Pulmonary Nodule Volumetric Measurement Variability as a Function of CT Slice Thickness and Nodule Morphology

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1 CT of Pulmonary Nodules Chest Imaging Original Research Myria Petrou 1 Leslie E. Quint 1 in Nan 2 Laurence H. aker 3 Petrou M, Quint LE, Nan, aker LH Keywords: chest, lung disease, MDCT, oncologic imaging, pulmonary nodules, volumetric evaluation and measurement DOI:.2214/JR.5.63 Received June 21, 25; accepted after revision February 14, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 15 E Medical Center Dr., nn rbor, MI 489. ddress correspondence to M. Petrou (mpetrou@umich.edu). 2 Department of iostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, nn rbor, MI. 3 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, nn rbor, MI. JR 27; 188: X/7/ merican Roentgen Ray Society Pulmonary Nodule Volumetric Measurement Variability as a Function of CT Slice Thickness and Nodule Morphology OJECTIVE. The purpose of our study was to assess differences in volumetric measurements of pulmonary nodules obtained using different CT slice thicknesses; correlate these differences with nodule size, shape, and margination; and compare measurements generated by two different software packages. MTERILS ND METHODS. Seventy-five individual nodules identified on 29 lowdose, unenhanced, MDCT chest examinations were selected for volumetric analysis. Each image data set was reconstructed in three ways (slice thickness/reconstruction interval): 1.25 mm/.625 mm, 2.5 mm/2 mm, and 5 mm/2.5 mm. Volumetric measurements were made on all 75 nodules at and 2.5-mm slice thicknesses and on 57 of 75 nodules at the 5-mm thickness using Volume nalysis software. For 69 of 75 nodules, measurements were obtained on and 2.5-mm-thick sections using a different commercially available software system, LN5 R2 software. Volume variability between different slice thicknesses was correlated with nodule diameter, shape, and margination using multiple linear regression. Percent differences between measurements obtained with the two software systems were calculated. Significance of relative volume differences between slice thicknesses and software packages was assessed using a one-sample Student's t-test. RESULTS. lthough statistically significant differences in volumes between different section thicknesses were seen only for the tiny nodule size group, many individual nodules showed substantial volume variation. Significant differences were seen in nodule volume variability for smaller nodules (3 mm) compared with larger nodules ( 11 mm) (p <.1), as well as spiculated compared with smooth nodules, within a single size group (p <.5). No effect of nodule shape (round vs elongated) was noted. Statistically significant differences in measurements obtained with the two software systems were seen only with 2.5-mm-thick sections (p =.1). CONCLUSION. CT slice thickness variation resulted in significant differences in volume measurements for tiny nodules. spiculated margin was shown to have a significant effect on nodule volume variability within a single size group. Use of different software packages resulted in significant volume measurement differences at the 2.5-mm CT slice thickness. n the appropriate clinical setting, I growth of a lung nodule is suggestive of malignancy. On the other hand, stability over more than 2 years is generally considered sufficient evidence to exclude malignancy. It has been suggested that the use of volumetric measurements, using automatic segmentation to define nodule margins on thin-section CT images, is the optimal method to assess for nodule growth [1]. Frequently, lung nodules are initially detected on screening CT examinations performed without thin-section technique, and follow-up CT studies may use varying techniques. For example, a nodule may be discovered on survey CT of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis using 5-mm-thick nonoverlapping sections, and the patient may return several months later for dedicated chest CT using 2.5-mm-thick overlapping sections. number of effects of variations in scanning methods on volume measurements have been described in the literature [2 5]. The purpose of our study was to determine how slight differences in scanning collimation affect nodule volume measurements. Furthermore, we aimed to determine whether any differences in volume measurements were affected by nodule size, shape, or margination. In addition, we aimed to determine whether the use of two different commercially available software systems gave substantially different volume measurements. 36 JR:188, February 27

