in livers after 3 and 8 weeks chronic CCl 4 ± ketanserin or SB Antagonism of 5-HT 2B receptor but not 5-HT 2A receptors significantly increase apoptosis. Western blot detection of 5-HT 2B in primary cell-culture activated human hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and primary human hepatocytes. 5-HT 2B receptors are highly expressed in HSC compared to human hepatocytes (g).
6 Supplemental Figure 6. Regulation of hepatocyte proliferation and fibrogenesis by the 5-HT 2 receptors. Diagram showing that platelet derived serotonin can directly stimulate hepatocyte regeneration via 5-HT 2A receptors expressed on hepatocytes, but simultaneously induce expression of the potent inhibitor of hepatocyte regeneration; TGFβ1 via the 5-HT 2B receptor expressed on HSC in an ERK-P JunD-P dependant manner. We suggest that autocrine TGFβ1 signalling can feedback onto the HSC to further provoke their fibrogenic activities in addition to providing a negative signal to limit liver regeneration.
7 Supplemental Figure 7. Methods Murine primary liver cell isolation. We opened the abdominal cavity of an anesthetized mouse and canulated the portal vein. We then perfused the liver with Hank's Buffered Salt Solution (HBSS) without Ca and Mg containing HEPES (5mM) and EDTA (0.5mM), 3ml/min for 9 min followed by collagenase D (1mg/ml) (Roche) perfusion for another 9 min. We passed the digested tissue through a nylon mesh (pore size: 100 um) and pooled three mouse liver for each isolation. Hepatocytes: we isolated hepatocytes using two rounds of centrifugation at 50g for 3 mins. Stellate cells: we isolated HSCs based on their density by centrifuging the cells on an 11.5% optiprep gradient (Axis-Shield), at 1400g for 17 mins 1. Kupffer cells: we isolated KC from livers digested with 20mg collagenase B and 110mg pronase (Roche). We filtered livers through nybolt mesh and pelleted the cells by centrifugation at 400g for 7 mins. We re-suspended the cell pellets in HBSS containing DNAse, and layered onto a 16% Optiprep gradient and spun at 600g for 20 mins. We removed the upper layer containing KC and pelleted the cells as before. We re-suspended the KC in medium and plated for 20 mins to allow them to adhere, we then washed plates thoroughly to remove contaminating cells and then cultured KC at 37 o C and 5% CO Cholangiocytes: Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) is a lectin that specifically binds to cholangiocytes. We incubated digested single cells with biotinylated Dolichols Biflorus agglutinin (Vector Laboratories) for 30 mins at 4 C. We then collected cholangiocytes bound to the streptavidin-conjugated MACS beads (Miltenyi Biotec) using a magnetic column Oakley, F., et al. Nuclear factor-kappab1 (p50) limits the inflammatory and fibrogenic responses to chronic injury. The American journal of pathology 166, (2005). 2. Alabraba, E.B., et al. A new approach to isolation and culture of human Kupffer cells. Journal of immunological methods 326, (2007). 3. Nakagome, Y., et al. Autoimmune cholangitis in NOD.c3c4 mice is associated with cholangiocyte-specific Fas antigen deficiency. Journal of autoimmunity 29, (2007).
8 Supplemental Figure 8. Table 1: Forward and reverse primer sequences and annealing temperatures for qrt-pcr and ChIP assay. For qrt-pcr reactions, SYBR Green Master Mix (Sigma) was combined with specific primer pairs, 20ng cdna per target gene reaction or 5ng per GAPDH reaction and forty PCR cycles performed. Relative level of transcriptional difference was calculated using the following equation: [1/(2 A )] x100, where (A = average experimental group average control) after the GAPDH cdna value had been deducted from the target gene for each sample. Target gene Rat TGFβ Mouse TGFβ Mouse IL-1β Mouse IL-6 Mouse TNFα Mouse a-sma Mouse TIMP1 Mouse Pro-collagen I Mouse HGF Mouse 5HT-2BR Mouse 5HT-2BR Rat TGFβ1 promoter (primer 2) Rat TGFβ1 promoter (primer 8) Mouse TGFβ1 promoter (primer 1) Mouse TGFβ1 promoter (primer 2) Primer sequence Forward 5 - gaacccccattgctgtcc -3 Reverse 5 - tccgtctccttggttcag -3 Forward 5 - cgaagcggactactagc -3 Reverse 5 - caaaagacagccactcag -3 Forward 5 - gaaccaagcaacgacaaa -3 Reverse 5 - gcagactcaaactccact -3 Forward 5 - tttccaatgctctcctaa -3 Reverse 5 - taggtttgccgtagat -3 Forward 5 - gcggtgcctatgtctcag -3 Reverse 5 - ttggtggtttgctgac -3 Forward 5 - tcagcgcctccagttcct -3 Reverse 5 - aaaaaaaaccacgagtaacaaatcaa -3 Forward 5 - gcatggacatttattctccactgt -3 Reverse 5 - tctctaggagccccgatctg -3 Forward 5 - ttcacctacagcacgcttgtg -3 Reverse 5 - gatgactgtcttgcccca agt -3 Forward 5 -aaaaattacatgggcaact-3 Reverse 5 -attcaatttgctagcatcctg-3 Forward 5 - tttgggtcactggctgctttct-3 Reverse 5 - agtccaccgtgttaggcgttg-3 Forward 5 -taggaagccacagaagacaagcgt-3 Reverse 5 - agacactcacagccaaggtgactt-3 Forward 5'-aagaaacgcctctctgtcca-3' Reverse 5'-caggtcagctgggctacatt-3' Forward 5'-cctccaagcaaacccatcta-3' Reverse 5'-cggccagctaactaaccaac-3' Forward 5'-gggtctaagctgaggtgctg-3' Reverse 5'-tgggttctcatctcccactc-3' Forward 5'-tggcagtagctcccctattt-3' Reverse 5'- gggtctcccaaggaaaggta-3' Annealing temperature 51 o C 48 o C 54 o C
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