The Endocrine System - Chapter 11

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1 The Endocrine System - Chapter 11 Around age 12, as they enter puberty, boys and girls start to develop striking differences in physical appearance and behavior. Chemical messages originating from the brain and pituitary gland markedly increase the synthesis of new messenger molecules, the sex hormones, from the gonads. In girls, fatty tissue starts to accumulate in the breasts and hips. In boys, muscle mass builds and they develop a deeper voice. These changes provide just a few examples of the powerful influence of secretions from endocrine glands. Contents: 1. Endocrine Glands: a) Hypothalamus g) Ovary b) Pituitary h) Testes c) Thyroid i) Pineal d) Parathyroid j) Thymus e) Adrenal k) Heart f) Pancreas l) Kidney 1

2 Functions: 1. Maintain homeostasis in body fluids a. Salt balance, glucose balance, calcium balance 2. Regulate metabolic rate a. Rate of protein synthesis b. Rate of bone modeling 3. Regulate growth and onset of puberty and menopause 4. Regulate gametogenesis 5. Regulate pregnancy, childbirth and milk production 1. Endocrine glands vs. exocrine glands exocrine: Glands secrete into a duct à onto surface of skin or into a hollow organ. Ex) sweat gland, oil gland, salivary gland, tear gland, stomach acid. endocrine: Glands secrete into blood or interstitial fluid. NO DUCT! Ex) hormones 2. Endocrine regulation vs. nervous regulation Sometimes, the line separating nervous and endocrine systems is fuzzy. Ex) some neurons secrete hormones One endocrine gland is made of neurons -Often combined into neuro-endocrine system 2

3 nervous system vs endocrine system a) Uses electrochemical messages a) uses chemical messages in (action potentials) blood (hormones) b) Fast acting but short-lived b) slow acting but long-lived 3. Hormones c) affects: 3 types of muscles and glands c) affects: metabolic rate of cells Chemical messengers that are sent from one group of cells through body fluids to influence the activity of a second group of cells. Another example of a chemical messenger=neurotransmitter About 50 hormones in the human body Hormones are powerful chemicals and work in relatively low concentrations a) chemical types of hormones 1) Steroid ex: testosterone 2) polypeptide/ protein ex: insulin 3) biogenic amine ex: epinephrine (adrenaline) 4) eicosonoids ex: prostaglandins b) target cells Virtually all cells in body are exposed to circulating hormones but only certain cells respond to a given hormone. These are TARGET CELLS. 3

4 Target cells have specific receptors. These are located a) on the surface of cell membranes b) inside target cells Once a hormone binds to a receptor, it alters the activity within the target cell. It alters the rate of an existing metabolic process Ex: increase/decrease rate of cell division Ex: increase/decrease synthesis and secretion of a material. 4. Control of endocrine secretion a) negative feedback Feedback that causes the original stimulus to decline or end The response of the target cells reverses the original imbalance back into homeostasis. Low [Ca] in blood Stimulates the release of travels in blood imbalance Parathyroid hormone [Ca] level normal Increases [Ca] level in blood Target Cells: Osteoclasts homeostasis reestablished (break down bone tissue) b) nervous stimulation In most all cases, the ANS controls the release of hormones as a motor response within a reflex arc. Ex: stimulates adrenal gland to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulates kidney to secrete renin 5. Endocrine glands: a) hypothalamus a region of the brain within the diencephalon secretes several hormones whose functions are to control the release of other hormones called RELEASING hormones. 4

5 Ex: growth hormone releasing hormone Function: stimulates the release of growth hormone b) anterior pituitary gland Pituitary gland is located immediately inferior to the diencephalon. nick-named: master gland Anterior pituitary comprises 75% of entire gland. Secretes 7 hormones Ex: growth hormone. Function: stiumulate growth and increases metabolic rate. Ex: prolactin. Function: initiate milk production during pregnancy. c) posterior pituitary gland Posterior pituitary comprises 25% of entire gland. * neurons secrete these hormones. There are 2. * Oxytocin. Function: allows milk secretion & contracts smooth muscles of the uterus * Antidiuretic hormone: Function: decrease urine production to conserve water (Diaretic increases urine production) QUIZ 1 d) thyroid gland Located in anterior neck just anterior to larynx and trachea. Secretes 2 hormones: thyroxine regulates rate of general metabolism. calcitonin decreases calcium level in blood. e) parathyroid gland Located on posterior side of thyroid gland Consists of 4 small patches of tissue. Secretes 1 hormone. Parathyroid hormone- increases calcium level in blood. 5

6 f) adrenal cortex Adrenal galnd is located at superior end of each kidney outer (superficial) region is the CORTEX. The cortex secretes 5 hormones. o Aldosterone increases Sodium level in blood o Cortisol increases activity of immune system. Increases resistance to stress. LONG TERM RELEASE: g) adrenal medulla Inner (deep) region of adrenal gland Made entirely of sympathetic postganglionic neurons. Secretes 2 hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine o Function increase HR, RR, BP, etc h) pancreas Located in abdominal cavity. Contains both endocrine and exocrine cells. Secretes 4 hormones ex: insulin decrease glucose level in blood. Glucagon increase glucose level in blood. i) ovaries Female reproductive organs that produce gametes via meiosis. Secretes 4 hormones. estrogen-regulates menstrual cycle & produces secondary sex characteristics progesterone regulates pregnancy j) testes Male reproductive organs that produce gametes via meiosis. Secrete 2 hormones testosterone regulates sperm production & produces secondary sex characteristics. Inhibin inhibits the release of menstrual cycle hormones k) pineal 6

7 A small rounded gland located in midbrain region. Secretes 1 hormone. Melatonin controls body s internal clock (circadian rhythm. Affects: jet lag, insomnia. l) thymus A small mass of tissue located anterior to heart. Secretes 4 hormones. thymosin promotes maturity of T-Cells. m) heart A large muscular organ in thoracic cavity. Secretes one hormone. Atrial matriuretic peptide decreases blood pressure n) kidneys 2 large bean-shaped organs located on posterior wall of abdominal cavity. Secretes 2 hormones. renin(combined with another hormone) regulates blood pressure erythropoietin regulates production of new blood cells in red bone marrow. 6. Disorders of the endocrine system a) diabetes mellitus A group of related disorders that all result in hyperglycemia (high level of glucose in blood and/or in urine) Two varieties Type I - juvenile onset diabetes. Insulin dependant diabetes. Insulin producing cells in pancreas are destroyed by body s own immune system. Type II Adult onset diabetes. Target cells loose ability to respond to insulin. 7

8 b) diabetes insipidus An under-secretion of ADH from posterior pituitary. Symptoms: production of large volumes of urine, excessive thirst, dehydration. Associated with cases of bed-wetting in children. Treatment: replace ADH via injection or nasal spray c) acromegaly An over-secretion of growth hormone in adulthood. Symptoms: thickening of facial bones, large hands and feet. Usually caused by tumor of pituitary. Treatment: Surgical removal of tumor but symptoms not reversible. d) goiter A pronounced enlargement of thyroid gland. Increased size due to a lack of iodine in diet. Iodine needed in assembly line to manufacture thyroxine. Accumulation of intermediary compounds. Treatment: add iodine to diet (iodized salt) 8

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