Chapter 9 The Endocrine System and Hormone Activity

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1 Chapter 9 The Endocrine System and Hormone Activity

2 Overview Coordinates and directs the activity of cells. Interacts with the nervous system Uses chemical messengers called hormones released by organs and tissues called GLANDS. Controls Reproduction Growth and development Immune Defense Balance of fluids and electrolytes

3 Mechanism of Action Hormones only affect certain tissues or organs: Hormones bind to specific sites on the plasma membrane: Receptors The hormone becomes active once the hormone is bound to its receptor.

4 Classification of Hormones Amine Chemical bases are the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan. Acts through a Second Messenger System Binds and activates a cell through receptor-binding on the target cell membrane. Does NOT enter the cell; remains on the outside of the cell membrane. Peptide Chemical base is a chain of amino acids. Acts through a Second Messenger System Binds and activates a cell through receptor-binding on the target cell membrane. Does NOT enter the cell; remains on the outside of the cell membrane.

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6 Classification of Hormones Lipid/Steroid Chemical base is cholesterol. Acts by Direct Gene Activation Targets specific gene sequences within the genetic instructions that maintain cellular homeostasis. DOES enter both the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane of the target cell because it is lipidsoluble.

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8 Hormone Action Once a hormone has activated its target, what impact does the hormone have on cell function/ action? Examples Change in membrane permeability Change in membrane electrical state. Initiate the synthesis of molecules by the cell. Activation/Inactivation of enzymes. Stimulating or impeding mitosis It all depends on the need(s) of the cell/organism.

9 Control of Hormone Release What determines when, where, why a hormone is released by a gland? 3 categories of stimuli/control 1. Hormonal stimuli: hormones stimulate hormones. 2. Humoral stimuli: blood levels of ions and nutrients stimulate hormones. 3. Neural stimuli: nerve fibers stimulate hormones.

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12 Pituitary Gland The Master Gland 2 Functional Lobes Anterior Lobe Posterior Lobe Interacts closely with the Nervous System through the Hypothalamus. Sphenoid Bone

13 Anterior Pituitary Regulated through hormonal stimuli from the hypothalamus. Many of the hormones released are Trophic/Tropic Hormones: A hormone that stimulates other endocrine glands to secrete their hormones.

14 Anterior Pituitary Hormones Growth Hormone (GH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropin Hormone (ACTH) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

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16 Hypersecretion of GH Acromegaly is caused by too much growth hormone AFTER puberty has completed. Gigantism is caused by too much growth hormone during adolescence and puberty.

17 Posterior Pituitary Regulated through neural stimuli from the hypothalamus. Produces 2 hormones in response to nervous system stimulation. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Oxytocin

18 Thyroid Gland Located in the anterior portion of the neck, just below the throat. Releases 2 hormones that act on the metabolic rate. *T 4 : thyroxine *T 3 : triiodothyronine Also produces the calcitonin.

19 Parathyroid Gland Located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Secretes parathyroid hormone: most important regulator of blood calcium levels.

20 Adrenal Glands Located on the superior aspect of each kidney. 2 functional parts *Cortex *Medulla Each part secretes a specific type of hormone.

21 Adrenal Gland Divisions CORTEX Produces hormones that control fluid and electrolyte balance. Produces sex hormones. MEDULLA Produces hormones for sympathetic/ parasympathetic nervous system.

22 Pancreas Located in abdominal cavity close to stomach. Produces hormones for the effective use and storage of glucose. *insulin *glucagon

23 Pineal Gland Pea-sized; found on roof of 3 rd ventricle in the brain. Cells of pineal gland closely associated with optic tracts in the brain. Produces hormone (melatonin) that activates sleep-wake cycles.

24 Thymus Gland Located behind the sternum. Decrease in size as you age. Produces hormone (thymosin) needed for the production of T- lymphocytes. T-cells are active in immune protection against viral infections.

25 Ovaries and Testes Hormone producing glands of the female and male reproductive systems. Controls fertility, reproduction, and gestation. Ovaries produce and release estrogen and progesterone Testes produce testosterone and androgens

26 Other Hormone-Producing Organs Placenta Stomach Intestines Heart Striated muscles Skin Adipose/Fat Liver Kidneys Uterus

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