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1 Chapter 14 Endocrine System Learning Objectives 1. Recognize or write the functions of the endocrine system. 2. Recognize or write the meanings of Chapter 14 word parts and use them to build and analyze terms. 3. Write terms for selected structures of the endocrine system and their associated hormones and functions or match them with their descriptions. 4. Write the names of the diagnostic terms and pathologies related to the endocrine system when given their descriptions or match terms with their meanings. 5. Match surgical and therapeutic interventions for the endocrine system or write the names of the interventions when given their descriptions. 6. Spell terms for the endocrine system correctly. Slide 2 Function First! The endocrine system composed of glands that manufacture or release hormones. hormones chemical substances that are secreted by endocrine glands Dysfunctions in hormone production: hyposecretion deficiency hypersecretion excess target organ the organ or structure toward which the effects of a hormone are primarily directed Slide 3 Inc. 4 4 Yet to receive Original Copyrite Info 1

2 Endocrine System Endocrine glands release hormones in two ways: (1) in response to the nervous system. (2) in response to hormones produced by the master gland, the pituitary gland, and it is nicknamed the master gland for this reason. Inc. 5 5 Fig Location of major glands of the endocrine system. Slide4 Combining Forms: Endocrine System aden/o gland adenoma is a tumor of a gland. adren/o adrenal glands adrenogram is a radiograph of the adrenal glands andr/o male or masculine androgenic means producing male characteristics Combining Forms: Endocrine System gigant/o giant Gigantism is a condition in which a person reaches an abnormal stature as a result of hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood. gonad/o gonad Hypogonadism is a condition resulting from abnormally decreased gonadal function. Slide 5 Inc. 8 8 Yet to receive Original Copyrite Info 2

3 Combining Forms, cont. pancreat/o pancreas secretes many digestive juices and several important hormones, including insulin. insulin/o insulin allows glucose to leave the bloodstream and enter cells. parathyroid/o parathyroid glands responsible for secreting a hormone that regulates calcium and phosphorus in the body. ren/o kidney The adrenal glands are situated atop the kidneys (ren/o). Slide 6 thyr/o, thyroid/o thyroid gland The thyroid plays an important role in regulating the body's metabolism and calcium balance. The thyroid gland secretes several important hormones: calcitonin helps regulate the amount of calcium in the blood. triiodothyronine (T 3 ) thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T 4 ). (T 3 ) and (T 4 ) regulate the cell metabolism necessary for normal growth and development TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) is produced in the pituitary gland. TSH stimulates the thyroid to produce (T 3 ) and (T 4 ). [The thyroid takes iodine found in food + tyrosine (an amino acid) to make thyroid hormones T 3 and T 4 ] Slide 7 Combining Forms, cont toxic/o poison Thyrotoxicosis is a morbid condition caused by excessive thyroid secretion. (thyr/o=thyroid, toxic/o=poison, osis=condition) iod/o iodine Iodotherapy is treatment with ihiodine. myx/o mucus Myxedema is a dry, waxy swelling of the skin resulting from hypofunction of the thyroid gland. Inc Suffixes: Endocrine System gen beginning, origin an androgen is a substance, such as the hormone testosterone, that produces or stimulates the development of male characteristics. physis growth hypophysis is another name for the pituitary gland. tropic stimulate tropin that which stimulates gonadotropic hormones, called gonadotropins, are produced by the pituitary gland and act on the gonads uria urine, urination Slide 8 Yet to receive Original Copyrite Info 3

