Alcohol from a societal perspective. Amador Calafat

Transcription

1 Alcohol from a societal perspective Amador Calafat

2 This is a complex issue. We will consider mainly questions affecting young people. But of course older people also can have problems with alcohol. Questions to be considered: Gender, role of policies, cultural drinking patterns, nightlife, alcohol industry, norm perception, economy, tourism, etc

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4 What is nightlife?

5 Images in google of Venice nightlife

6 Recreational industry

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8 DISCO CAPACITIES IN IBIZA It is known that all discos exceed their capacity by several thousand people (Privilege can handle with up to people in one night). Name of the Discos Es Paradis Capacity No figures Amnesia Eden Privilege El Divino 890 Pacha Space 2.550

9 Night-time economy Night-time economy (NTE) is taken to be economic activity which occurs between the hours of 6pm to 6am and involves the sale of alcohol for consumption ontrade (eg, bars, pubs and restaurants). Alcohol consumption in the NTE has many benefits (including the generation of output/gva, the creation of social capital and consumer surplus), but it can also come with costs (crime, underage drinking, noise, ) Many of these costs do not fall to those who actually create them. For example when someone drinks too much alcohol on a night out and ending up in hospital (eg, from healthcare costs).

10 Nightlife and alcohol industry synergies

11 From popular fiestas to nightlife Sanfermines (Pamplona) Palio (Siena) Carnaval (Venezia)

12 Characteristis of young consumers in recreational nightlife areas

13 2002

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15 Why botellón, preloading? Starts being a cheaper way to get alcohol. Ends being a cultural phenomena: Young people identify this event as a product of themselves (not mystified by industry or adults) They feel is provocative towards the society it s a new way of socialization according to them. Finally it s a problem, because they drink more, no age control, etc

16 Intensity of clubbing the week ends between European clubbers 3-4 weekends per month: 57% 2-3 nights per weekend: 61,4% Duration of a clubbing session: 6,1 hours Going out at night during the week : 40% Irefrea research (1998) N: 2.700

17 Level of studies of european clubbers Irefrea research, 1998 //Sample: Primary education: 8 % Secondary education: 42 % College/University: 49 %

18 Self evaluation as students Very good student: 10% Good student: 32% Irefrea research, 1998 //Sample: Average student: 47% Bad student: 8% Very bad student: 4%

19 Hegemonic recreational Nightlife Model (HRNM) Nightlife We believe that we are confronted with an hegemonic model of entertainment (HRNM). Its principal characteristics are: A lot of different interest facilitates its existence, extension and consolidation. The use alcohol and other illegal drugs its a must, because the expectancies, the intensity and the extension of a going out session., There are risks, even that they are not very known and accepted by the people. The context (physical and cultural) becomes extremely important Spreads very quickly. Its presence makes difficult the existence of other models of entertainment (sport, cultural activities,...)

20 A new paradigm in nightlife?

21 Nightlife and tourism

22 Introduction Millions of young people holiday abroad each year Opportunity to party every night High levels of substance use High levels of negative outcomes However, health of holidaymakers neglected Places burdens on: Young people s health and wellbeing Health, police services and tourism in resorts Health services in holidaymakers home countries What are the risks, where and to whom?

23 Dublin 49 London 75 Amsterdam 80 Paris 80

24 Flying without hotel. Just for partying. FLY 544: SET A COURSE TO PARTY IN PALMA MUNICH-PALMA 99 (ONE NIGHT)

25 Tour operators interest in nightlife

26 Local offer Longer time Low prices Promotions Happy-hours Permissiveness Subversion of control system

27 Young tourists visiting the Balearic islands

28 Why choose Ibiza? % Music Weather Drugs Work Cost Sex Attraction Males chose sex and drugs more than females, p < Females (50.2%) chose the weather more than males (38.3%), p < 0.00

29 Estudis sobre el turisme jove i l'oci nocturn Primers estudis fets pels britànics a Eivissa ( ) IREFREA ha conduit dos estudis sobre el turisme Jove que arriba a les Balears. Tots dos han estar finançat per la Comissió Europea, DG de Justicia, Llibertat i Seguretat (programa DAPHNE) Primer estudi objectiu: analitzar les conductes de risc dels joves turistes que visiten les Balears, el consum d alcohol i altres substàncies, així com sí altres comportaments de risc en ambients recreatius nocturns, com són la violencia i la sexualitat de risc. A l'estiu del 2007 es va fer una enquesta a turistes de 16 a 35 anys, als quals se'ls va preguntar sobre els seus hàbits, percepcions, experiències i consums d'alcohol i drogues durant les seves vacances. Segon estudi. TRAVELS (Tourism, Recreation and Violence: a European Level Study) objectiu: comparar experiències que sorgiren de l estudi anterior a cinc contexts recreatius del sud d Europa (España, Portugal, Itàlia, Regne Unit, Grècia y Xipre). Mostra: joves turistes alemanys i britànics

