GLANDULAR DISEASES. Department of Biology, College of Science, Polytechnic University of the Philippines 2

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1 GLANDULAR DISEASES Jhia Anjela D. Rivera 1,2 1 Department of Biology, College of Science, Polytechnic University of the Philippines 2 Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Centro Escolar University

2 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM a highly integrated and widely distributed group of organs that orchestrate a state of metabolic equilibrium, or homeostasis, among the various tissues of the body According to the distance over which the signal acts: Autocrine Paracrine Endocrine Endocrine the hormones (secreted molecules) act on target cells distant from their site of synthesis

3 ENDOCRINE HORMONE carried by the blood from its site of release to its target Increased activity of the target tissue often downregulates the activity of the gland that secretes the stimulating hormone (feedback inhibition)

4 ENDOCRINE HORMONE carried by the blood from its site of release to its target Increased activity of the target tissue often downregulates the activity of the gland that secretes the stimulating hormone (feedback inhibition)

5 CAUSES OF ENDOCRINE DISEASES including impaired synthesis or release of hormones abnormal interactions between hormones and their target tissues abnormal responses of target organs to their hormones

6 CLASSIFICATION OF ENDOCRINE DISEASES diseases of underproduction or overproduction of hormones, with associated biochemical and clinical consequences diseases associated with the development of mass lesions, which may be nonfunctional or may be associated with overproduction or underproduction of hormones.

7 PITUITARY GLAND Small, bean-shaped structure that lies at the base of the brain within the confines of the sella turcica Master gland of the ES Symptoms for pituitary disease Hyperpituitarism - excessive secretion of trophic hormones Hypopituitarism - deficiency of trophic hormones and results from a variety of destructive processes

8 HYPERPITUITARISM AND PITUITARY ADENOMAS most common cause of hyperpituitarism is an adenoma arising in the anterior lobe CLASSIFICATION OF ADENOMA: functional (i.e., associated with hormone excess and clinical manifestations thereof) or nonfunctioning (i.e., demonstration of hormone production at the tissue level only, without clinical manifestations of hormone excess) occur as sporadic designated, somewhat arbitrarily, as microadenomas if they are less than 1 cm in diameter and macroadenomas if they exceed 1 cm in diameter.

9 HYPERPITUITARISM AND PITUITARY ADENOMAS NORMAL PITUITARY GLAND PITUITARY ADENOMA

10 THYROID consists of two bulky lateral lobes connected by a relatively thin isthmus, usually located below and anterior to the larynx HYPERTHYROIDISM HYPOTHYROIDISM

11 GRAVES DISEASE Graves disease is characterized by a breakdown in self-tolerance to thyroid autoantigens, of which the most important is the TSH receptor

12 GRAVES DISEASE The thyroid is diffusely hyperplastic. The follicles are lined by tall columnar epithelial cells that project into the lumina. These cells actively resorb the colloid in the centers of the follicles, resulting in the scalloped appearance of the edges of the colloid.

13 FOLLICULAR ADENOMA a solitary, spherical lesion that compresses the adjacent non-neoplastic thyroid. The neoplastic cells are demarcated from the adjacent parenchyma by a welldefined, intact capsule

14 PARATHYROID GLANDS derived from the developing pharyngeal pouches that also give rise to the thymus HYPERPARATHYROIDISM HYPOPARATHYROIDISM

15 PARATHYROID ADENOMA

16 ENDOCRINE PANCREAS consists of about 1 million microscopic clusters of cells, the islets of Langerhans, which contain four major cell types beta, alpha, delta, and PP (pancreatic polypeptide) cells. DIABETES MELLITUS Complication: abnormalities in other organs

17 NODULAR GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS

18 ADRENAL GLANDS paired endocrine organs consisting of two regions, the cortex and medulla HYPERADRENALISM HYPERCORTISOLISM

19 ADRENOCORTICAL ADENOMA The adenoma is distinguished from nodular hyperplasia by its solitary, circumscribed nature. The functional status of an adrenocortical adenoma cannot be predicted from its gross or microscopic appearance. Histologic features of an adrenal cortical adenoma. The neoplastic cells are vacuolated because of the presence of intracytoplasmic lipid. There is mild nuclear pleomorphism. Mitotic activity and necrosis are not seen.

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