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1 Enterprise Interest Nothing to declare

2 Minimal change disease (MCD) related new electron microscopy findings in a patient on Levothyroxine sodium (LT) for hypothyroidism: A case report Dr. Ali Al-Omari Dr. Bart Wagner Dr. Anna Takou Histopathology department, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trusts / Untied Kingdom

3 What to cover? Minimal change disease (MCD) Levothyroxine sodium (LT) Our case History Presentation Investigations Histopathology Light microscopy (LM) Immunofluorescence (IF) Electron microscopy (EM)

4 MCD Nephrotic syndrome (common) Massive proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia No histological (LM/IF) evidence of immunemediated damage in the glomeruli. Oedema and hypercholesterolemia. Genetic effect vs immunological disturbance Saleem, M. and Kobayashi, Y. (2016). Cell biology and genetics of minimal change disease. F1000Research, 5, p.412.

5 Common GN diagnosis by Age Diagnosis Children Adults years old years old MCD 58% 26% 20% 46% FSGS 36% 39% 39% 36% Mem. GN 6% 35% 41% 15% Nair R, Bell JM, Walker PD. Renal biopsy in patients aged 80 years and older. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;44:618.

6 MCD The pathogenesis is related to abnormal cytokines Affect glomerular permeability and do not promote sclerogenic mechanisms. MCD is associated with: drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions, bee stings, Hodgkin s disease, and other venom exposure, implicating immune dysfunction as an initiating factor. MCD respond well to steroids, unlike FSGS. Fogo, A. and Cohen, A. (n.d.). Fundamentals of renal pathology.

7 MCD LM (H&E and special stains) unremarkable IF negative for reactants EM extensive podocyte foot effacement and podocyte microvilli

8 Jennette, J., Olson, J., Silva, F. and D'Agati, V. (2015). Heptinstall's pathology of the kidney. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

9 Levothyroxine sodium (LT) LT: synthetic T4 hormone, biologically similar to that secreted naturally by the thyroid gland. Absorbed by the small intestine (jejunum and ileum). Bioavailability around 70-80% in euthyroid individuals. Colucci, P., Yue, C., Ducharme, M. and Benvenga, S. (2010). A Review of the Pharmacokinetics of Levothyroxine for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism. European Endocrinology, 9(1), p.40.

10 Levothyroxine sodium (LT) Metabolism runs through multiple reactions, main reaction involves deiodination of T4 to form the inactive reverese T3 (rt3) and T3, occur in liver followed by other organs such as kidneys. Elimination is primarily by the kidneys followed by the gut. Colucci, P., Yue, C., Ducharme, M. and Benvenga, S. (2010). A Review of the Pharmacokinetics of Levothyroxine for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism. European Endocrinology, 9(1), p.40.

11 Levothyroxine sodium (LT) Conclusion: since the kidneys play major role in the peripheral metabolism of T4 to T3, metabolism of LT can be affected in patients with renal insufficiency and can lead to accumulation of toxins which would cause further harm. Colucci, P., Yue, C., Ducharme, M. and Benvenga, S. (2010). A Review of the Pharmacokinetics of Levothyroxine for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism. European Endocrinology, 9(1), p.40.

12 38F PMHx Primary hypothyroidism LT Learning difficulties since birth Atrial septal defect requiring surgical intervention Adrenal insufficiency and type2 DM secondary to steroids treatment

13 6/12 Diziness & nystagmus Primary Hypothyroidism Commenced on Levothyroxine sodium Bilateral leg & sacral oedema concurrent with LT

14 Urine Dip: High Protein (7g)? NS Blood tests: High protein (55) Low albumin (24)

15 Urinary Protein 17g US kidneys - Normal P/C ANCA - negative IgA & IgG Normal Further Tests C3 2.03g/l ( ) C4 Normal IgM 5.43g/l ( ) Urine functions Normal

16 Histopathology! --- LM H&E 10 glomeruli with moderate mesangial matrix expansion and mild mesangial hypercellularity Capillary walls appear unremarkable No crescent formation or segmental sclerosis PAS & Silver stains Mild fine fibrillar mesangial accentuation Otherwise, normal peripheral profiles

17 Histopathology! --- LM

18 Histopathology! --- LM

19 Histopathology! --- LM Differential Diagnosis MCD FSGS MPGN pattern

20 Histopathology! --- Immunofluorescence renal medullary tissue only

21 Histopathology! --- EM

22 Histopathology! --- EM

23 Histopathology! --- EM

24 Histopathology! --- EM

25 Histopathology! --- EM

26 Histopathology! --- EM

27 Histopathology! --- EM

28 Histopathology! --- EM

29 Histopathology! --- EM

30 Histopathology! --- EM

31 Histopathology! --- EM

32 Histopathology! --- EM

33 Histopathology! --- EM

34 Histopathology! --- EM EM showed protrusion of a mass of filamentous actin in the base of the podocyte epithelial cell cytoplasm into the glomerular basement membrane and mesangial matrix. The inclusions are surrounded by a cluster of rounded profiles.

35 Conclusion Diagnosis MCD with unusual protrusion of a mass of filamentous actin in the base of the podocyte epithelial cell cytoplasm into the glomerular basement membrane and mesangial matrix --? Related to Levothyroxine. Treated with Steroids with excellent response

36 Thank You For Listening ANY QUESTIONS?