Exam 4 Review Outline

Transcription

1 Exam 4 Review

2 Exam 4 Review Outline This review covers the following: Nervous System Female and Male Reproduc<ve Systems Endocrine System I ll men<on a few things about Developmental Pathology (also: check out the summary I posted on 12/7). I ll leave skin for you to review at your leisure.

3 Nervous System Pathology

4 What does each of these cells do? Neurons Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells

5 1 2 If a pa<ent had a blockage at 1, what would you call the resul<ng disorder? How about 2?

6 Anterior cerebral artery area Infarct at ACA/MCA watershed Middle cerebral artery area Posterior cerebral artery area Infarct at PCA/MCA watershed What is a watershed infarct?

7 Focal Cerebral Ischemia What causes hemorrhagic (red) infarcts? What causes ischemic (pale) infarcts? What are transient ischemic auacks (TIAs)?

8 Thrombus Hemorrhagic (L) vs. ischemic (R) infarc<on

9 Trauma<c Vascular Injury Name the three kinds of intracranial hemorrhages. Where does each occur? What s the typical clinical seyng in each? How fast does each one progress?

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11 Tumors in the Brain Briefly describe features of tumors arising from: glial cells neurons meningeal cells nerve sheath cells

12 Mul<ple Sclerosis What is the basic problem in MS? What is the cause? How do pa<ents present? What do you see in the brain?

13 Mul<ple sclerosis

14 Alzheimer Disease What are the symptoms of Alzheimer disease? What is the pathology in the brain?

15 Alzheimer disease: brain atrophy

16 Alzheimer disease: plaques (L) and tangles (R)

17 Parkinson Disease What are the symptoms of Parkinson disease? What is the underlying pathology in the brain?

18 Parkinson disease (R) : atrophy of substan<a nigra

19 Parkinson disease: Lewy body

20 Michael J. Fox and Muhammad Ali

21 Hun<ngton Disease What are the symptoms of Hun<ngon disease? What s going on in the brain?

22 Read this story about Katharine and her family: hup://

23 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis What are the symptoms of ALS? What is the underlying pathology?

24 Steven Hawking

25 Female Reproduc<ve System

26 Cervical Carcinoma How common is it (now)? What causes it? What are the precursor lesions called?

27 Spectrum of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

28 Uterus What is endometriosis? What causes endometrial hyperplasia? What causes endometrial carcinoma? How dangerous is endometrial carcinoma?

29 Ovaries What is the most common ovarian tumor? What are the risk factors for ovarian carcinoma? What are the symptoms of ovarian carcinoma?

30 Origin of Ovarian Tumors Surface epithelial tumors Cystadenoma Cystadenocarcinoma Germ cell tumors Teratoma Dysgerminoma Yolk sac tumor Choriocarcinoma Sex cord-stromal tumors Granulosa-theca cell tumor Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor

31 Breast What is the most common cause of a breast lump? What are the risk factors for breast carcinoma?

32 Most breast lumps are benign

33 Male Reproductive Pathology

34 Tes<s What is the most common type of tes<cular carcinoma? What is the prognosis?

35 Prostate How does nodular hyperplasia typically present? How does prosta<c carcinoma typically present? Why?

36 Endocrine Pathology

37 Pituitary Hyperpituitarism Too much anterior pituitary hormone(s) (can you name them?) What is the most common cause? How might the pa<ent present? Hypopituitarism Too liule anterior pituitary hormone(s) What are some causes?

38 Thyroid Hyperthyroidism What are some symptoms? What is the most common cause in the US? Hypothyroidism What are some symptoms? What is the most common cause in the US? What is the most common cause in underdeveloped countries?

39 Name the type of thyroidi<s associated with each Toy Story character, and describe why the name fits.

40 Non-Neoplas<c Thyroid Diseases Graves disease What is the clinical triad of symptoms? What is the cause? Goiter What does goiter mean? What are some causes? What is the mechanism?

41 Neoplas<c Thyroid Diseases If someone has a thyroid nodule, what is the most likely cause? Name the four types of thyroid cancer. Which one has the best prognosis? Which one is the most common? Which one is seen in MEN? Which kind, MEN I or II?

42 What thyroid tumor does this make you think of? Why?

43 Adrenal Glands Cushing syndrome Too much of what hormone? What are the four causes? What are some symptoms?

44 Adrenal Glands Addison disease Too liule what? What is the cause? What are some symptoms? Why is the skin bronze? Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome Too liule what? What is the usual cause? What are some symptoms? Is it dangerous?

45 Adrenal Medulla Tumors Pheochromocytoma Cell of origin? What s the major symptom? Why is it the 10% tumor? Neuroblastoma Cell of origin? Who gets it?

46 What endocrine disorder does this pa<ent most likely have?

47 What endocrine disorder does this pa<ent most likely have?

48 What endocrine disorder does this pa<ent most likely have?

49 What endocrine disorder does this pa<ent most likely have?

50 What endocrine disorder does this pa<ent most likely have?

51 What endocrine disorder do these pa<ents most likely have?

52 MEN What are the MEN syndromes? Why are they so bad for the pa<ent?

53 Which MEN syndrome is associated with this man? What tumors are these pa<ents likely to get? What is the gene<c abnormality, and why is it like this man?

54 Which MEN syndrome is associated with this man? What tumors are these pa<ents likely to get? What is the gene<c abnormality, and why is it like this man?

55 Developmental Pathology

56 Types of gene<c abnormali<es Trisomies XY Microdele/on Microduplica/on AD Repeats 21 Klinefelter Prader-Wili Marfan Fragile X 18 Turner Angelman 13 DiGeorge

57 What trisomy do these three boys have? How do you get a trisomy? Name some typical findings and risks in this syndrome (what is the name for the palmar finding?). Name and describe two other trisomies.?

58 What sex chromosome abnormality does this pa<ent most likely have? What is his karyotype? What symptoms could he have?

59 What sex chromosome abnormality does this pa<ent most likely have? What might her karyotype be? What symptoms could she have?

60 This liule boy has DiGeorge syndrome. What is the chromosomal abnormality in this syndrome? What are some typical characteris<cs of this syndrome?

61 This liule girl has Prader-Willi syndrome. What is the chromosomal abnormality in this syndrome? What are some typical characteris<cs of this syndrome?

62 These pa<ents have Fragile X syndrome. What is the gene<c abnormality? What are some of the symptoms?