2 CT of Pulmonary Nodules Fig. 1 Images show possible classifications of nodules based on shape: round or elongated., Round nodule in 63-year-old woman., Elongated nodule in 57-year-old man. Materials and Methods Nodule Selection fter institutional review board approval was obtained for our study, radiology records were reviewed to identify 75 thoracic CT examinations showing one or more lung nodules. The CT examinations were reviewed, and nodules were selected for analysis by a single radiologist if they met the following criteria: solid in appearance, between 3 and 2 mm in diameter, and surrounded by aerated pulmonary parenchyma. Nodules were excluded if they were of ground-glass opacity or if they touched the pleura or adjacent vessels, because current automatic segmentation techniques do not work well on such lesions. Using these criteria, 75 nodules were identified in a total of 29 different CT examinations. Three nodules were imaged on two different dates; these Fig. 2 Images show possible classifications of nodules based on margins: smooth (including lobulated) or spiculated., Smooth nodule margins in 68-year-old man., Spiculated nodule margins in 76-year-old man. nodules showed gross change in size and morphology between the examinations used. CT Technique ll CT studies were performed without IV contrast material using MDCT technique. Sixteen nodules were scanned using an 8-MDCT scanner (LightSpeed Ultra, GE Healthcare) and 59 were scanned using a 16-MDCT scanner (LightSpeed Pro, GE Healthcare) with 12 kvp, 16 m for patients weighing 55 kg or more and 8 m for patients weighing less than 55 kg,.5-sec gantry rotation time, pitch of 1.35 (8-MDCT scanner) or (16-MDCT scanner), and a standard reconstruction algorithm. On the 8-MDCT scanner the detector configuration was , and on the 16- MDCT scanner the detector configuration was Each image data set was reconstructed immediately after scanning in three ways using the following slice thicknesses/reconstruction intervals: 1.25 mm/.625 mm, 2.5 mm/2 mm, and 5 mm/2.5 mm. The section collimation and reconstruction interval settings were based on the merican College of Radiology Imaging Network (CRIN) protocol [6]. Volumetric nalysis Using GE Healthcare system Volumetric measurements were obtained on all three CT data set reconstructions for each nodule using Volume nalysis software (GE Healthcare) on an dvantage workstation (GE Healthcare). For each nodule, the volumes were labeled V1 (1.25-mm-thick sections), V2 (2.5-mm-thick sections), or V3 (5- mm-thick sections). Each individual measurement was performed three times for the first 25 nodules with a several-hour interval between measurements to assess intraobserver variability; the remaining 5 nodules were measured only once for each data set reconstruction. Volumetric measurements were obtained on all 75 nodules on both the and the 2.5-mm-thick sections. For 18 nodules, there was failure of segmentation on the 5-mm-thick sections and, as a result, no volumetric measurement was obtained on those nodules with that slice thickness. Using R2 Technology Vital Images system Volumetric measurements for all 75 nodules were also attempted using LN5 R2 software (R2 Technology) on a Vitrea 2 workstation (Vital Images). Nodule segmentation using this software is not possible using 5-mm-thick sections; therefore, measurements were obtained using only and 2.5-mmthick CT sections. With this software, segmentation was successful in 71 of the 75 nodules on the mm sections and 69 of the 75 nodules on the 2.5-mm sections. For six nodules, segmentation failed on the 2.5-mm sections; in four of these six nodules, segmentation also failed on the 1.25-mm sections. There were no nodules in which segmentation failed on the 1.25-mm sections without having failed on the 2.5-mm sections. For each nodule analyzed, the volumes were labeled V1* (1.25-mm-thick sections) or V2* (2.5-mm-thick sections). Nodule Classification The nodules were classified by a consensus of two radiologists according to their size, shape, and margins based on visual analysis of the 1.25-mmthick axial images. Size The size of each nodule was characterized on the basis of its diameter into one of the following groups: tiny, diameter of 3 5 mm; small, diameter of 6 mm; medium, mm; or large, diameter of 16 2 mm. JR:188, February 27 37