4 Fig Physical examination of the thyroid gland. A, Using the hands to feel for thyroid enlargement or masses. B, Observing the patient for thyroid enlargement and exophthalmos, protrusion of the eyeballs. This patient shows both exophthalmos and a goiter, which is an enlarged thyroid gland, evidenced by the swelling in the neck. A, from Thompson JM, Wilson SF: Health assessment for nursing practice, St Louis, 1996, Mosby; B, from Dorland s illustrated medical dictionary, ed 30, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders. Slide 9 Diabetes Terms diabetes insipidus: insufficient antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or insufficient response to ADH antidiuretic hormone (made by the hypothalamus) is responsible for the suppression of urine formation polyuria, polydipsia (increased urination, increased thirst) happens in both hdiabetes insipidus i id and diabetes mellitus diabetes mellitus (DM) (types 1 and 2): insufficient or improper use of insulin hyperglycemia, glycosuria (increased glucose in the blood and urine) only happens with diabetes Slide 10 mellitus Additional Terms adrenaline (or epinephrine) is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that readies the body for the fight or flight response. cortisone hormone made by the adrenal glands that helps regulate body metabolism and is also used as an antiinflammatory agent. estrogen female sex hormones made by the ovaries growth hormone a pituitary hormone that regulates the rate of growth. thyroxine a hormone made in the thyroid that regulates cell metabolism Testosterone is A. an androgen B. an estrogen C. a cortisone D. a gonadotropin Quick Quiz! Slide 11 Slide 12 Yet to receive Original Copyrite Info 4

5 Fig Progression of acromegaly. The patient is shown at age 9 years, age 16, age 33 with well-established acromegaly, and age 52 in the late stage of acromegaly. Acromegaly (acr/o, extremity, + -megaly, enlarged) is a disorder in which there is abnormal enlargement of the extremities of the skeleton nose, jaws, fingers, and toes caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone after maturity. From Mendeloff AI, Smith DE, editors: Acromegaly, diabetes, hypermetabolism, proteinuria and heart failure, Clin Pathol Conf Am J Med 20:133, 1956, with permission from Excerpta Medica Inc. Fig Cretinism. This 33-year-old untreated adult with cretinism exhibits characteristic features. She is only 44 inches tall, has underdeveloped breasts, protruding abdomen, umbilical hernia, widened facial features, and scant axillary and pubic hair. Cretinism is a condition caused by congenital deficiency of thyroid secretion and marked by arrested physical and mental development. Slide 13 From Ignatavicius DD, 1999, Saunders. Slide 14 Fig A growth hormone deficiency. A normal 3-year-old boy and a short 3- year-old girl who exhibits the characteristic Kewpie doll appearance, suggesting a diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency. This type of dwarfism is caused by hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood; it causes a person to be much smaller than normal size unless identified early and treated. Slide 15 Fig Gigantism and dwarfism. Both result from abnormal secretion of growth hormone (GH). Hypersecretion of GH during the early years results in gigantism. The person usually has normal body proportions and normal sexual development. The same hypersecretion in an adult causes acromegaly. Hyposecretion of GH during the early years produces a dwarf unless the child is treated with GH injections. Slide 16 Yet to receive Original Copyrite Info 5

6 Fig Hypophysectomy- surgical removal of the pituitary gland. hypophys/o=pituitary gland -ectomy=surgical removal Surgical removal of the pituitary gland may be performed to excise a pituitary tumor or to slow the growth and spread of endocrinedependent malignant tumors. Hypophysectomy is done only if other treatments fail to destroy all the pituitary tumor. Slide 17 Surgical and Therapeutic Interventions hypopituitarism deminished activity of the pituitary gland, most often caused by a pituitary tumor. Treatment of a pituitary tumor consists of surgery or radiation to remove the tumor, followed by administration of the deficient hormones. antithyroid drugs usedin the treatmentof hyperthyroidism to block the production of thyroid hormones. adenectomy removal of a gland thyroidectomy removal of the thyroid gland parathyroidectomy surgery for removal of the Slide 18 parathyroid glands Quick Quiz! Fig External insulin pump. This portable instrument delivers a measured amount of insulin through the abdominal wall at preset intervals. It can be programmed to deliver varied amounts of insulin according to the body s needs at different times of the day. Cretinism is marked by A. abnormally small stature B. abnormally large stature C. abnormal enlargement of the extremities D. arrested mental and physical development Slide 19 Slide 20 Yet to receive Original Copyrite Info 6

7 CONGRATULATIONS!! Inc Slide 22 Yet to receive Original Copyrite Info 7

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