30 El turisme i l'oci nocturn Freqüència de borratxeres durant les vacances segons nacionalitat i destinació Britànics Alemanys Espanyols Britànics Alemanys Espanyols Mallorca Eivissa Mai alguna vegada per setmana o menys 2-4 dies per setmana 5 o més díes per setmana

31 Illegal drug use according to the island In Mallorca un 9,4% va consumir cànnabis; un 2,8% èxtasi 4,8% cocaïna durant les seves vacances. In Ibiza un 18,1% cànnabis; un 22,4% èxtasi un 19,2% cocaïna

32 To use for the first time in his life an illegal drugs, happens for some people during their holidays in Ibiza British Spanish German Ectasy 7.2% 8.6% 1.8% Cocaine 3.4% 5.5% 1.8%

33 European Commission funding year old British & German holidaymakers Portugal Spain The 2009 Daphne Study Italy Greece Cyprus Portugal Majorca Spain Italy Crete Greece Cyprus Short questionnaire Substance use, violence and injury on holiday Airport check in areas

34 The Sample Total sample = 6,502 Majorca Italy Crete Cyprus Portugal British German Mean age: British 21.5 years, German 23.3 years Mean length of stay: 9 days % choosing to visit due to nightlife Majorca Italy Crete Cyprus Portugal British 80% 17% 88% 64% 30% German 76% 6% 42% 62% 30%

35 British German British German British German British German British German On how many nights did you visit bars or nightclubs on holiday? 100% Every night At least half of nights Less than half of nights 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Majorca Crete Cyprus Portugal Italy If young people go out once a week at home, a two week holiday can contain up to a fifth of a year s nights out

36 British German British German British German British German British German Frequency of drunkenness on holiday % of participants drank alcohol on holiday Less than half days of stay At least half days of stay Majorca Crete Cyprus Portugal Italy

37 Majorca Crete Cyprus Portugal Italy Majorca Crete Cyprus Portugal Italy Violence and Unintentional Injury % involved in violence on holiday % injured in an accident on holiday 15 British German 15 British German Around 7 million foreign tourists visit Majorca each year Around 2.5 million are aged 16-35, 75% are British or German Almost 200,000 injured in an accident Over 100,000 involved in a physical fight

38 Circumstances of fights With Strangers (82%) Same nationality 66% British / British opponents Late at night (87% 10pm-6am) Bars and nightclubs (51%) Streets (36%) Under influence of alcohol (90%) Under influence of drugs (9%) 41% insult, 25% self-defence, 23% disagreement, 19% resulted in police involvement 62% resulted in some injury 12% required medical treatment

39 Different national cultures -- Environmental factors--

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41 Litres pure alcohol % binge drinking Alcohol in Europe 16 Recorded alcohol consumption per capita % Male binge drinkers % Female binge drinkers Belgium Finland France Germany Italy Netherlands Spain UK WHO, 2004

42 Formal and informal rules Sturla Nordlund, 2012

43 Formal and informal rules Starting from the 1950s in France, and from the 1970s in countries like Italy and Spain, alcohol consumption has remarkably decreased despite the fact that the first preventive policy measures were introduced in these countries only in the late 1980s. Urbanization, industrialization, the increased income in the 1970s, changes in the role of women, and increased health awareness in the 1980s 1990s for Italy were relevant factors Allamani et al, 2011

44 Formal and informal rules The above-mentioned arguments do not mean that evidence-based preventive measures are not effective, but they indicate that alcohol prevention policies alone are not sufficient to explain changes in alcohol use over time. To better understand how and under which circumstances alcohol policies may, or may not, work, it is of the utmost importance to take into account the unplanned and uncontrolled variables at the time when policy actions are being planned Allamani et al, 2011

45 Review on young people s drinking From 82 research studies. motives (Kuntsche et al, 2006) A remarkable similarity accross countries in motives, but prevalences could be different. Several possibilities: Enhancement, Coping, Social and Conformity. Coping is more related to neurotic personalities, but the rest has a lot to do with social expectations.

46 Older people

47 Many other questions Tolerance to drunkenness Young culture globalization Youth media Recreational and alcohol industry lobying and producing new culture.