3 TLE 1: Shape and Margination Characteristics of the 75 Nodules Included in This Study Classified by Nodule Size Diameter (mm) Characteristic Shape Round Elongated Margins Smooth Spiculated Note Data are number of nodules. TLE 2: Shape and Margination Characteristics of the 75 Nodules Included in This Study Margin Shape Smooth Spiculated Round 51 4 Elongated Note Data are number of nodules. Shape The shape of each nodule was classified as round (Fig. 1) or elongated (Fig. 1); elongated was defined as a nodule with a length that was > 1.5 its width. Margins The margins of each nodule were characterized as smooth (including lobulated) (Fig. 2) or spiculated (Fig. 2). Statistical nalysis nalysis of measurements obtained on the GE Healthcare system The change in volume between volumetric measurements obtained for the same nodule was calculated using the following formulas: (V2 V1) / V1, (V3 V2) / V2, and (V3 V1) / V1. The reference value used in all the calculations was the volumetric measurement obtained using the thinner slice section of the two. onesample Student s t test was used to determine whether these relative volume changes were significantly different from zero. Variability of volume measurements for each nodule was defined as follows: ( V1 V2 + V1 V3 + V2 V3 ) / (V1 + V2 + V3). For those with missing V3 values, variability was defined as follows: V1 V2 / {(V1 + V2) / 2}. ecause variability has a very skewed distribution, it was log-transformed for the comparison: log(variability +.1). dding.1 was done to avoid log, which is undefined. Multiple linear regression was used to investigate the association of the logarithm of the volume variability (i.e., the dependent variable) with three independent variables: the nodule size (diameter), nodule shape, and nodule margination. The statistical software package used was S-plus (version 5.1, Insightful). Two-sample Student s t tests were used to compare the variability between nodules with diameters of 3 mm (tiny and small nodules) and those with diameters of 11 2 mm (medium and large nodules). nalysis of measurements obtained on the R2 Technology Vital Images system The change in volume for measurements obtained using different section thicknesses on the same nodule with the LN5 R2 software was calculated using the following formula: (V2* V1*) / V1*. Volume differences obtained from the two different software systems (Volume nalysis and LN5 R2) were calculated using the following formulas: (V1* V1) / V1 and (V2* V2) / V2. one-sample Student s t test was used to determine whether these relative volume changes were significantly different from zero. Variability in volume measurements for each individual nodule using the LN5 R2 software was calculated as follows: V1* V2* / {(V1* + V2*) / 2}. Variability data were analyzed in the same fashion as the data obtained using the GE Healthcare system using multiple regression. Two-sample Student s t tests were used to compare the variability between nodules with diameters of 3 mm (tiny and small nodules) and those with diameters of 11 2 mm (medium and large nodules). Results Nodule Characteristics There were 33 tiny nodules, 29 small nodules, nine medium nodules, and four large nodules. Fifty-five nodules included in the study were round and 2 were elongated. Sixty-one nodules had smooth and 14 had spiculated margins. Tables 1 and 2 summarize the characteristics of the 75 nodules included in the study. Volume nalysis GE Healthcare system Repeating the volumetric measurement calculation on the Volume nalysis software three times for each individual nodule using each of the three slice thicknesses for the first 25 nodules established % concordance for the individual measurements. Considering the total lack of intraobserver variability, we did not repeat this process for the remaining 5 nodules. The mean volumes increased with increased section thickness as follows: V1, 348 mm 3 (range, 19 2,2 mm 3 ); V2, 351 mm 3 (range, 16 2,2 mm 3 ); and V3, 415 mm 3 (range, 34 2,4 mm 3 ). The mean volumes also showed mild increase with increasing section thickness when only the 57 nodules that could be segmented at all three CT section thicknesses were considered as follows: V1, 48 mm 3 (range, 25 2,2 mm 3 ); V2, 49 mm 3 (range, 27 2,2 mm 3 ); and V3, 415 mm 3 (range, 34 2,4 mm 3 ). However, individual nodule volumes sometimes increased and sometimes decreased with the use of thicker sections, as shown in Figures 3 3C. V1 and V2 values were compared for all 75 nodules. In 36 (48%) of 75 nodules, V2 was greater than V1 by up to 54%; in 