Chapter 16: The Endocrine System
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1 Chapter 16: The Endocrine System
2 Objectives Define the terms endocrine and exocrine. Describe the physiology of hormones including the different types and the mechanisms of their actions. Compare endocrine and neural controls of physiology.
3 Functions System of glands and cells make hormones Alters metabolic activities of many tissues and organs simultaneously Regulates long-term processes: growth development reproduction
4 What is a Hormone? A chemical messenger that is produced at one site and carried by the blood to its site of action (target cells)
5 Mechanism of Hormone Action Hormones produce one or more of the following cellular changes: alter plasma membrane permeability stimulate protein synthesis activate or deactivate enzyme systems induce secretory activity stimulate mitosis
6 Homeostasis Homeostasis maintaining internal balance in the body organism must keep internal conditions stable even if environment changes also called dynamic equilibrium How we maintain homeostasis nervous system endocrine system
7 What is the functional significance of the differences between the two systems? Endocrine System Chemical signals control body functions Is unable to handle split-second responses Nervous System Nerve signals control body functions Handles crisis management
8 Endocrine vs. Exocrine Endocrine Glands Glandular secretory cells that release their secretions directly into the blood stream Exocrine Glands Secrete their products onto epithelial surfaces- (skin or mucosa) The glands are called ductless The glands that have ducts
9 Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Pineal Pancreas Thymus Gonads Glands
10
11 Hypothalamus
12 Hypothalamus Links the nervous system to the endocrine system Controls: body temperature hunger thirst fatigue sleep circadian cycles
13 Controlling Body Temperature nerve signals brain high sweat dilates surface blood vessels body temperature low constricts surface blood vessels shiver brain nerve signals
14 Functions: Pituitary Gland stimulates the elongation of bones in the body master gland since it regulates endocrine functions Hormone: growth hormone Location: base of the brain, below hypothalamus
15 Pituitary Gland
16
17 Pituitary Gland Hormones
18 Pituitary Gland Hormones
19 Pituitary Dwarfism
20 Gigantism
21 Andre the Giant At 7'4" and 500 pounds, Andre the Giant could have been famous for his size alone. His drive, talent and ambition, however, proved to be as big as Andre himself, and the wrestler became legendary for his achievements in and out of the ring.
22 Acromegaly Occurs in adults Bones of hands face and feet are enlarged Due to the release of growth hormone in adults
23
24
25 Functions: Thyroid Gland controls metabolism regulates tissue growth maintains blood pressure glucose oxidation makes proteins Location: by the Adams apple largest gland in the body
26 Thyroid Gland
27 Not enough iodine in the diet (iodine deficiency) Causes swelling of the thyroid gland Goiter
28 Goiter
29
30 Overactive thyroid Graves Disease Excessive amounts of thyroid hormones are produced Inflammation of the eye muscles by attacking autoantibodies
31 4 Functions: Parathyroid Glands breaks down bone to regulate blood calcium Hormone: secretes parathormone Location: embedded in the thyroid
32
33 Functions: Adrenal Glands raises heart rate increases breathing increases blood sugar level dilates blood vessels Secretion: adrenaline Location: on top of the two kidneys
34 Function: Pineal Gland modulates the wake/sleep patterns modulates photoperiodic (seasonal) functions Secretion: melatonin Location: near the center of the brain
35
36 Functions: controls blood sugar Pancreas breaks down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats Secretions: insulin glucagon hormones that control the blood sugar in the body Location: behind the stomach side of the small intestine
37 Insulin Pancreas Secretions allows glucose to enter cells LOWERS blood glucose levels Glucagon stimulates liver to make glucose RAISES blood glucose levels
38 Islets of Langerhans Two cell types: Alpha ( ) cells produces glucagon Beta ( ) cells produce insulin
39 Under-secretion of insulin High blood sugar Diabetes
40 Regulation of Blood Sugar insulin pancreas body cells take up sugar from blood liver stores sugar reduces appetite high blood sugar level (90mg/100ml) liver low triggers hunger liver releases sugar pancreas liver glucagon
41 Function: Thymus controls the immune system development of T-lymphocytes Secretion: Thymosin Location: thorax anterior mediastinum
42 Ovaries Two main hormones: Estrogen create female secondary sex characteristics Progesterone thickens the uterus lining every month
43 One main hormone: Testosterone (an androgen) affects the secondary sex characteristics in men Testes
44 Hirsutism Caused by an increase in testosterone secretion
45 Aging Causes few functional changes Decline in concentration of: growth hormone reproductive hormones
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