32 (43%) nodules, V2 was less than V1 by up to 26%; and seven (9%) showed no change in volume. Comparisons between V2 and V3 or V1 and V3 included only 57 nodules because automatic segmentation failed with 5-mm-thick sections for the remaining 18 nodules and, therefore, V3 was not obtainable in those cases. Those 18 nodules included 14 tiny and three small lesions and one large nodule. In 32 (56%) of 57 nodules, V3 was greater than V1 by up to 43%; in 21 (37%) nodules, V3 was less than V1 by up to 45%; and in four (7%), there was no change in volume. In 31 (54%) of 57 nodules, V3 was greater than V2 by up to 5%; in 22 (39%), V3 was less than V2 by up to 57%; and four (7%) nodules showed no change in volume. Comparison of V1 with V2 revealed that 47 (63%) of 75 nodules showed < % change in volume (either increased or decreased), 15 (2%) showed 2% change in volume, and 13 (17%) showed > 2% in volume; a breakdown by nodule size is shown in Figure 4. Comparison of both V2 with V3 and V1 with V3 showed that 27 (47%) of 57 nodules changed < % in volume, 14 (25%) changed 2% in volume, and 16 (28%) changed > 2% in volume; a breakdown by nodule size is shown in Figures 4 and 4C. Smaller nodules tended to show higher variation in calculated volumes compared with larger nodules. For tiny nodules, the relative volume change between V1 and V2 was calculated as [(V2 V1) / V1], and the relative volume change between V1 and V3 was calculated as [(V3 V1) / V1], both of which were significantly different from zero (p =.4 and.2, respectively). The relative volume change between V2 and V3 was not significant for tiny nodules. For small, medium, and large nodules, the relative volume changes between V1 and V2 and between V2 and V3 were not significant (p >.5). 38 JR:188, February 27

4 CT of Pulmonary Nodules % Change in Volume % Change in Volume Nodule Diameter (mm) The regression analysis results are shown in Table 3. Significantly increased nodule volume measurement variability was seen for tiny nodules compared with medium nodules or large nodules (p <.1). No significant difference in volume measurement variability was noted when comparing tiny nodules with small nodules (p >.5). Spiculated nodules showed significantly increased nodule volume measurement variability compared with smooth nodules (p <.5) within a size group. However, nodule shape did not show a significant effect on volume measurement variability (p >.5). The two-sample Student s t test comparing nodule volume variability between nodules 3 mm in diameter (tiny and small combined) and 11 2 mm in diameter (medium and large combined) showed that the logarithm of the variability in measurement of the tiny and small nodule group (mean = 2.211) was significantly larger than that of the medium and large nodule group (mean = 3.817), with a p value of <.1. R2 Technology Vital Images system There were 71 of 75 successfully segmented nodules using the LN5 R2 software at mm CT sections and 69 nodules successfully segmented using the same software at both and 2.5-mm CT sections. Only the 69 nodules that had successfully segmented at both slice thicknesses were considered in the analysis. This set of nodules included 29 tiny, 27 small, nine medium, and four large nodules. Eighteen of the 69 nodules were elongated, 51 were round, 55 were smooth, and 14 were spiculated. The mean volume increased with increasing slice thickness: V1*, 39 mm 3 (range, 18 2,231 mm 3 ); and V2*, 396 mm 3 (range, 14 2,458 mm 3 ). gain, as with the Volume nalysis software, individual nodule volumes sometimes increased and sometimes decreased with the use of thicker CT sections. In 15 of 69 nodules, V2* was greater than V1* by up to 32%; in 52 nodules, V2* was less than V1 by up to 49%; and in two nodules, there was no change in volume. Comparison of V1* and V2* revealed that 35 of 69 nodules showed < % change in volume (either increased or decreased), 19 nodules showed 2% change in volume, and 15 nodules showed a > 2% change in volume. Smaller nodules tended to show Fig. 3 Scatterplots show percent change in nodule volume measurements using different CT slice thicknesses. C, Percent change in nodule volume measurement between 2.5- and 1.25-mmthick (), 5- and 2.5-mm-thick (), 5- and 1.25-mm-thick (C) CT sections plotted against nodule diameter Nodule Diameter (mm) Nodule Diameter (mm) % Change in Volume higher variation in calculated volumes than large nodules. For tiny and small nodules, the relative volume changes between V1* and V2*, calculated as [(V2* V1*) / V1*], were significantly different from zero (p <.1 and.6, respectively). The relative volume changes between V1* and V2* were not significant for medium and large nodules (p >.5). The regression analysis results are shown in Table 4. Significantly increased nodule volume measurement variability was seen for tiny nodules compared with medium or with large nodules. No significant difference in volume measurement variability was noted when comparing tiny nodules with small nodules. In contrast to the data obtained using the Volume nalysis (GE Healthcare) software, nodule margination was not found to have a significant effect on nodule volume variability. Nodule shape was also found not to have a significant effect on nodule volume variability, as with the Volume nalysis data. The two-sample Student s t test comparing nodule volume variability between nodules 3 mm in diameter (tiny and small combined) and 11 2 mm in diameter (medium C JR:188, February 27 39

5 No. of Nodules No. of Nodules mm 6 mm mm 16 2 mm Nodule Diameter 3 5 mm 6 mm mm 16 2 mm Nodule Diameter TLE 3: Linear Regression nalysis Looking at the Relationship etween Log (Variability) and Nodule Size, Shape, and Margination for Volume nalysis Software a Nodule Characteristic Size Log Variability Difference Small vs tiny Medium vs tiny <.1 Large vs tiny <.1 Medium vs small Large vs small <.1 Large vs medium Shape Margins a GE Healthcare. and large combined) showed that the logarithm of the variability in measurement of the tiny and small nodule group (mean = 2.223) was p significantly larger than that of the medium and large nodule group (mean = 3.47), with a p value of <.1. Comparison of the two systems For one of the nodules, the measured volumes on the GE Healthcare system and R2 Technology Vital Images system were so discrepant that this nodule was excluded from any comparison analysis (V1 = 143 mm 3 and V2 = 166 mm 3 vs V1* = 774 mm 3 and V2* = 793 mm 3 ). Individual V2* versus V1* values (R2 Technology Vital Images system) for these 68 nodules showed changes ranging from 49% to 32% (12% mean absolute change). Individual V2 versus V1 values (GE Healthcare system) showed changes of 22% to 52% (% mean absolute change) in the same set of nodules. Individual V1* (R2 Technology Vital Images system) versus V1 (GE Healthcare system) values showed differences ranging from 34% to 64%, with a mean absolute difference of 8%. The mean of relative nonabsolute differences between the two sets of measurements was only.2%, Fig. 4 ar graphs show change in volume measurement using different CT slice thicknesses: < % (black bars), 2% (white bars), > 2% (gray bars). C, bsolute percent change in volume measurements among nodules of different diameters when comparing values obtained with 2.5- and 1.25-mm-thick (), 5- and 2.5-mm-thick (), and 5- and 1.25-mm-thick (C) CT sections. No. of Nodules mm 6 mm mm 16 2 mm Nodule Diameter TLE 4: Table 3 Linear Regression nalysis Looking at the Relationship etween Log (Variability) and Nodule Size, Shape, and Margination for LN5 R2 Software a Nodule Characteristic Size Log Variability Difference Small vs tiny Medium vs tiny 2.81 <.1 Large vs tiny Medium vs small Large vs small Large vs medium Shape Margins a R2 Technology. which was not significant (p =.926). Individual V2* versus V2 values showed differences varying from 61% to 54%, with a p C 3 JR:188, February 27

6 CT of Pulmonary Nodules mean absolute difference of 18%. The mean of relative nonabsolute differences between the two sets of measurements was 9.6%, which was significant (p =.8). Discussion It has been suggested that 3D volumetric measurement of pulmonary nodules is superior to 2D area measurement when assessing for small changes in lung nodule size [1]. However, the precision of volumetric analysis is imperfect. For example, using an automatic volumetric analysis tool, Wormanns and colleagues [7] reported that immediate repeat volume measurements obtained on metastatic lung nodules showed a variation of approximately ± 2%. Potential sources of volumetric variability and error include motion artifact [8], phase of cardiac cycle [3], phase of respiration (Novak at al., presented at the 23 annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North merica), and nodule location [9]. For example, juxtapleural and juxtavascular nodules have been shown to exhibit greater volume measurement variability than well-circumscribed intraparenchymal nodules [9]. In addition, volume calculations may vary substantially if nodule margin delineation is performed manually rather than using an automatic computer algorithm. Our study concentrated on investigating the effect of CT slice thickness, in conjunction with nodule diameter, shape, and margination, on volume measurements. We also compared two different commercially available software systems for volumetric analysis. The study design, using the same scan data reconstructed with three different thicknesses, eliminated many of the potentially confounding factors described, such as differences in nodule location, degree of motion artifact, phase of cardiac cycle, or degree of respiration. Nodule segmentation and volumetric calculations were performed in an automated fashion, eliminating human bias in defining nodule margins. No juxtapleural nodules were included, thus eliminating the difficulty with automatic segmentation of such lesions. Whereas Revel and colleagues [9] found up to 6% variability in repeated volume measurements obtained from the same data set in 33% of their nodules, we found no intraobserver variability in any of the 25 nodules that we tested; this discrepancy may have been due to the large proportion of juxtapleural nodules in the data set used by Revel et al. compared with the total lack of juxtapleural nodules in our study. In previously published studies, authors have reported greater variability and inaccuracy in volume determination of small nodules compared with large nodules for a given section thickness [2, 5, 8]. In one such study, tiny nodules (2 5 mm) varied 18.5% in volume, whereas large nodules (8 mm) varied 7.5% in volume [8]. In addition, recent investigations reported significant changes in volume measurements in a sizable proportion of nodules when different section thicknesses were used [4, 5]. In our study, we found that the degree of variability for small nodules was greater than the degree of variability for large nodules when comparing volumes obtained with different section thicknesses. Presumably, this finding is due to increased partial volume averaging for small nodules when thick sections are used; the effect of partial volume averaging is not as severe with large nodules. Partial volume averaging could also account for the failure of segmentation of 18 nodules on 5- mm CT sections, with 14 of these 18 nodules being 5 mm or less in greatest dimension. The results of our study suggest that thick sections (e.g., 5 mm) may be adequate for analysis of large nodules (> 15 mm in diameter), whereas thin sections (e.g., 1.25 mm) appear to be necessary for nodules < mm. In an investigation, Winer-Muram and colleagues [2] found that an increase in section thickness usually led to an increase in the estimation of nodule volume. However, that study was limited by manual, rather than automatic, nodule margin definition; the use of data sets obtained on two different dates, rather than using the same intrinsic scan data; and the use of thick sections (8 or mm) in all but one patient. Zhao et al. [4] recently reported that increased section thickness led to increased mean calculated nodule volumes in lung metastases, although results for individual nodules were not reported. Our data also showed increased mean nodule volume with increased section thickness; however, analysis of individual volumes revealed that volume increased substantially in some nodules and decreased substantially in others. y reporting only mean volumetric data, it is possible that the findings reported by Zhao et al. may not reflect the full variation in volumetric results that was observed. Whereas our study showed lack of a statistically significant difference between volume measurements for several nodule size groups using different section thicknesses, many individual nodules showed large volume differences. Neither the size breakdown nor the margination of nodules is specified in the study of Zhao et al. [4], so there may be differences in nodule populations between that study and ours. Moreover, those authors used a custommade volume system, whereas we used commercially available systems. In addition, section thicknesses used in our study (5, 2.5, and 1.25 mm) were thinner than those used by Zhao et al. [4] (7.5, 5, and 3.75 mm). Currently, CT for lung cancer screening and follow-up of small nodules that might represent bronchogenic carcinoma is generally performed using section thicknesses of no more than 2.5 mm, whereas screening and followup for lung metastases may be performed using thicker sections; thus, the methodology used to design these two studies differed because researchers had different patient populations in mind. Winer-Muram and colleagues [2] found increased volume variability for irregular nodules, and our study showed similar results for spiculated versus smooth nodules, at least using one of the software packages. This is particularly important in lung cancer screening programs because spiculated nodules have traditionally been considered more suspicious for malignancy than smooth nodules. Not only did our study use commercially available nodule segmentation software, but it also used two different software systems. The results indicate that although the effect of slice thickness is similar using both of these systems, there can be large differences in individual nodule volume measurements when shifting from one software system to another. Our study had several limitations, including selection bias, with regard to nodules that were analyzed. ecause juxtapleural, juxtavascular, and ground-glass nodules were excluded, our results cannot be applied to those types of commonly encountered nodules. In addition, our examinations lacked a small, focused field of view, possibly limiting the spatial resolution; a full patient-appropriate field of view was used because these were clinical examinations obtained to examine the lungs in their entirety. We had no proof of true nodule volumes; however, the purpose of our study was to evaluate the differences in calculated volumes using different section thickness, not to determine the accuracy of the volume technique. ecause of the study design, many of the variables inherent in physically scanning a patient twice were eliminated; thus, our results reflect a best-case scenario with regard to measurement variability, and it JR:188, February

7 would be expected that actual follow-up scanning would lead to larger apparent changes in nodule volumes. In conclusion, although few statistically significant differences were found between volume measurements obtained using different slice thicknesses, our results indicate that a substantial proportion of individual nodules showed a large change with different section thicknesses on both software packages. This false change in nodule volume was most likely to occur for tiny and small ( mm) nodules. When different software packages were used, significantly different volume measurements were generated at a 2.5-mm CT section thickness for all sizes of nodules. Nodule shape did not appear to affect the results using either software package, whereas margination affected volume measurements when using one of the software packages. The effect of section thickness was also found to be different in the two software systems. We therefore suggest than when following a nodule over time, it is best to use the same section thickness and overlap and the same segmentation software for all studies. References 1. Yankelevitz DF, Reeves P, Kostis WJ, Zhao, Henschke CI. Small pulmonary nodules: volumetrically determined growth rates based on CT evaluation. Radiology 2; 217: Winer-Muram HT, Jennings SG, Meyer C, et al. Effect of varying CT section width on volumetric measurement of lung tumors and application of compensatory equations. Radiology 23; 229: oll DT, Gilkeson RC, Fleiter TR, lackham K, Duerk JL, Lewin LS. Volumetric assessment of pulmonary nodules with ECG-gated MDCT. JR 24; 183: Zhao, Schwartz LH, Moskowitz CS, et al. Pulmonary metastases: effect of CT section thickness on measurement initial experience. Radiology 25; 234: Goo JM, Tongdee T, Tongdee R, Yeo K, Hildebolt CF, ae KT. Volumetric measurement of synthetic lung nodules with multi-detector row CT: effect of various image reconstruction parameters and segmentation thresholds on measurement accuracy. Radiology 25; 235: berle DR, Chiles C, Gatsonis C, et al. Imaging and cancer: research strategy of the merican College of Radiology Imaging Network. Radiology 25; 235: Wormanns D, Kohl G, Klotz E, et al. Volumetric measurements of pulmonary nodules at multi-row detector CT: in vivo reproducibility. Eur Radiol 24; 14: Kostis WJ, Yankelevitz DF, Reeves P, Fluture SC, Heschke CI. Small pulmonary nodules: reproducibility of three-dimensional volumetric measurement estimation of time to follow-up CT. Radiology 24; 231: Revel MP, Lefort C, issery, et al. Pulmonary nodules: preliminary experience with three-dimensional evaluation. Radiology 24; 231: JR:188, February 27

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